{"id":106078,"date":"2026-08-04T16:59:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:59:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/guan-yu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:00:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T17:00:20","slug":"guan-yu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/guan-yu\/","title":{"rendered":"Guan Yu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106078\" class=\"elementor elementor-106078 elementor-2104\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu, zeul tradi\u021biei chineze<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Generalul divinizat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al loialit\u0103\u021bii, zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii. Guan Yu nu este un zeu mitologic, ci un general istoric din epoca Celor Trei Regate (184-280 d.Hr.), divinizat de-a lungul secolelor prin tradi\u021bia popular\u0103.<\/p><p>Cu obraji ro\u0219ii, barb\u0103 lung\u0103 neagr\u0103 \u0219i sabia \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103rat\u0103 <em>Guan Dao<\/em>, el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 virtutea, loialitatea p\u00e2n\u0103 la moarte \u0219i onoarea r\u0103zboinic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Romanul celor Trei Regate<\/em>, cel mai citit roman chinez, Guan Yu este o figur\u0103 luminoas\u0103: un general care nu-\u0219i abandoneaz\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul, chiar atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea este iminent\u0103.<\/p><p>Execu\u021bia sa a devenit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0103<\/span>. Ulterior, Guan Yu a fost primit \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, de acolo \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> daoist \u0219i budist, nu ca zeu al transcenden\u021bei, ci ca patron al oamenilor cu moravuri alese.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-chineze\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia chinez\u0103 a zeilor, spiritelor \u0219i credin\u021belor populare, daoist\u0103, budist\u0103, confucianist\u0103.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1557\" alt=\"Guan Yu - G\u00f6tter aus der China-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 chinez\u0103, zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al r\u0103zboinicilor, erou istoric divinizat<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, religie popular\u0103 chinez\u0103, budism (ca bodhisattva Sangharama)<br>Func\u021bie: r\u0103zboi, loialitate, dreptate, bog\u0103\u021bie, protec\u021bia afacerilor \u0219i a poli\u021biei<br>Atribute principale: barb\u0103 ro\u0219ie, rob\u0103 verde, calul Ro\u0219u-Iepure, halebard\u0103 gigantic\u0103 Guan Dao<br>Principalele centre de cult: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> Guandi \u00een Luoyang (morm\u00e2ntul s\u0103u), Mt. Yuquan, \u00een fiecare district chinez<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\">Sincretism<\/span> budist: bodhisattva Sangharama (protec\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templelor<\/span>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu (162-220 d.Hr.) a fost un general istoric al Dinastiei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\">Han<\/span> T\u00e2rzii, renumit prin romanul <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> (<em>Cele Trei Regate<\/em>, sec. XIV). Divinizarea \u00eencepe \u00eenc\u0103 din Dinastia Sui (sec. VI-VII); pozi\u021bie canonizat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> chinez din epoca Tang.<\/p><p>\u00cen Imperiul Ming (1368-1644), ascensiunea la rangul de \u201eSf\u00e2nt R\u0103zboinic&#8221; (<em>Wu Sh\u00e8ng<\/em>), \u00een paralel cu Confucius ca \u201eSf\u00e2nt Civil&#8221;. \u00cen Dinastia Qing, institu\u021bionalizat ca zeu protector al imperiului. Ast\u0103zi una dintre cele mai populare divinit\u0103\u021bi populare chineze din lume, prezent\u0103 \u00een orice restaurant \u0219i magazin chinezesc ca figur\u0103 protectoare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele locuri de cult: <strong>Templul<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> Guanlin<\/strong> din Luoyang (Henan, morm\u00e2ntul s\u0103u; unul dintre cele mai mari temple<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> Guan Yu din lume), <strong>Templul<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> Yuquan<\/strong> din Hubei (loc mitic al manifest\u0103rii spiritului s\u0103u), <strong>Templul<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> Guandi din Jiezhou<\/strong> din Shanxi (locul s\u0103u de na\u0219tere).<\/p><p>\u00cen fiecare ora\u0219 chinezesc exist\u0103 mai multe <em>temple<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> Guandi<\/em>. La nivel interna\u021bional, acestea se reg\u0103sesc \u00een fiecare restaurant chinezesc, magazin, studio de arte mar\u021biale \u0219i \u00een sec\u021biile de poli\u021bie din Hong Kong (el este patronul spiritual al poli\u021bi\u0219tilor \u0219i al triadelor).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: istoric <em>Sanguozhi<\/em> (Cronica Celor Trei Regate, sec. III), literar <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> (Luo Guanzhong, sec. XIV, principala surs\u0103 a tradi\u021biei populare), <em>Guan Sheng Dijun Sheng Ji Tu Zhi<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\">hagiografie<\/span> din epoca Ming).