{"id":106112,"date":"2026-08-04T17:03:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pluto-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:03:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:03:28","slug":"pluto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/pluto\/","title":{"rendered":"Pluto"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106112\" class=\"elementor elementor-106112 elementor-1966\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, zeu al tradi\u021biei romane<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto este zeul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i al bog\u0103\u021biei \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Numele \u00eensu\u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ecel bogat&#8221; \u0219i trimite la comorile minerale ale p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Pluto este un exemplu de ambivalen\u021b\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bilor htoniene, totodat\u0103 \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare \u0219i d\u0103t\u0103toare de via\u021b\u0103, judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103zitor al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-romani\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia roman\u0103 de la regalitate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie, sincretic\u0103 cu straturi grece\u0219ti \u0219i etrusce.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-ale-mortii\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i ai mor\u021bii, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai lumii de dincolo, judec\u0103tori ai mor\u021bilor, c\u0103l\u0103uze ale sufletelor.\">Divinitate a mor\u021bilor<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1737\" alt=\"Pluto - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto domne\u0219te peste \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia mor\u021bilor, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu so\u021bia sa Proserpina. El nu este \u00eens\u0103 malefic, ci respectuos fa\u021b\u0103 de datorie \u0219i ordine, un st\u0103p\u00e2n sever al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene. Aspectele sale centrale sunt st\u0103p\u00e2nirea mor\u021bii, purificarea prin moarte, resursele ascunse \u0219i fertilitatea subteran\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> din Tarracina (Volterra) \u0219i cultele Chthoniilor (zeii subterani) atest\u0103 venerarea sa r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sintez\u0103: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sursele sunt numeroase: Eneida lui Vergiliu (cartea a 6-a, c\u0103l\u0103toria \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103), Metamorfozele lui Ovidiu, De Natura Deorum a lui Cicero, Seneca, inscrip\u021bii funerare latine \u0219i defixiones (t\u0103bli\u021be de blestem). La nivel secundar, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religjswissenschaftler german (1931-2015); oper\u0103 principal\u0103 Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> au analizat leg\u0103turile dintre Pluto, Hades \u0219i divinit\u0103\u021bile subterane. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea se \u00eentindea pe Italia, Galia \u0219i Africa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transmiterea scris\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> despre Pluto se \u00eentinde pe mai multe secole \u00een trecut, cu mare probabilitate precedat\u0103 de tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i mai vechi. Romanii au p\u0103strat aceast\u0103 entitate sau acest concept pe perioade extraordinar de lungi \u0219i l-au transmis cu grij\u0103 din genera\u021bie \u00een genera\u021bie, ceea ce indic\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p><p>Figura lui Pluto a supravie\u021buit sf\u00e2r\u0219itului religiei antice. Vergilius \u0219i Ovidius au fixat r\u0103pirea Proserpinei \u00een literatura latin\u0103, prin intermediul c\u0103reia aceasta a fost transmis\u0103 \u00een Evul Mediu \u0219i \u00een Rena\u0219tere.<\/p><p>Dante l-a transformat pe Pluto \u00eentr-un personaj al Infernului s\u0103u, Bernini a creat cu R\u0103pirea Proserpinei una dintre cele mai cunoscute sculpturi ale Barocului. \u00cen 1930, corpul ceresc nou descoperit de la marginea Sistemului Solar a primit \u00een cele din urm\u0103 numele zeului.