{"id":106083,"date":"2026-08-04T17:00:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pazitorii-naraka\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:00:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:00:51","slug":"pazitori-naraka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/pazitori-naraka\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0103zitorii Naraka"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106083\" class=\"elementor elementor-106083 elementor-1210\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0103zitorii Naraka, demon al tradi\u021biei budiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gardieni ai celor opt iaduri fierbin\u021bi \u0219i opt iaduri reci.<\/strong><\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt gardieni ai iadului budist, sub conducerea lui Yama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ Demon\u0103: Fiin\u021b\u0103 supranatural\u0103 cu efecte preponderent d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente. Se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre zei \u0219i oameni, provoac\u0103 boal\u0103, ispit\u0103 sau nenorocire \u0219i este respins\u0103 prin incanta\u021bii, apotropaica \u0219i ritualuri.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i gardieni ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1677\" alt=\"Naraka Waechter - D\u00e4monen aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_buddhismus_naraka-waechter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u0103zitorii Naraka<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demoni<\/span> ai tradi\u021biei budiste.<\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka (Sanskrit <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>) sunt executorii din iadurile budiste. Cosmologia Abhidharma a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> cunoa\u0219te opt iaduri fierbin\u021bi \u0219i opt iaduri reci principale, fiecare cu numeroase sub-iaduri; \u00een fiecare domin\u0103 o form\u0103 specific\u0103 de pedeaps\u0103, care constituie contraponderea karmic\u0103 a p\u0103catului subiacent. P\u0103zitorii aplic\u0103 aceste pedepse nu din cruzime, ci ca form\u0103 de producere a consecin\u021belor karmice.<\/p><p>Important: Narakas nu sunt i\u0627\u062furi ve\u0219nice \u00een buddhism. Ele sunt locuri de rena\u0219tere cu o durat\u0103 determinat\u0103. C\u00e2nd greutatea karmic\u0103 este epuizat\u0103, fiin\u021ba se rena\u0219te \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 existen\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii sunt, prin urmare, func\u021bionari ai unui mecanism, nu figuri diabolice. Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor \u0219i sistemul chinezesc Di Yu confer\u0103 p\u0103zitorilor forme autonome &#8211; cap de bou, fa\u021b\u0103 de cal, cap de tigru &#8211; \u0219i altele, celebre la nivel mondial \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong>Sutrele budiste despre Naraka \u0219i clasific\u0103rile lor<\/strong><\/p><p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 prezentare budist\u0103 a iadurilor \u0219i a p\u0103zitorilor lor se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een sutre precum <em>Mahayana Mahaparinirvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, <em>Karmavibhanga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> \u0219i <em>Surangama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>. Aceste texte clasific\u0103 gardienii iadului dup\u0103 sarcina \u0219i statutul lor karmic. Unii p\u0103zitori sunt fiin\u021be demonice, prinse \u00een rolurile lor din cauza propriilor karme negative.<\/p><p>Al\u021bii sunt bodhisattva care se angajeaz\u0103 voluntar \u00een roluri infernale pentru a salva fiin\u021bele. A distinge aceste dou\u0103 categorii este esen\u021bial pentru etica budist\u0103: p\u0103zitorul este prins \u00eentr-un rol sau este o for\u021b\u0103 misionar\u0103, dar \u00een principiu nu este r\u0103u. P\u0103zitorul Naraka este, \u00een buddhism, venerat pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 toat\u0103 teama pe care o inspir\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Gardieni ai iadului, executori karmici<br>Origine: Slujba lui Yama; \u00een tradi\u021bia est-asiatic\u0103 a lui Yanluo Wang<br>Texte: Abhidharmakosha, sutre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"&#39;Marele Vehicle&#39;; una dintre cele trei tradi\u021bii principale ale buddhismului, cu idealul bodhisattva \u0219i reflec\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103.