<\/p><p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: ter Haar, <em>Guan Yu. The Religious Afterlife of a Failed Hero<\/em>; Werner, <em>Myths and Legends of China<\/em>; Yang\/An, <em>Handbook of Chinese Mythology<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu este imediat recognoscibil: obraji ro\u0219ii (un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> artistic care exprim\u0103 durerea loialit\u0103\u021bii, nu m\u00e2nia), barb\u0103 lung\u0103 neagr\u0103, armur\u0103 tradi\u021bional\u0103 sau ve\u0219minte de m\u0103tase. Sabia sa <em>Guan Dao<\/em> este o arm\u0103 semi-lung\u0103 cu lam\u0103 \u00een semilun\u0103, mai degrab\u0103 simbolic\u0103 dec\u00e2t practic\u0103.<\/p><p>Este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at c\u0103lare sau pe tron, cu o prezen\u021b\u0103 calm\u0103 \u0219i demn\u0103. Spre deosebire de Zhong Kui (s\u0103lbatic) sau Raijin (demonic), Guan Yu este maiestuos, nu \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor. Artistic, portretul s\u0103u este central \u00een altarele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templelor<\/span> \u0219i \u00een academiile militare. Culoarea ro\u0219ie este central\u0103: obraji ro\u0219ii, ulterior robe ro\u0219ii \u00een reprezent\u0103rile din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu este venerat ca patron al loialit\u0103\u021bii, al fidelit\u0103\u021bii fa\u021b\u0103 de contractele comerciale \u0219i al onoarei militare. Negustorii plaseaz\u0103 statuia lui Guan Yu pentru a jura cinste \u00een contractele comerciale. Academiile militare, poli\u021bia \u0219i institu\u021biile militare \u00eel venereaz\u0103.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de alte divinit\u0103\u021bi, Guan Yu nu este invocat pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntare<\/span>, ci pentru for\u021b\u0103 moral\u0103. Festivalul s\u0103u de na\u0219tere este \u00een ziua a \u0219asea a celei de-a cincea luni.<\/p><p>Templul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Guan Gong<\/span> din Guangzhou este unul dintre cele mai mari \u0219i mai vechi, cu o istorie de o mie de ani. Cercurile budiste \u00eel identific\u0103 pe Guan Yu ca manifestare a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen Mahayana-budism, un iluminat care \u00ee\u0219i am\u00e2n\u0103 propria eliberare \u00een favoarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii pentru alte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> Guan Gong, nu ca transformare, ci ca recunoa\u0219tere a calit\u0103\u021bii sale spirituale.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Yuhuang (administra\u021bie) sau Yanluo (judecat\u0103), Guan Yu este personal accesibil, put\u00e2nd fi consultat pentru sfat, nu doar pentru permisiune formal\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Guan Yu<\/em> este reprezentat ca un b\u0103rbat \u00eenalt, cu fa\u021ba ro\u0219ie \u0219i barb\u0103 lung\u0103, adesea \u00een armur\u0103 de r\u0103zboi. Poart\u0103 o lance (Guandao) \u0219i st\u0103 pe un cal verde. Fa\u021ba sa ro\u0219ie simbolizeaz\u0103 dreptatea \u0219i curajul. Este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00eempreun\u0103 cu \u00eenso\u021bitorii s\u0103i (al\u021bi doi generali istorici) ca triad\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Guan Yu dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Guan Yu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu s-a n\u0103scut \u00een 162 d.Hr. \u00een Hedong (actualul Yuncheng, Shanxi) \u0219i a murit \u00een 220 ca general al lui Liu Bei \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie a Dinastiei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\">Han<\/span>. \u00cen istoricul <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> este nemuritor ca frate \u00een jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul din Gr\u0103dina Piersicilor al lui Liu Bei \u0219i Zhang Fei, cel mai celebru simbol al fraternit\u0103\u021bii din tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103.<\/p><p>Moartea sa (executat de Sun Quan) este privit\u0103 ca o separare nedreapt\u0103. So\u021bia \u0219i fiul sunt men\u021biona\u021bi \u00een surse, dar periferic; tema mitologic\u0103 principal\u0103 este loialitatea ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Liu Bei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obiect de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patron al <em>loialit\u0103\u021bii<\/em> (zhong) \u0219i al <em>drept\u0103\u021bii<\/em> (yi), cele dou\u0103 virtu\u021bi confucianiste centrale \u00een \u00eentruchipare mitologic\u0103. Zeu protector al r\u0103zboinicilor, poli\u021bi\u0219tilor \u0219i (paradoxal) al societ\u0103\u021bilor secrete criminale (triadele).