<\/p><h3>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/h3><p>Pluto este zeul roman al lumii de dincolo, al mor\u021bii \u0219i al bog\u0103\u021biei. Spre deosebire de Hades grec, el este mai str\u00e2ns legat de Latium. Este considerat necesar \u0219i respectat, nicio men\u021biune nefiind f\u0103cut\u0103 despre r\u0103utate. St\u0103p\u00e2nirea sa asupra bog\u0103\u021biei subterane \u00eel leag\u0103 de prosperitate. El guverneaz\u0103 grani\u021bele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era cunoscut \u0219i venerat \u00een \u00eentreaga lume roman\u0103, sau respectuos temut, f\u0103r\u0103 limitare la anumite regiuni sau localit\u0103\u021bi. Indiferent dac\u0103 era vorba de mari centre urbane sau de zone rurale periferice, de elita social\u0103 sau de oamenii de r\u00e2nd, semnifica\u021bia spiritual\u0103 sau cultural\u0103 a acestei entit\u0103\u021bi era pretutindeni recunoscut\u0103 \u0219i universal acceptat\u0103.<\/p><p>Venerarea st\u0103p\u00e2nului lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene era \u00een Roma o chestiune de stat, nu privat\u0103: Jocurile Seculare pentru Dis Pater \u0219i Proserpina erau organizate din ordinul Senatului \u0219i privau comunitatea \u00een ansamblul ei.<\/p><p>Greacul Pluton a ajuns la Roma prin sudul Italiei \u0219i coloniile grece\u0219ti de acolo, unde s-a contopit cu indigenul Dis Pater; astfel s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit o imagine \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 unitar\u0103 a zeului \u00een teritoriul st\u0103p\u00e2nirii romane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse primare: Vergiliu, Eneida 6; Ovidiu, Metamorfoze 5 (R\u0103pirea Proserpinei); Hora\u021biu, Ode; Mar\u021bial, Epigrame; tragediile lui Seneca (Hercules Furens, Octavia); Cicero; Apuleius, Metamorfoze. Perioad\u0103: secolul al IV-lea \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al VI-lea d.Hr. Cercet\u0103tori: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert, Hendrik Versnel, Filippo Coarelli (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 culturile trecute pe baza descoperirilor materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Arheologie<\/span>). Atest\u0103ri: Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, monumente din Volsinii, Tarracina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00een diferitele surse \u0219i tradi\u021bii artistice cu anumite elemente iconografice recurente, care r\u0103m\u00e2n relativ constante de-a lungul deceniilor \u0219i al diferitelor spa\u021bii geografice. Aceste elemente sunt profund codificate simbolic \u0219i poart\u0103 o mare semnifica\u021bie; ele nu sunt nicidecum pur decorative sau alese la \u00eent\u00e2mplare.<\/p><p>Reprezent\u0103rile lui Pluto fac vizibil domeniul s\u0103u de st\u0103p\u00e2nire. Sceptrul \u00eel identific\u0103 drept st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, tronul al\u0103turi de Proserpina ca rege al \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor. Cornucopia trimite la al doilea strat de semnifica\u021bie al numelui: grecescul Pluton deriv\u0103 din plutos, bog\u0103\u021bie, \u0219i desemneaz\u0103 comorile \u0219i roadele p\u0103m\u00e2ntului din ad\u00e2ncuri.<\/p><p>C\u00e2inele cu trei capete Cerber de la latura sa \u0219i carul pe care o r\u0103pe\u0219te pe Proserpina fac \u0219i ele parte din repertoriul imagistic fix. Cine cuno\u0219tea limbajul vizual antic citea din acestea competen\u021ba \u0219i rangul zeului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era central \u00een practica religioas\u0103, \u00een ritualurile cotidiene \u0219i \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea de zi cu zi a romanilor. Oamenii se adresau acestei entit\u0103\u021bi \u00een situa\u021bii critice sau anumite ale vie\u021bii ori \u00een anumite anotimpuri rituale, cu ritualuri structurate, adesea elaborate, rug\u0103ciuni sau ofrande.<\/p><p>La Roma, Pluto nu dispunea aproape deloc de un cult propriu cu un templu fix \u0219i o preo\u021bie. Riturile pentru zeii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene urmau totu\u0219i prescrip\u021biile fixe ale dreptului sacral roman: jertfele aduse divinit\u0103\u021bilor htoniene erau aduse \u00een gropi, frecvent noaptea, \u0219i se s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219eau de obicei sub numele lui Dis Pater, cu care Pluto s-a contopit \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103.<\/p><p>Faptul c\u0103 romanii l-au venerat pe zeul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene timp de secole a avut cauze practice.