\">Mahayana<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen buddhismul tibetan, starea de tranzi\u021bie dintre dou\u0103 existen\u021be; Bardo Th\u00f6dol descrie faza de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, literatura Di Yu<br>Perioad\u0103: de la buddhism p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Structur\u0103: opt i\u0627\u062furi fierbin\u021bi + opt i\u0627\u062furi reci, fiecare cu proprii p\u0103zitori<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Canonul Pali cu descrieri timpurii ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia de scrieri sacre recunoscute ca obligatorii \u00eentr-o religie.\" tabindex=\"0\">infernurilor<\/span>. Abhidharmakosha a lui Vasubandhu (sec. al IV-lea\/al V-lea d.Hr.) sistematizeaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u021bie despre structura \u0219i ordinea lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> Naraka. Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor cu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplin\u0103 care studiaz\u0103 con\u021binutul imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia acestora.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> detaliat\u0103 a paznicilor. Literatura chinez\u0103 Di Yu \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada Tang, reprezent\u0103rile japoneze Jigoku \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada Heian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Toate regiunile budiste; deosebit de elaborate \u00een China, Japonia, Tibet. Sistemul chinez Di Yu cu zece i\u0627\u062furi, fiecare subordonat\u0103 unui rege Yama (Yanluo). Tradi\u021bia japonez\u0103 Jigoku. Pictura infernal\u0103 mongol\u0103 \u0219i tibetan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), Saddharmasmrityupasthana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor; \u00eendrumar ritual pentru st\u0103rile de tranzi\u021bie dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, Yuli-Bao-Chao chinezesc (&#8222;Oglinda pre\u021bioas\u0103 a suportului de jad&#8221;, dinastia Song), Jigoku-z\u014dshi japonez (suluri ilustrate ale iadurilor), art\u0103 popular\u0103 coreean\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>narakap\u0101la<\/em>, &#8222;paznic al iadului&#8221;; <em>narakad\u016bta<\/em>, &#8222;mesager al iadului&#8221;.<br>Chinez\u0103: \u7344\u5352 (<em>Yu Zu<\/em>, &#8222;solda\u021bi ai iadului&#8221;); perechi specifice de p\u0103zitori Niu Tou (cap de bou) \u0219i Ma Mian (fa\u021b\u0103 de cal).<br>Japonez\u0103: <em>Gokusotsu<\/em>; variant\u0103 est-asiatic\u0103 cu zece regi ai iadului.<br>Tibetan\u0103: <em>Shinje-pho-nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Forma est-asiatic\u0103 este deosebit de elaborat\u0103. Sistemul Di Yu cu zece i\u0627\u062furi \u0219i regi, tribunale \u0219i p\u0103zitori proprii reprezint\u0103 o combina\u021bie de r\u0103d\u0103cini budiste cu ierarhii birocratice taoiste \u0219i confucianiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Cu chip de animal &#8211; cap de bou, fa\u021b\u0103 de cal, cap de tigru, fa\u021b\u0103 de corb sunt forme frecvente. \u00cenarma\u021bi cu ciomege, furci, lan\u021buri, s\u0103bii. \u00cen reprezentarea chinez\u0103 \u00een uniform\u0103 oficial\u0103 de func\u021bionar, cu p\u0103l\u0103rie \u0219i sigiliu. \u00cen thangka-urile tibetane dans\u00e2nd cu furie.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Func\u021bional, nu personal: primesc defunc\u021bii la ordinul lui Yama, \u00eei conduc \u00een Naraka care le-a fost atribuit\u0103, aplic\u0103 pedepsele de acolo. F\u0103r\u0103 libertate de alegere; ei execut\u0103 necesitatea karmic\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Cele 16 Narakas principale cu numeroasele lor sub-i\u0627\u062furi. \u00cen tradi\u021bia est-asiatic\u0103, cele zece i\u0627\u062furi ale lui Di Yu, fiecare asociat\u0103 cu o transgresiune specific\u0103 (minciun\u0103, furt, omucidere etc.). Nu sunt activi \u00een lumea celor vii.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Nu sunt figuri autonome, ci purt\u0103tori de func\u021bie. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"&#39;Vehiculul Diamant&#39;; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a buddhismului Mahayana, preponderent \u00een Tibet, cu practica Yidam \u0219i tehnica mantra \u00een centru.