<\/p><p>Patron al negustorilor \u0219i al oamenilor de afaceri, deoarece, potrivit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendei<\/span>, \u0219i-a pl\u0103tit \u00eentotdeauna datoriile cu onoare. \u00cen China modern\u0103 \u0219i Hong Kong: protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva pierderilor financiare, a partenerilor de afaceri fraudulo\u0219i \u0219i a pericolelor profesionale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentare iconografic\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reprezentat caracteristic: <strong>barb\u0103 ro\u0219ie \u0219i chip ro\u0219u<\/strong> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al purit\u0103\u021bii interioare \u0219i al loialit\u0103\u021bii, o iconografie rar\u0103 \u0219i inconfundabil\u0103), rob\u0103 lung\u0103 verde (uneori aurie) cu m\u00e2neci lungi, p\u0103l\u0103rie de demnitar. \u00cen m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 \u021bine <em>Guan Dao<\/em> (o arm\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 de semilun\u0103, cu coad\u0103 lung\u0103, care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele).<\/p><p>Adesea c\u0103lare pe renumitul s\u0103u cal <em>Ro\u0219u-Iepure<\/em> (Chitu). \u00censo\u021bit de fiul adoptiv Guan Ping \u0219i de credinciosul servitor Zhou Cang. Reprezentat \u00een posturi \u00een picioare sau a\u0219ezat, \u00eentotdeauna cu calm maiestuos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate \u0219i domeniu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Guan Yu este venerat \u00een orice restaurant, magazin, sal\u0103 de arte mar\u021biale \u0219i \u00een multe gospod\u0103rii chineze, una dintre pu\u021binele divinit\u0103\u021bi ale c\u0103ror statui ajung p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een spa\u021bii laice moderne. T\u0103m\u00e2ie zilnic\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba altarului casnic.<\/p><p>Ziua sa de na\u0219tere, \u00een a 13-a zi a celei de-a 5-a luni (calendar chinez), este celebrat\u0103 cu mari festivit\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen Hong Kong \u0219i Taiwan, posturile de poli\u021bie \u00eel au ca patron protector. \u00cen triadele tradi\u021bionale, el este paradoxal \u0219i acolo destinatarul central al jur\u0103mintelor, o tensiune cultural\u0103 mult discutat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">For\u021ba apotropaic\u0103 a lui Guan Yu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Dao (halebard\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 de semilun\u0103, care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele), barb\u0103 ro\u0219ie, chip ro\u0219u, rob\u0103 verde cu m\u00e2neci lungi, p\u0103l\u0103rie de demnitar, calul Ro\u0219u-Iepure (Chitu), fiul adoptiv Guan Ping, servitorul Zhou Cang. Plante sacre: piersicul (jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul din Gr\u0103dina Piersicilor). Animale sacre: calul Ro\u0219u-Iepure. Culori sacre: ro\u0219u \u0219i verde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be \u0219i paralele<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sangharama-Bodhisattva<\/em> (budism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\">sincretism<\/span> sino-budist), <em>Bishamonten<\/em> (Japonia, zeu protector \u0219i r\u0103zboinic), <em>Mars<\/em> (Roma, zeul r\u0103zboiului), <em>Tyr<\/em> (germanic, zeul r\u0103zboinicilor), <em>Karttikeya\/Skanda<\/em> (hinduism, zeul r\u0103zboiului), <em>Ogou<\/em> (Vodou, loa r\u0103zboinic). Comparabil ca \u201eerou istoric divinizat&#8221;: <em>Sf. Gheorghe<\/em> (cre\u0219tin), <em>Genghis Khan<\/em> (mongol, \u00een unele tradi\u021bii populare). Guan Yu reprezint\u0103 cea mai celebr\u0103 transformare \u201edin persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103 \u00een divinitate principal\u0103&#8221; din istoria religioas\u0103 chinez\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rare \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de venerare<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Guan Yu este venerat \u00een China ca zeu al loialit\u0103\u021bii (Guandi\/\u95dc\u5e1d), cu mari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> Guan Yu \u00een toate marile ora\u0219e chineze. S\u0103rb\u0103toarea principal\u0103: Guandi Sheng Dan (ziua na\u0219terii \u00een a 24-a zi a celei de-a 6-a luni lunare) cu ofrande rituale (fructe, carne, vin, be\u021bi\u0219oare de t\u0103m\u00e2ie).<\/p><p>Venerare \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile comerciale \u0219i militare, statui \u00een posturi de paz\u0103 \u0219i birouri pentru loialitate \u0219i curaj. Practica popular\u0103 chinez\u0103: \u00eenchin\u0103ciuni matinale \u00een fa\u021ba altarelor lui Guan Yu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Invoca\u021bii \u0219i chem\u0103ri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invoca\u021bie<\/span> taoist\u0103: \u201e\u95dc\u516c\u95dc\u8056\u5e1d\u541b\u4fdd\u4f51&#8221; (Guan Gong Guan Sheng Dijun Baoyou, Marele General Guan, Sf\u00e2ntul \u00cemp\u0103rat, ocrote\u0219te-ne). Textele istorice folosesc scene din Romanul celor Trei Regate (Sanguo Yan Yi) ca baz\u0103 de rug\u0103ciune. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect c\u0103ruia i se atribuie capacitatea de a aduce noroc sau succes.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talismane<\/span> cu portretul lui Guan Yu \u0219i sigilii taoiste sunt disponibile la preo\u021bi taoni\u0219ti.