<\/p><p>Riturile serveau unor scopuri diferite: ele trebuiau s\u0103 \u00eei lini\u0219teasc\u0103 pe mor\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eempiedice p\u0103trunderea lor \u00een lumea celor vii, \u00eenso\u021beau \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntarea \u0219i comemorarea mor\u021bilor, iar \u00een Ludi Tarentini, viitoarele Jocuri Seculare, Dis Pater \u0219i Proserpina erau invoca\u021bi pentru a \u00eendep\u0103rta nenorocirea de la ora\u0219 \u0219i a inaugura o nou\u0103 perioad\u0103.<\/p><h3>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/h3><p>Pluto este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca solemn, maiestuos, adesea \u00een rob\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103 la culoare. Un sceptru \u00eei simbolizeaz\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nirea. Negrul \u0219i cenu\u0219iul \u00eenchis sunt culorile sale. Macul \u0219i chiparosul sunt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacre<\/span>. Uneori poart\u0103 coroan\u0103. P\u0103m\u00e2ntul casc\u0103 sub picioarele sale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Pluto<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fi\u0219a de identificare contureaz\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nirea lui Pluto asupra a \u0219ase domenii: originea sa mitic-istoric\u0103, practicile sacerdotale \u0219i magice ale vener\u0103rii sale, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa caracteristic\u0103 \u00een art\u0103 \u0219i simbolic\u0103, semnifica\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u021biei<\/span> \u0219i a respectului fa\u021b\u0103 de divinitatea mor\u021bii, compara\u021bii cu figuri \u00eenrudite din alte culturi \u0219i, \u00een fine, o perspectiv\u0103 de ansamblu asupra rolului s\u0103u cosmic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto este forma roman\u0103 a grecescului Hades \u0219i deriv\u0103 din zeii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene de origine indo-european\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> era \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat \u00een Etruria \u0219i a fost preluat de Roma. \u00cen sanctuarele italice (\u00eendeosebi Tarracina \u0219i Volsinii), sanctuarele lui Pluto erau deja stabilite \u00een secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. Romanul Plutus (zeul prosperit\u0103\u021bii) era o entitate diferit\u0103, dar era adesea confundat cu Pluto. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> s\u0103u era mai pu\u021bin public, manifest\u00e2ndu-se ca devo\u021biune privat\u0103 \u0219i practic\u0103 magic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatari<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era invocat de to\u021bi muritorii, \u00een cazuri de doliu, la jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul judec\u0103toresc (pentru \u00eent\u0103rire prin puterea lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene), de agricultori la blestemul c\u00e2mpului (defixio) \u0219i de magicieni \u00een necroman\u021bie.<\/p><p>\u00cendeosebi haruspicii etrusci (ghicitori din m\u0103runtaie) \u0219i preo\u021bii romani ai Chthoniilor (preo\u021bi subterani) \u00eengrijeau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span>. \u00cen casele private se a\u0219ezau statuete ale lui Pluto pentru paza mormintelor. S\u0103rb\u0103toarea Lemuria (9, 11 \u0219i 13 mai) era un rit domestic pentru \u00eembl\u00e2nzirea spiritelor subterane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era reprezentat ca un b\u0103rbat b\u0103rbos, grav, adesea tron\u00e2nd \u00een st\u00e2nci sau pe\u0219teri, uneori cu sceptru sau \u0219arpe.<\/p><p>Atributele sale sunt cornucopia (cornul abunden\u021bei, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al bog\u0103\u021biei subterane), capsula de mac (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al somnului \u0219i al mor\u021bii), \u0219arpele, monedele sau comorile. Pe monede, apare tron\u00e2nd al\u0103turi de Proserpina. Pietrele funerare \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 ca judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Pluto (sau Dis Pater) este st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene a Romei, fratele lui Jupiter \u0219i al lui Neptun. Este considerat administratorul drept al lumii de dincolo; tradi\u021bia nu \u00eei atribuie tr\u0103s\u0103turi malefice. La Roma este invocat f\u0103r\u0103 contact vizual, \u00eentorc\u00e2nd privirea \u0219i adres\u00e2ndu-i-se.