\">Vajrayana<\/span> sunt \u00een\u021bele\u0219i ca aspecte energetice care pot fi transformate \u00een divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare m\u00e2nioase (Yamantaka ca cel ce \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge chiar pe Yama).<\/p><div><p><strong>Cele opt i\u0627\u062furi calde \u0219i supraveghetorii lor<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen contextul <em>Asta Naraka<\/em> (cele opt i\u0627\u062furi calde) \u0219i al celor opt i\u0627\u062furi reci, func\u021bia p\u0103zitorului Naraka devine foarte specific\u0103. Un supraveghetor al iadului fierberii, de exemplu, nu este \u00eentotdeauna acela\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>; textele relateaz\u0103 despre diferi\u021bi p\u0103zitori din diferite ere.<\/p><p>\u00cen buddhismul tibetan, p\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt adesea \u00een\u021bele\u0219i ca manifest\u0103ri ale lui Mahakala sau Yamantaka, adic\u0103 drept aspecte m\u00e2nioase ale compasiunii. Un paznic Naraka love\u0219te pentru a dep\u0103\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, budism \u0219i jainism, legea cauzalit\u0103\u021bii ac\u021biunilor: fiecare fapt\u0103 produce efecte asupra existen\u021belor ulterioare.\">karma<\/span> celui prins, niciodat\u0103 din r\u0103utate. Aceasta este o reinterpretare radical\u0103 a pedepsei ca interven\u021bie terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Naraka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale P\u0103zitorilor Naraka dintr-o privire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen slujba lui Yama, respectiv Yanluo. Func\u021bionari ai execut\u0103rii karmice, nu demoni autonomi. \u00cen Asia de Est, figuri individuale specifice (cap de bou, fa\u021b\u0103 de cal).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cu referire la<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Defunc\u021bi cu transgresiuni karmice grave. \u00cen Asia de Est, repartiza\u021bi pe tipuri de transgresiune \u00een cele zece i\u0627\u062furi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cu chip de animal (bou, cal, tigru), \u00eenarma\u021bi cu arme. \u00cen \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103minte oficial\u0103 \u00een reprezentarea chinez\u0103, furio\u0219i \u00een cea tibetan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Execut\u0103 pedepse karmice: foc, ghea\u021b\u0103, dezmembrare, \u00eenghi\u021bire. Fiecare pedeaps\u0103 este contraponderea specific\u0103 a p\u0103catului subiacent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Invocarea lui Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen buddhismul Mahayana, un iluminat care am\u00e2n\u0103 propria eliberare \u00een favoarea pred\u0103rii celorlalte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> al fiin\u021belor infernale), recitarea sutrelor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> ancestrale, ritualuri Ullambana. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vehiculul Diamant; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a buddhismului Mahayana, preponderent \u00een Tibet, cu practica Yidam \u00een centru.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa, practici de purificare tantric\u0103, ritualuri de leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Yamantaka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erinye\/\">Erinyen<\/a>, demoni infernali cre\u0219tini, Oni japonezi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Topografia infernului \u0219i practica ritual\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cele opt Narakas fierbin\u021bi<\/strong><\/p><p>Sanghata, Raurava, Maharaurava, Tapana, Pratapana, Samjiva, Kalasutra, Avici. Fiecare cu forme specifice de pedeaps\u0103: foc, zdrobire, dezmembrare, pere\u021bi desp\u0103r\u021bitori cu uleiuri clocotite. Avici (&#8222;cel ne\u00eentrerupt&#8221;) este cel mai ad\u00e2nc, rezervat karmelor celor mai grave.<\/p><p><strong>Cele opt Narakas reci<\/strong><\/p><p>Arbuda, Nirarbuda, Atata, Hahava, Huhuva, Utpala, Padma, Mahapadma. Frigul intens ca form\u0103 de pedeaps\u0103; corpurile \u00eenghea\u021b\u0103, se crap\u0103, se fragmenteaz\u0103 \u00een buc\u0103\u021bi \u00een form\u0103 de lotus (de aici \u0219i numele).