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri protectoare<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Statui ale lui Guan Yu \u0219i imagini-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect c\u0103ruia i se atribuie capacitatea de a aduce noroc sau succes.\" tabindex=\"0\">talisman<\/span> (Fu) \u00een magazine, posturi de poli\u021bie, monumente militare. Dovezi arheologice: statui de bronz ale lui Guan Yu din perioada Ming (sec. XIV-XVII), reliefuri \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> din Changshu \u0219i Shaoxing. Altarele moderne ale lui Guan Yu din Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore atest\u0103 o tradi\u021bie de venerare continu\u0103 din epoca celor Trei Regate (sec. II-III).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu seam\u0103n\u0103 cu europeanul Sf\u00e2ntul Gheorghe (soldat, virtute), cu grecul Ahile (caracter r\u0103zboinic, onoare), cu evreul David (curaj, loialitate fa\u021b\u0103 de rege). Spre deosebire de ace\u0219tia, Guan Yu este clar atestat istoric, nu mitologic-poetic. Cu aztecul Huitzilopochtli \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te statutul de zeu al r\u0103zboiului, dar Huitzilopochtli este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd zeu, Guan Yu \u00een primul r\u00e2nd om divinizat.<\/p><p>Cu Susanoo (zeul furtunii japonez) \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te aspectele r\u0103zboinice, dar Susanoo este un zeu cosmic, Guan Yu un erou moral. Unic este mijlocirea literar\u0103: un roman a transformat un general \u00een zeu, demonstr\u00e2nd for\u021ba nara\u021biunii asupra spiritualit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3a7ace3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3a7ace3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd95eaa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd95eaa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la general la zeu: persoana istoric\u0103 Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7628f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc7628f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd8338cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd8338cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu a fost ini\u021bial o figur\u0103 istoric\u0103. A tr\u0103it la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului II \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului III, spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul Dinastiei Han, \u0219i a slujit ca general sub Liu Bei, unul dintre conduc\u0103torii de o\u0219ti din ale c\u0103ror conflicte a ie\u0219it epoca Celor Trei Regate.<\/p><p>Cele mai vechi informa\u021bii despre el se g\u0103sesc \u00een <em>Sanguozhi<\/em>, \u201eCronica Celor Trei Regate&#8221; a istoricului Chen Shou din sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului III, completat\u0103 de comentariul lui Pei Songzhi din secolul V.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> istoric\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Guan Yu ca un comandant capabil, dar \u0219i m\u00e2ndru. Documentat\u0103 este capturarea \u0219i execu\u021bia sa \u00een jurul anului 220, \u00een urma unei \u00eenfr\u00e2ngeri militare \u00een fa\u021ba regatului Wu. Notele sobrie ale cronicii ofer\u0103 pu\u021bine indicii despre venerarea religioas\u0103 ulterioar\u0103; ele prezint\u0103 un om al timpului s\u0103u, a c\u0103rui reputa\u021bie se baza mai ales pe loialitatea fa\u021b\u0103 de Liu Bei.<\/p><p>Drumul de la aceast\u0103 persoan\u0103 la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> s-a parcurs de-a lungul secolelor. Culte locale la locul mor\u021bii sale \u0219i la locurile activit\u0103\u021bii sale au ap\u0103rut \u00een epocile Tang \u0219i mai ales Song.<\/p><p>Decisiv a fost faptul c\u0103 persoana Guan Yu a devenit purt\u0103toare a virtu\u021bii loialit\u0103\u021bii (<em>zhong<\/em>) \u0219i a drept\u0103\u021bii (<em>yi<\/em>), adic\u0103 a unor valori pre\u021buite at\u00e2t de statul confucianist, c\u00e2t \u0219i de cercurile budiste \u0219i taoiste.<\/p><p>Divinizarea nu a fost astfel o ruptur\u0103, ci o \u00eenc\u0103rcare treptat\u0103 a unei biografii reale cu semnifica\u021bie moral\u0103. Cercetarea \u00een \u0219tiin\u021bele religiilor, de exemplu lucr\u0103rile lui Prasenjit Duara despre \u201esuprascrierea&#8221; simbolurilor, a ar\u0103tat cum diferite grupuri sociale au umplut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> cu propriile con\u021binuturi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c25cc6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c25cc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d88841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d88841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Romanul celor Trei Regate \u0219i formarea legendei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa948130 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa948130\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0247704 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0247704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Imaginea lui Guan Yu popular\u0103 ast\u0103zi provine mai pu\u021bin din cronici dec\u00e2t din romanul <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em>, \u201eIstoria celor Trei Regate&#8221;, ap\u0103rut \u00een forma sa cunoscut\u0103 \u00een secolul XIV \u0219i atribuit lui Luo Guanzhong. Romanul prelucreaz\u0103 nara\u021biuni orale mai vechi, materiale teatrale \u0219i scriere istoric\u0103 \u00eentr-o nara\u021biune elaborat\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 oper\u0103, Guan Yu prime\u0219te atributele \u0219i episoadele sale cunoscute. Jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul din Gr\u0103dina Piersicilor, \u00een care Liu Bei, Guan Yu \u0219i Zhang Fei jur\u0103 fr\u0103\u021bie pe via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i pe moarte, \u00eei modeleaz\u0103 imaginea ca \u00eentruchipare a fidelit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p><p>Episoade precum traversarea a cinci trec\u0103tori, \u00een care \u00ee\u0219i croie\u0219te drum de la o tab\u0103r\u0103 inamic\u0103 spre st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103u, sau st\u0103p\u00e2nirea de sine \u00een fa\u021ba medicului, c\u00e2nd Hua Tuo \u00eei taie bra\u021bul otr\u0103vit \u00een timp ce el continu\u0103 calm s\u0103 joace, se condenseaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un repertoriu fix.<\/p><p>Romanul i-a conferit lui Guan Yu \u0219i semnele iconografice: fa\u021ba ro\u0219ie, barba lung\u0103, halebarda cu numele \u201eLama Semilunei Dragonului Verde&#8221; \u0219i calul Ro\u0219u-Iepure. Aceste tr\u0103s\u0103turi au fost r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite prin oper\u0103 \u0219i tip\u0103ritur\u0103 at\u00e2t de mult, \u00eenc\u00e2t ast\u0103zi definesc orice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> \u0219i orice statuie.<\/p><p>Important pentru cercetare este efectul de reciprocitate: romanul a alimentat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> cu material narativ, iar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> \u00een cre\u0219tere a f\u0103cut romanul \u0219i mai popular. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> literar\u0103 \u0219i cea religioas\u0103 nu pot fi astfel separate net. Cine cite\u0219te romanul cite\u0219te totodat\u0103 o surs\u0103 religioas\u0103, iar cine cerceteaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> nu poate ocoli romanul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4efd7b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4efd7b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd6e038a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd6e038a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Di: titluri imperiale \u0219i cariera unui zeu de stat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9fa1445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9fa1445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf229dc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf229dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ridicarea lui Guan Yu la rangul de zeu de stat s-a produs printr-o lung\u0103 serie de \u00eenvestiri imperiale cu titluri. \u00cenc\u0103 din epoca Song a primit demnit\u0103\u021bi, dar ascensiunea decisiv\u0103 a avut loc sub Dinastiile Ming \u0219i Qing.<\/p><p>Conduc\u0103torii manciurieni ai Qing au promovat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> cu deosebit\u0103 insisten\u021b\u0103; ei vedeau \u00een loialitatea \u00eentruchipat\u0103 de Guan Yu un model pe care supu\u0219ii lor trebuiau s\u0103 \u0219i-l interiorizeze.<\/p><p>Titlurile s-au amplificat de-a lungul secolelor. Dintr-un \u201ePrincipe&#8221; a devenit un \u201e\u00cemp\u0103rat&#8221; (<em>di<\/em>), de unde a ap\u0103rut uzuala denumire Guan Di.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul XIX, titlul s\u0103u oficial crescuse la un lung lan\u021b de epitete onorifice, iar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> s\u0103u era integrat \u00een sistemul oficial de jertfe de stat, cu temple proprii \u00een capital\u0103 \u0219i \u00een ora\u0219ele provinciale. Corpul func\u021bion\u0103resc \u00eei aducea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> regulate.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 sus\u021binere statal\u0103 l-a f\u0103cut pe Guan Yu una dintre pu\u021binele figuri revendicate deopotriv\u0103 de confucianism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span> \u0219i budism. Statul confucianist vedea \u00een el slujitorul loial, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismul<\/span> l-a integrat \u00een propriul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>, iar budismul \u00eel venera ca divinitate protectoare (<em>qielan<\/em>) a m\u0103n\u0103stirilor.