<\/p><p>Bog\u0103\u021bia (*ploutus*, abunden\u021ba) \u00eei este asociat\u0103, deoarece toate mineralele \u0219i roadele p\u0103m\u00e2ntului provin din \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa. El este zeul t\u0103cut care le cuprinde pe toate \u00een sine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme de ap\u0103rare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pluto era supus unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u021bii<\/span> pline de reveren\u021b\u0103, purtat\u0103 de respectul fa\u021b\u0103 de puterea naturii, nu de teama pedepsei. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Jertfele<\/span> erau animale vopsite \u00een negru (berbeci, tauri), miere \u0219i ofrande de s\u00e2nge.<\/p><p>Defixiones (t\u0103bli\u021be de blestem cu nume zg\u00e2riate) erau depuse \u00een morminte \u0219i temple pentru a-i cere lui Pluto dreptate sau r\u0103zbunare. Promisiunile fa\u021b\u0103 de Pluto erau considerate mai obligatorii dec\u00e2t jur\u0103mintele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti, o excep\u021bie \u00een practica religioas\u0103 roman\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelele lui Pluto<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades (grec) este paralela cea mai direct\u0103, cu roluri \u0219i atribute similare. Etruscanul Aitn\/Aita este un proto-Pluto. \u00cen spa\u021biul mesopotamian, Nergal corespunde zeului lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene cu func\u021bii similare. \u00cen spa\u021biul egiptean, Osiris \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nirea lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i rena\u0219terea. Aceste divinit\u0103\u021bi \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc ambivalen\u021ba dintre teroare \u0219i ordinea cosmic\u0103 necesar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluto, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Romanul Pluto corespunde func\u021bional grecescului Hades, integr\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 \u00een practica religioas\u0103 roman\u0103 referin\u021be htoniene \u0219i agricole suplimentare. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> s\u0103u se suprapune cu cel al lui Dis Pater \u0219i Orcus, dar \u00een Imperiu este orientat mai pregnant spre bog\u0103\u021bie \u0219i fertilitatea solului dec\u00e2t modelul grec.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103:<\/strong> \u0218eolul iudaic nu este un t\u0103r\u00e2m cu un zeu personificat, ci pur \u0219i simplu \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia mor\u021bilor. Mai t\u00e2rziu (apocaliptic\u0103), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile abrahamice, o fiin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 mesager\u0103 a lui Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eengerii<\/span> sunt men\u021biona\u021bi ca judec\u0103tori, dar f\u0103r\u0103 un corespondent al lui Pluto. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sincretismul<\/span> Hades-Pluto este atestat \u00een iudaismul elenistic, dar nu este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui corpus fix de scrieri sacre ale unei religii; textele necanonice sunt considerate apocrife.\">canonic<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103:<\/strong> Hades este predecesorul \u0219i paralela lui Pluto. Romanii s-au sprijinit pe reprezent\u0103rile grece\u0219ti, dar au accentuat mai mult justi\u021bia \u0219i ordinea. Hermes Psychopompos (c\u0103l\u0103uza mor\u021bilor) este un complement, nu un rival.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Nergal \u0219i Ere\u0219kigal (zei\u021ba lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene) guverneaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia mor\u021bilor. Nergal \u00eemparte cu Pluto for\u021ba de r\u0103zboi \u0219i puterea htonic\u0103. Ere\u0219kigal este o judec\u0103toare mai aspr\u0103 dec\u00e2t Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Yama este zeul vedic al mor\u021bilor, ordonatorul ordinii mor\u021bilor. Nu exist\u0103 o paralel\u0103 direct\u0103, dar structural similar: ordonator al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, strict drept. \u00cen budism, lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 este mai pu\u021bin personalizat\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 un echivalent al lui Pluto.