<\/p><p><strong>Practica Ksitigarbha<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen buddhismul Mahayana, un iluminat care am\u00e2n\u0103 propria eliberare \u00een favoarea pred\u0103rii celorlalte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> Ksitigarbha (chinez\u0103 Dizang, japonez\u0103 Jizo) \u0219i-a asumat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O promisiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103 adresat\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul<\/span> de a salva toate fiin\u021bele infernale \u00eenainte de a intra el \u00eensu\u0219i \u00een Nirvana. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocarea<\/span> sa este cea mai important\u0103 practic\u0103 de eliberare infernal\u0103 \u00een Asia de Est. Statuile Jizo \u00eemp\u00e2nzesc drumurile japoneze \u0219i protejeaz\u0103 copiii \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103torii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>Mesopotamianul <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 a lui Ere\u0219kigal, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a> egiptean la judecata mor\u021bilor, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erinye\/\">Erinyen<\/a> grece\u0219ti ca r\u0103zbun\u0103toare. Structural similare: organe de executare a justi\u021biei cosmice.<\/p><p><strong>Sistemul chinez Di Yu:<\/strong> Zece regi ai iadului, fiecare cu propriul palat \u0219i personal de func\u021bionari. Form\u0103 mixt\u0103 budist-taoist\u0103; literatura Yuli (Song) descrie sistemul \u00een detaliu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> la marginile ora\u0219elor chineze \u0219i \u00een cimitire prezint\u0103 scene din Di Yu.<\/p><p><strong>Epoca modern\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Anime japoneze (<em>Hozuki no Reitetsu<\/em>, comedii Di Yu), filme Bollywood cu iadurile lui Yamraj, seriale coreene precum <em>Along with the Gods<\/em> (2017) cu navigare detaliat\u0103 prin Naraka. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cosmologia<\/span> infernal\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne vizual popular\u0103.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Yamantaka ca paznic cosmic al tuturor iadurilor<\/strong><\/p><p>O figur\u0103 central\u0103 \u00een acest context este <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, cel care \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe Yama. \u00cen buddhismul tibetan, Yamantaka dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te rolul de mesager al lui Yama \u0219i este \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n peste to\u021bi p\u0103zitorii demonici din regatul lui Yama. Yamantaka este invocat meditativ \u00een sadhane tantrice pentru a ob\u021bine controlul asupra for\u021belor demonice interioare.<\/p><p>Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 iadul exterior cu p\u0103zitorii s\u0103i este \u00een\u021beles ca o proiec\u021bie a emo\u021biilor interioare neprocesate. Un paznic Naraka este, \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103, \u0219i paznicul propriei l\u0103comii, al propriei furii, al propriei ignoran\u021be. Aceast\u0103 transformare psihologic\u0103 a motivului infernal arat\u0103 cum buddhismul reinterpreteaz\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile premoderne \u00een cadre soteriologice.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2fe5e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2fe5e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04be37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp04be37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naraka \u00een cosmosul budist<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43ff34f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp43ff34f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc28983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbc28983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka pot fi \u00een\u021bele\u0219i doar dac\u0103 se cunoa\u0219te locul <em>Naraka<\/em> \u00een viziunea budist\u0103 asupra lumii. <em>Naraka<\/em> este termenul sanscrit pentru sferele infernale, cea mai de jos dintre cele \u0219ase sfere de existen\u021b\u0103 \u00een care o fiin\u021b\u0103 poate fi ren\u0103scut\u0103. Important este un contrast fundamental fa\u021b\u0103 de iadul cre\u0219tin: Narakas nu sunt ve\u0219nice.