<\/p><p>Cercetarea \u00een \u0219tiin\u021bele religiilor a recunoscut \u00een aceast\u0103 multipl\u0103 apartenen\u021b\u0103 o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 tipic\u0103 a practicii religioase chineze, \u00een care aceea\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> poate fi interpretat\u0103 diferit de tradi\u021bii \u0219i grupuri sociale diferite \u0219i totu\u0219i venerat\u0103 \u00een comun. Cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul imperiului \u00een 1911, cultul de stat \u0219i-a pierdut cadrul oficial, dar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> popular a continuat ne\u00eentrerupt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd152391 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd152391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7445922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7445922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu ca zeu al comer\u021bului \u0219i al societ\u0103\u021bilor secrete<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9704ab3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9704ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf91cc68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf91cc68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele mai remarcabile evolu\u021bii ale cultului este venerarea lui Guan Yu ca zeu protector al negustorilor. La prima vedere pare inconsecvent ca un erou de r\u0103zboi s\u0103 devin\u0103 patron al comer\u021bului. Cercetarea explic\u0103 aceasta mai ales prin valoarea <em>yi<\/em>, a drept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a fidelit\u0103\u021bii fa\u021b\u0103 de \u00een\u021belegeri.<\/p><p>\u00cen via\u021ba comercial\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe fiabilitate \u0219i cuv\u00e2nt de onoare, Guan Yu a devenit garantul \u00een\u021belegerilor cinstite. Breslele negustorilor i-au ridicat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>, iar chipul s\u0103u se afl\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een nenum\u0103rate magazine, adesea \u00eenso\u021bit de o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrand\u0103<\/span>.<\/p><p>O a doua linie, par\u021bial conex\u0103, este venerarea de c\u0103tre fr\u0103\u021bii \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bi secrete. Organiza\u021bii bazate pe fr\u0103\u021bie jurat\u0103 s-au raportat la jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul din Gr\u0103dina Piersicilor ca model mitic. Noii membri depuneau jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00een fa\u021ba imaginii lui Guan Yu, care devenea astfel garantul fidelit\u0103\u021bii \u00een interiorul grupului.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie l-a transformat totodat\u0103 \u00een zeu protector al solda\u021bilor \u0219i al poli\u021bi\u0219tilor, adic\u0103 al profesiilor care se bazeaz\u0103 pe camaraderie \u0219i fiabilitate.<\/p><p>P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, chipul s\u0103u se g\u0103se\u0219te at\u00e2t \u00een sec\u021bii de poli\u021bie, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een spa\u021biile organiza\u021biilor criminale, ceea ce arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> este vorba de logica social\u0103 a jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului obligatoriu, nu de o anumit\u0103 moral\u0103 a grupului.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu migra\u021bia chinez\u0103, Guan Yu s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit din Asia de Sud-Est p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een America de Nord \u0219i Europa. \u00cen Chinatown-urile lumii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> s\u0103u face parte din dotarea de baz\u0103 a comunit\u0103\u021bii. Cercetarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 folose\u0219te acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> vast \u0219i adaptabil ca exemplu al modului \u00een care o singur\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> poate legitima religios deopotriv\u0103 statul, economia \u0219i ordinea social\u0103 informal\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b64f44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b64f44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1aff45b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1aff45b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografie: chipul ro\u0219u \u0219i dragonul verde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp81d29fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp81d29fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e8c7c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0e8c7c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reprezentarea plastic\u0103 a lui Guan Yu este at\u00e2t de fixat\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t el este imediat recognoscibil pe statui, imagini \u0219i \u00een oper\u0103. Dominant\u0103 este fa\u021ba ro\u0219u-intens, care \u00een tradi\u021bia teatrului chinez semnific\u0103 loialitate \u0219i caracter drept.<\/p><p>Romanul explic\u0103 culoarea printr-un episod propriu, dar semnifica\u021bia sa real\u0103 rezid\u0103 \u00een limbajul simbolic al scenei, de unde s-a transferat asupra imaginilor religioase.<\/p><p>Alte semne distinctive fixe sunt barba lung\u0103 \u0219i \u00eengrijit\u0103, care i-a adus \u00een surse supranumele \u201eb\u0103rbatul cu barba frumoas\u0103&#8221;, \u0219i halebarda grea, cunoscut\u0103 sub numele \u201eLama Semilunei Dragonului Verde&#8221;.<\/p><p>Adesea poart\u0103 armur\u0103 \u0219i ve\u0219m\u00e2ntul verde al unui general, uneori \u021bin\u00e2nd \u00een schimb o carte, anume analele <em>Chunqiu<\/em>, ceea ce \u00eei subliniaz\u0103 erudi\u021bia \u0219i caracterul confucianist.