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp63e7126 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp63e7126\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bbe5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bbe5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dis Pater, Orcus \u0219i numele romane ale zeului mor\u021bilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb0d808 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcb0d808\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75de8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75de8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zeul roman al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene ap\u0103rea sub mai multe nume, iar rela\u021bia dintre ele este revelatoare pentru istoria religiilor. <em>Pluto<\/em> \u00eensu\u0219i este forma latinizat\u0103 a supranumele grec <em>Plouton<\/em>, cel bogat, \u0219i a venit la Roma odat\u0103 cu preluarea reprezent\u0103rilor grece\u0219ti. Al\u0103turi existau denumiri mai vechi, indigene.<\/p><p>Cea mai important\u0103 este <em>Dis Pater<\/em>, Tat\u0103l cel Bogat. Numele <em>Dis<\/em> este considerat o contragere a lui <em>dives<\/em>, bogat, \u0219i constituie astfel un echivalent latin exact al grecescului Plouton. \u0218i aici bog\u0103\u021bia trimite la ceea ce se afl\u0103 sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt, la gr\u00e2ne \u0219i la comorile solului.<\/p><p>Un al treilea nume este <em>Orcus<\/em>, a c\u0103rui origine este disputat\u0103; Orcus putea desemna at\u00e2t zeul, c\u00e2t \u0219i lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u00eens\u0103\u0219i \u0219i o putere punitiv\u0103, intimidant\u0103. Din Orcus deriv\u0103, pe c\u0103i ocolite, italianul <em>orco<\/em> \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, cuv\u00e2ntul ogru.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 diversitate de nume arat\u0103 c\u0103 reprezentarea roman\u0103 a zeului mor\u021bilor s-a hr\u0103nit din mai multe surse: o tradi\u021bie indigen\u0103, legat\u0103 de Dis Pater \u0219i Orcus, \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> greac\u0103, care a adus prin numele Pluto elaborata <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> a lui Hades.<\/p><p>Cercetarea admite c\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile romane indigene erau ini\u021bial mai pu\u021bin personale \u0219i mai s\u0103race \u00een mituri dec\u00e2t cele grece\u0219ti. Abia prin identificarea cu Hades-Plouton a c\u0103p\u0103tat zeul roman al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene forma sa elaborat\u0103 \u0219i nara\u021biunile sale, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd r\u0103pirea <a href=\"\/ro\/proserpina\/\">Proserpinei<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc860d54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc860d54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpabb6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpabb6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ludi Tarentini \u0219i altarul din C\u00e2mpul lui Marte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9b61d10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9b61d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf79ffd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf79ffd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> propriu al lui Dis Pater \u0219i al Proserpinei \u00ee\u0219i avea centrul \u00een C\u00e2mpul lui Marte, \u00eentr-un loc numit <em>Tarentum<\/em> sau <em>Terentum<\/em>. Acolo se afla un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Loc \u00een\u0103l\u021bat sau mas\u0103 pentru jertfe \u0219i ac\u021biuni religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> subteran, care era descoperit \u0219i folosit numai cu anumite ocazii.<\/p><p>Conform legendei de \u00eentemeiere, un sabin pe nume Valesius ar fi s\u0103pat acolo \u0219i ar fi dat peste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Loc \u00een\u0103l\u021bat sau mas\u0103 pentru jertfe \u0219i ac\u021biuni religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> c\u00e2nd c\u0103uta vindecare pentru copiii s\u0103i.<\/p><p>\u00cen acest loc se celebrau <em>Ludi Tarentini<\/em>, jocuri nocturne \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> pentru divinit\u0103\u021bile subterane.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie s-au dezvoltat <em>Ludi Saeculares<\/em>, Jocurile Seculare, celebrate o singur\u0103 dat\u0103 \u00eentr-un <em>saeculum<\/em>, o perioad\u0103 de aproximativ o sut\u0103 sau o sut\u0103 zece ani, cu motivarea c\u0103 niciun om nu ar trebui s\u0103 le tr\u0103iasc\u0103 de dou\u0103 ori. Jocurile marcau trecerea de la o epoc\u0103 la alta.