<\/p><p>Ele sunt locuri de pedeaps\u0103 temporar\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 de o durat\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare, \u00een care se isp\u0103\u0219e\u0219te karma negativ\u0103 grea. Odat\u0103 epuizat\u0103 aceasta, \u0219ederea \u00een iad ia sf\u00e2r\u0219it \u0219i devine posibil\u0103 rena\u0219terea \u00eentr-o sfer\u0103 superioar\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cosmologia<\/span> budist\u0103 a elaborat Narakas \u00een detaliu. Textele disting de regul\u0103 opt i\u0627\u062furi fierbin\u021bi \u0219i opt i\u0627\u062furi reci principale, fiecare cu numeroase i\u0627\u062furi secundare, \u00een care se \u00eendur\u0103 chinuri diferite \u00een func\u021bie de natura transgresiunilor anterioare.<\/p><p>Durata vie\u021bii \u00een aceste sfere este indicat\u0103 \u00een texte cu numere astronomice de mari, pentru a sublinia gravitatea, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi vorba totu\u0219i de o ve\u0219nicie adev\u0103rat\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen acest sistem se \u00eenscriu P\u0103zitorii Naraka ca personal care execut\u0103 pedepsele. Ei nu sunt zei autonomi \u0219i nici fiin\u021be c\u0103zute, ci figuri func\u021bionale \u00een cadrul sferelor infernale.<\/p><p>Sarcina lor este de a chinui, desp\u0103r\u021bi, arde, dezmembra fiin\u021bele ren\u0103scute acolo, textele subliniind c\u0103 fiin\u021bele infernale sunt reconstituite mereu pentru a putea continua pedeapsa.<\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt astfel executori ai unei legi cosmice impersonale, nu actori ai unei r\u0103zbun\u0103ri personale. Reprezent\u0103ri \u00eenrudite cunoa\u0219te <a href=\"\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\">buddhismul<\/a> \u00een toate formele sale regionale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e169d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0e169d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc3be2b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc3be2b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sunt p\u0103zitorii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i fiin\u021be care sufer\u0103? O dezbatere doctrinar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp710a16a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp710a16a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3898b85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3898b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele mai interesante \u00eentreb\u0103ri legate de P\u0103zitorii Naraka este o veche dezbatere doctrinar\u0103 intern\u0103 budist\u0103: ce fel de fiin\u021be sunt, de fapt, gardienii iadului? Aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare nu este secundar\u0103, deoarece atinge miezul doctrinei budiste despre karma \u0219i rena\u0219tere.<\/p><p>O pozi\u021bie discutat\u0103 \u00een literatura Abhidharma sus\u021bine c\u0103 gardienii iadului nu sunt fiin\u021be cu adev\u0103rat sim\u021bitoare \u0219i suferinde, ci un fel de apari\u021be, produs\u0103 de karma colectiv\u0103 a \u00een\u0219i\u0219i locuitorilor iadului.<\/p><p>Conform acestei concep\u021bii, damna\u021bii genereaz\u0103 prin propria karma negativ\u0103 chinuitorii care \u00eei tortureaz\u0103; p\u0103zitorii ar fi atunci consecin\u021be obiectivate ale ac\u021biunilor celor pedepsi\u021bi. Aceast\u0103 interpretare are avantajul c\u0103 nimeni nu acumuleaz\u0103 karma negativ\u0103 nou\u0103 prin activitatea de torturare, deoarece p\u0103zitorii nu ar fi persoane ac\u021bionante \u00een sens deplin.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 pozi\u021bie consider\u0103 gardienii iadului drept fiin\u021be reale, ren\u0103scute ele \u00eensele \u00een iad, duc\u00e2nd acolo o existen\u021b\u0103 chinuitoare prin faptul c\u0103 chinuiesc.<\/p><p>\u00cen unele texte apar figuri precum <em>Yamapala<\/em>, asociat cu Yama, \u00een acest rol. Aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 ridic\u0103 dificila \u00eentrebare dac\u0103 p\u0103zitorii nu genereaz\u0103 prin cruzimea lor karma negativ\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd astfel prin\u0219i \u00een iad.<\/p><p>Diferite \u0219coli budiste au dat r\u0103spunsuri diferite, iar punctul de disput\u0103 a r\u0103mas nerezolvat de-a lungul secolelor. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, aceast\u0103 dezbatere este revelatoare, deoarece arat\u0103 c\u0103 P\u0103zitorii Naraka nu sunt un simplu element iconografic, ci o figur\u0103 la care se aprind \u00eentreb\u0103ri fundamentale ale doctrinei budiste despre responsabilitate, ac\u021biune \u0219i rena\u0219tere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2c4a4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2c4a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d912b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d912b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama \u0219i tribunalul infernal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d65272 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1d65272\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc62d382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc62d382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deasupra chinuitorilor individuali se afl\u0103, \u00een imaginea budist\u0103 a iadului, figura lui <em>Yama<\/em>, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane \u0219i judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Yama este o veche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> indian\u0103, care apare deja \u00een textele vedice ca primul muritor \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n al mor\u021bilor, pe care buddhismul a integrat-o \u00een sistemul s\u0103u cosmologic. \u00cen forma budist\u0103, Yama conduce tribunalul \u00een fa\u021ba c\u0103ruia se \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 defunc\u021bii \u0219i \u00eei chestioneaz\u0103 \u00een privin\u021ba faptelor lor.<\/p><p>O parabol\u0103 doctrinar\u0103 cunoscut\u0103, pilda solilor divini, descrie cum Yama \u00eei aminte\u0219te unui mort c\u0103 \u00een via\u021b\u0103 a v\u0103zut b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bea, boala \u0219i moartea, dar nu le-a luat ca \u00eendemn spre faptele bune.<\/p><p>Yama apare aici ca o instan\u021b\u0103 care \u00eei pune fiin\u021bei \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 propria neglijen\u021b\u0103, nu un tiran arbitrar; pedeapsa decurge din karma, nu din capriciul lui Yama. \u00cen forma est-asiatic\u0103, acest tribunal a fost dezvoltat \u00eentr-un sistem de zece regi ai lumii subterane, prin ale c\u0103ror instan\u021be sufletul este condus succesiv.<\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka se situeaz\u0103 \u00een acest cadru sub Yama. Ei sunt organele executive ale sentin\u021bei pronun\u021bate \u00een tribunalul infernal, comparabili cu executorii judec\u0103tore\u0219ti \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103ii unei justi\u021bii p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti. Aceast\u0103 birocratizare a lumii subterane, deosebit de pronun\u021bat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 \u0219i japonez\u0103, a integrat ferm P\u0103zitorii Naraka \u00eentr-o imagine ordonat\u0103 a lumii de dincolo.<\/p><p>Ei ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la comand\u0103, nu din proprie ini\u021biativ\u0103, iar activitatea lor face parte dintr-o procedur\u0103 reglementat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 \u00eencadrare este important\u0103 pentru a-i \u00een\u021belege pe p\u0103zitori ca purt\u0103tori de func\u021bie \u00een cadrul unei ordini juridice cosmice, \u00eentemeiat\u0103 \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103 pe legea karmei, \u00een loc de a-i confunda cu simple figuri de groaz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62c9f3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp62c9f3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f39e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f39e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentarea iconografic\u0103 \u0219i func\u021bia didactic\u0103 a gardienilor iadului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4287a28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4287a28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4545f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4545f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka \u0219i sferele infernale pe care le populeaz\u0103 sunt printre cele mai frecvent reprezentate motive ale artei budiste, iar aceste reprezent\u0103ri aveau o sarcin\u0103 clar\u0103.