<\/p><p>\u00cen temple, Guan Yu nu st\u0103 adesea singur. De o parte \u0219i de alta apar de regul\u0103 fiul sau fiul adoptiv Guan Ping cu sigiliul de comandant \u0219i credinciosul s\u0103u purt\u0103tor de arme Zhou Cang cu halebarda. Acest grup de trei constituie o unitate iconografic\u0103 proprie. Dispunerea urmeaz\u0103 modelul unei cur\u021bi imperiale \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 rangul lui Guan Yu ca zeu imperial.<\/p><p>Cultura material\u0103 se extinde cu mult dincolo de marile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. Altare casnice, grafic\u0103 tip\u0103rit\u0103 pentru Anul Nou, amulete \u0219i altare comerciale r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc chipul s\u0103u \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103. Consecven\u021ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografiei<\/span> are un temei practic: l-a f\u0103cut pe zeu imediat identificabil, de-a lungul secolelor, pentru o popula\u021bie \u00een mare parte ne\u0219tiutoare de carte, indiferent de regiune \u0219i strat social.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08e2bd8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp08e2bd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c21acd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5c21acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu \u00een daoism \u0219i budism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8da37e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8da37e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1463288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1463288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religiile institu\u021bionale ale Chinei l-au integrat pe Guan Yu fiecare \u00een propriile sisteme, f\u0103r\u0103 ca aceasta s\u0103 fi \u00eenl\u0103turat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> popular. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span> a primit un loc fix \u00een aparatul ceresc de func\u021bionari.<\/p><p>Textele \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> daoiste \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu titluri \u00eenalte; el este considerat, printre altele, \u00eenving\u0103tor al demonilor \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> care supravegheaz\u0103 jur\u0103mintele \u0219i pedepse\u0219te nedreptatea.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend\u0103<\/span> r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 poveste\u0219te cum maestrul daoist Zhang Daoling a chemat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> lui Guan Yu \u00een ajutor pentru a supune un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, ceea ce legitimeaz\u0103 mitic integrarea \u00een tradi\u021bia daoist\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen budism, Guan Yu este venerat ca <em>qielan pusa<\/em>, divinitate protectoare care p\u0103ze\u0219te incinta m\u0103n\u0103stirilor \u0219i comunitatea.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Legenda<\/span> aferent\u0103 plaseaz\u0103 convertirea sa la muntele Yuquan: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> s\u0103u nelini\u0219tit s-ar fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit acolo cu un maestru budist care l-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat legea karmei, dup\u0103 care Guan Yu s-a consacrat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharmei<\/span> \u0219i a devenit protector al \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii. \u00cen multe m\u0103n\u0103stiri chineze, statuia sa se afl\u0103 de aceea ca paznic \u00eentr-un loc proeminent.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 multipl\u0103 apartenen\u021b\u0103 este instructiv\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. Ea arat\u0103 c\u0103 religiozitatea chinez\u0103 nu g\u00e2nde\u0219te \u00een confesiuni net separate, ci c\u0103 aceea\u0219i figur\u0103 cu putere de ac\u021biune poate fi revendicat\u0103 \u0219i interpretat\u0103 de tradi\u021bii diferite.<\/p><p>Guan Yu nu este un caz singular, dar este un exemplu deosebit de clar, deoarece la el confucianismul de stat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> daoist, protec\u021bia budist\u0103 a m\u0103n\u0103stirilor \u0219i venerarea popular\u0103 converg \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103. Cercetarea vorbe\u0219te aici de un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> partajat, care tocmai prin deschiderea sa interpretativ\u0103 a putut deveni at\u00e2t de durabil \u0219i de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zhong-kui\/\">Zhong Kui, zeu protector chinez \u00eenrudit<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yuhuang-shangdi\/\">Yuhuang, St\u0103p\u00e2nul Ceresc c\u0103ruia \u00eei este subordonat<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mazu\/\">Mazu, divinitate popular\u0103 chinez\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-chineze\/\">China, prezentare de ansamblu a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zei, prezentare de ansamblu a categoriei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>ter Haar, Barend J.: <em>Guan Yu. The Religious Afterlife of a Failed Hero<\/em>. Oxford 2017 (lucrare de referin\u021b\u0103).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Yang, Lihui \/ An, Deming: <em>Handbook of Chinese Mythology<\/em>. Santa Barbara 2005.