<\/p><p>Cele mai bine documentate sunt Jocurile Seculare organizate de \u00eemp\u0103ratul Augustus \u00een anul 17 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Cu aceast\u0103 ocazie, Hora\u021biu a compus <em>Carmen Saeculare<\/em>, c\u00e2ntat de coruri de b\u0103ie\u021bi \u0219i fete. O inscrip\u021bie care documenteaz\u0103 programul s\u0103rb\u0103torii s-a p\u0103strat \u0219i constituie o surs\u0103 important\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, acest fapt este semnificativ: arat\u0103 c\u0103 Dis Pater dep\u0103\u0219ea \u00een cultul de stat roman rolul de receptor al riturilor funerare private. El apare acolo ca o putere legat\u0103 de cursul marilor epoci \u0219i de re\u00eennoirea ritual\u0103 a comunit\u0103\u021bii. Jertfele nocturne, \u00eentunecate, pentru zeii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene f\u0103ceau astfel parte din fondul fix al calendarului festiv roman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp303ceab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp303ceab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40a75b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40a75b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bog\u0103\u021bie din ad\u00e2ncuri: Pluto, minerit \u0219i fertilitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd3c2a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd3c2a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cdbc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cdbc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tr\u0103s\u0103tura cea mai pregnant\u0103 a lui Pluto este chiar numele s\u0103u, cel bogat. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre zeul mor\u021bilor \u0219i bog\u0103\u021bie nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, ci expresia unei reprezent\u0103ri coerente.<\/p><p>P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00een care coboar\u0103 mor\u021bii este totodat\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul din care cre\u0219te gr\u00e2nele \u0219i \u00een care se afl\u0103 metalele \u0219i pietrele pre\u021bioase. Cine st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te astfel \u0219i aceste comori.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>, Pluto era de aceea asociat cu bog\u0103\u021bia solului, cu agricultura la fel de mult ca \u0219i cu mineritul. Grecul <em>Plutos<\/em>, o personificare a bog\u0103\u021biei \u00een sens mai restr\u00e2ns, trebuie distins de Plouton, \u00eens\u0103 cele dou\u0103 nume sunt at\u00e2t de apropiate \u00eenc\u00e2t au fost confundate \u00eenc\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>.<\/p><p>Str\u00e2nsa leg\u0103tur\u0103 a zeului lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene cu Proserpina, care apare ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i ca zei\u021b\u0103 a vegeta\u021biei, \u00eent\u0103re\u0219te acest aspect: cobor\u00e2rea \u0219i urcarea ei anual\u0103 sunt legate de na\u0219terea \u0219i pieirea roadelor c\u00e2mpului.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, acest fapt ilustreaz\u0103 c\u0103 romanii \u0219i grecii nu concepeau moartea \u0219i fertilitatea ca simple contrarii. Acela\u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt care \u00eenghite \u0219i rode\u0219te. Zeul mor\u021bilor este de aceea mai mult dec\u00e2t o figur\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare: el este totodat\u0103 garantul unui ciclu de care depind cei vii.<\/p><p>\u00cen artele plastice, Pluto era uneori reprezentat cu o cornucopie, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al abunden\u021bei, ceea ce face vizibil\u0103 aceast\u0103 latur\u0103 pozitiv\u0103. La jertfele adresate lui se foloseau totu\u0219i formele specifice divinit\u0103\u021bilor htoniene: animale \u00eentunecate la culoare, s\u00e2nge v\u0103rsat \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt, o atitudine ritual\u0103 grav\u0103, \u00eendreptat\u0103 spre ad\u00e2ncuri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7308312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7308312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e9d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3e9d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la zeu la planet\u0103 pitic\u0103: istoria modern\u0103 a numelui<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72760ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp72760ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64c91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64c91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Numele Pluto a avut \u00een secolul al XX-lea o a doua carier\u0103, departe de religia antic\u0103. C\u00e2nd \u00een 1930, la Observatorul Lowell din Arizona, a fost descoperit un nou corp ceresc dincolo de Neptun, s-a c\u0103utat un nume potrivit.