<\/p><p>Pe <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>, &#8222;Roata vie\u021bii&#8221;, pictat\u0103 \u00een numeroase m\u0103n\u0103stiri, sfera infernal\u0103 ocup\u0103 unul dintre cele \u0219ase sectoare; acolo se v\u0103d damna\u021bii, instrumentele de pedeaps\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103zitorii care \u00eei chinuiesc. \u00cen Asia de Est au ap\u0103rut \u00eentregi cicluri de imagini cu cei zece regi ai iadului \u0219i tribunalele lor.<\/p><p>Aceste imagini erau \u00een primul r\u00e2nd didactice, mai pu\u021bin decorative. Ele prezentau credinciosului, adesea analfabet, consecin\u021bele faptelor rele \u00een mod drastic.<\/p><p>Descrierea detaliat\u0103, uneori crud\u0103, a pedepselor infernale \u0219i a executorilor lor servea educa\u021biei etice: cel care vedea imaginile trebuia motivat s\u0103 respecte preceptele budiste, s\u0103 evite uciderea, furtul \u0219i minciuna.<\/p><p>\u00cen Japonia s-au dezvoltat din aceasta tradi\u021bii iconografice proprii, iar texte precum <em>Ojoyoshu<\/em> al lui Genshin descriau iadurile at\u00e2t de viu, \u00eenc\u00e2t au marcat durabil universul imaginativ religios.<\/p><p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka apar \u00een aceste reprezent\u0103ri \u00een formule iconografice fixe: cu capete de animale, adesea cap de bou sau de cal, cu ciomege uria\u0219e, furci \u0219i alte unelte, de \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare. \u00cen tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 \u0219i japonez\u0103, p\u0103zitorii cu cap de bou \u0219i cap de cal au devenit \u00een mod special cunoscu\u021bi. Important pentru \u00eencadrare este c\u0103 aceste imagini \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare nu sunt niciodat\u0103 un scop \u00een sine \u00een contextul budist.<\/p><p>Ele sunt \u00een slujba unei doctrine care \u021binte\u0219te \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103 eliberarea din ciclul rena\u0219terilor. Iadul \u0219i p\u0103zitorii s\u0103i sunt avertismentul, fundalul presupus, fa\u021b\u0103 de care calea budist\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 urgen\u021b\u0103. Cine prive\u0219te P\u0103zitorii Naraka doar ca mon\u0219tri trece cu vederea func\u021bia lor real\u0103 ca mijloc al unei pedagogii religioase.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\">Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/ro\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/ammit\/\">Ammit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erinye\/\">Erinyen<\/a> (paralele)<\/li><li>Ksitigarbha (Dizang\/Jizo) \u0219i doctrina eliber\u0103rii infernale<\/li><li>Di Yu chinez \u0219i Jigoku japonez<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale despre Naraka \u0219i p\u0103zitorii s\u0103i:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Matsunaga, Daigan \/ Matsunaga, Alicia: <em>The Buddhist Concept of Hell<\/em>. New York 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Stone, Jacqueline I.: <em>Right Thoughts at the Last Moment<\/em>. Honolulu 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-naraka-waechter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-narakaw-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-narakaw-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0103zitorii Naraka, demon al tradi\u021biei budiste Gardieni ai celor opt iaduri fierbin\u021bi \u0219i opt iaduri reci. P\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt gardieni ai iadului budist, sub conducerea lui Yama. DemonBuddhism Cuprins P\u0103zitorii Naraka P\u0103zitorii Naraka sunt demoni ai tradi\u021biei budiste. P\u0103zitorii Naraka (Sanskrit narakap\u0101la) sunt executorii din iadurile budiste. Cosmologia Abhidharma a cosmologiei cunoa\u0219te opt iaduri fierbin\u021bi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"P\u0103zitorii Naraka","_yoast_wpseo_title":"P\u0103zitorii Naraka - gardieni ai iadului budist","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"P\u0103zitorii Naraka (Sanskrit narakap\u0101la) sunt executorii din iadurile budiste. Cosmologia Abhidharma cunoa\u0219te opt iaduri fierbin\u021bi \u0219i opt iaduri reci","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106083","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>P\u0103zitorii Naraka - gardieni ai iadului budist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"P\u0103zitorii Naraka (Sanskrit narakap\u0101la) sunt executorii din iadurile budiste. 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