<\/span><\/li><li>Luo, Guanzhong: <em>Sange Yanyi<\/em> (Romanul celor Trei Regate, numeroase traduceri).<\/li><li>Sanguozhi (surs\u0103 cronologic\u0103, sec. III).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articolul \u201eGuan Yu&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70278ac e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"70278ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18984c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18984c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Guan Yu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine a fost Guan Yu \u0219i cum a devenit zeu?<\/h3><p>Guan Yu a fost un general istoric care a tr\u0103it \u00een secolul II \u0219i la \u00eenceputul secolului III, \u00een perioada Celor Trei Regate din China, \u0219i a fost executat \u00een 220. A devenit celebru prin loialitatea sa proverbial\u0103, curajul \u0219i integritatea sa, mai ales prin romanul clasic Istoria celor Trei Regate.<\/p><p>De-a lungul secolelor, amintirea sa s-a transformat \u00een venerare religioas\u0103: a fost divinizat \u0219i a primit titluri de la mai mul\u021bi \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi, ajung\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la rangul de zeu.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce rol joac\u0103 Guan Yu, numit \u0219i Guandi, ast\u0103zi?<\/h3><p>Ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> Guandi sau Guangong, Guan Yu este \u0219i ast\u0103zi larg venerat. Este considerat zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i este invocat deopotriv\u0103 ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i ca patron al negustorilor \u0219i al magazinelor, deoarece cinstea este privit\u0103 ca temei al comer\u021bului.<\/p><p>Chipul s\u0103u se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een temple, magazine, restaurante \u0219i chiar \u00een sec\u021bii de poli\u021bie \u0219i \u00een fr\u0103\u021bii criminale, care se revendic\u0103 ambele din codul s\u0103u de onoare. Guan Yu este venerat \u00een plus \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span>, \u00een budism \u0219i \u00een confucianism.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine a fost Guan Yu \u0219i cum a devenit zeu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Guan Yu a fost un general istoric care a tr\u0103it \u00een secolul II \u0219i la \u00eenceputul secolului III, \u00een perioada Celor Trei Regate din China, \u0219i a fost executat \u00een 220. A devenit celebru prin loialitatea sa proverbial\u0103, curajul \u0219i integritatea sa, mai ales prin romanul clasic Istoria celor Trei Regate. De-a lungul secolelor, amintirea sa s-a transformat \u00een venerare religioas\u0103: a fost divinizat \u0219i a primit titluri de la mai mul\u021bi \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bi, ajung\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la rangul de zeu.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce rol joac\u0103 Guan Yu, numit \u0219i Guandi, ast\u0103zi?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ca divinitate Guandi sau Guangong, Guan Yu este \u0219i ast\u0103zi larg venerat. Este considerat zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i este invocat deopotriv\u0103 ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i ca patron al negustorilor \u0219i al magazinelor, deoarece cinstea este privit\u0103 ca temei al comer\u021bului. Chipul s\u0103u se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een temple, magazine, restaurante \u0219i chiar \u00een sec\u021bii de poli\u021bie \u0219i \u00een fr\u0103\u021bii criminale, care se revendic\u0103 ambele din codul s\u0103u de onoare. Guan Yu este venerat \u00een plus \u00een daoism, \u00een budism \u0219i \u00een confucianism.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Guan Yu, zeul tradi\u021biei chineze Generalul divinizat, simbol al loialit\u0103\u021bii, zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii. Guan Yu nu este un zeu mitologic, ci un general istoric din epoca Celor Trei Regate (184-280 d.Hr.), divinizat de-a lungul secolelor prin tradi\u021bia popular\u0103. Cu obraji ro\u0219ii, barb\u0103 lung\u0103 neagr\u0103 \u0219i sabia \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103rat\u0103 Guan Dao, el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 virtutea, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1557,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Guan Yu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Guan Yu - Zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Guan Yu, zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului. Loialitate, sabia Guan Dao \u0219i virtutea fidelit\u0103\u021bii \u00een tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 chinez\u0103 \u0219i \u00een literatur\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"china","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106078","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guan Yu - Zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Guan Yu, zeul loialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al r\u0103zboiului. 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