<\/span><\/p><p>Propunerea a venit din partea Venetiei Burney, o elev\u0103 de unsprezece ani din Oxford, care se interesa de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul miturilor transmise ale unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span>. Numele unui zeu al \u00eentunecatei \u0219i \u00eendep\u0103rtatei lumi de dincolo p\u0103rea potrivit pentru acel corp ceresc \u00eendep\u0103rtat \u0219i rece.<\/p><p>Propunerea s-a impus \u0219i pentru c\u0103 primele dou\u0103 litere ale numelui, P \u0219i L, erau totodat\u0103 ini\u021bialele lui Percival Lowell, fondatorul observatorului, care c\u0103utase \u00eendelung un astfel de planet.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbolul<\/span> astronomic al corpului ceresc \u00eembin\u0103 aceste dou\u0103 litere. Pluto a fost considerat ini\u021bial al nou\u0103lea planet al sistemului solar. \u00cen 2006, Uniunea Astronomic\u0103 Interna\u021bional\u0103 l-a reclasificat ca planet\u0103 pitic\u0103, o decizie care a st\u00e2rnit \u00een r\u00e2ndul publicului reac\u021bii neobi\u0219nuit de puternice.<\/span><\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, acest episod reprezint\u0103 un exemplu al supravie\u021buirii numelor zeilor antici \u00een limbajul \u0219tiin\u021bific modern.<\/p><p>La fel ca planetele Jupiter, Marte, Venus \u0219i Neptun, \u0219i acest corp ceresc poart\u0103 numele unui zeu roman, iar odat\u0103 cu el a migrat un \u00eentreg c\u00e2mp conceptual: cel mai mare satelit al lui Pluto se nume\u0219te Charon, dup\u0103 luntra\u0219ul lumii de dincolo, iar al\u021bi sateli\u021bi poart\u0103 nume precum Styx \u0219i Kerberos.<\/p><p>Geografia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> a lumii de apoi a devenit astfel, despuiat\u0103 de con\u021binutul s\u0103u religios, un rezervor pentru nomenclatura astronomic\u0103. Zeul mor\u021bilor la romani este ast\u0103zi cunoscut de majoritatea oamenilor mai ales ca un \u00eendep\u0103rtat corp de ghea\u021b\u0103 la marginea sistemului solar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-romani\/\">Roma, cultur\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/proserpina\/\">Proserpina, so\u021bie, regin\u0103 a lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hades\/\">Hades, corespondentul grec<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Turcan, Robert: <em>The Cults of the Roman Empire<\/em>. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span><\/em> a tradi\u021biei romane, Pluto contope\u0219te grecul Hades cu reprezent\u0103rile italice despre bog\u0103\u021bia p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia mor\u021bilor, resursele subsolului \u0219i straturile subterane ale lumii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pluto, zeu al tradi\u021biei romane Pluto este zeul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i al bog\u0103\u021biei \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Numele \u00eensu\u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ecel bogat&#8221; \u0219i trimite la comorile minerale ale p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Pluto este un exemplu de ambivalen\u021b\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bilor htoniene, totodat\u0103 \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare \u0219i d\u0103t\u0103toare de via\u021b\u0103, judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103zitor al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. ZeuRomaDivinitate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1737,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pluto","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pluto - zeul roman al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Transmiterea scris\u0103 despre Pluto se \u00eentinde pe mai multe secole \u00een trecut","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106112","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pluto - zeul roman al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Transmiterea 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