{"id":106058,"date":"2026-08-04T16:58:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/marduk-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:58:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:58:31","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106058\" class=\"elementor elementor-106058 elementor-1880\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, zeul tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zeul principal al Babilonului \u0219i zeul imperial al panteonului babilonian, ridicat de la rangul de zeu urban local la cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 autoritate divin\u0103. Marduk se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul structurii divine mesopotamiene ca \u00eenving\u0103tor \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva haosului \u0219i creator al lumii ordonate.<\/p><p>Ascensiunea sa de la zeul urban al Babilonului la zeul suprem babilonian reflect\u0103 expansiunea politic\u0103 a Babilonului sub Hammurabi \u0219i este ancorat\u0103 literar \u00een Enuma Eli\u0219, epopeea babilonian\u0103 a crea\u021biei.<\/p><p>Marduk este considerat \u00eembl\u00e2nzitorul haosului din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mesopotamian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate, Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (aprox. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/hochgottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeii supremi ai unui panteon, suveranitate cosmic\u0103, aspect creator sau conduc\u0103tor.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1635\" alt=\"Marduk - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103, zeu tutelar al Babilonului<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Totalitatea zeit\u0103\u021bilor dintr-o religie sau cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Babilon (zeul principal al panteonului babilonian), Assur (secundar ca Bel)<br>Func\u021bie: Crea\u021bie, regalitate, furtun\u0103, justi\u021bie, economie<br>Atribute principale: dragonul \u00eenaripat (Mu\u0219hu\u0219), h\u00e2rle\u021bul (marru), tiara \u00eenalt\u0103<br>Centre de cult principale: Babilon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> Esagila cu zigguratul Etemenanki), Borsippa (fiul Nabu)<br>Identificare astronomic\u0103: Jupiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada babilonian\u0103 veche (\u00eenceputul mileniului II \u00ee.Hr.) ca divinitate urban\u0103 local\u0103 a Babilonului. Principala ascensiune a avut loc sub Hammurabi (aprox. 1750 \u00ee.Hr.) la rangul de zeu imperial. \u00cen Imperiul Neobabilonian (Nabopolassar, Nebucadne\u021bar II) devine zeul principal absolut.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> (epopeea crea\u021biei, sec. XII \u00ee.Hr.) \u00eel stabile\u0219te pe Marduk drept creator al lumii din dragonul haosului Tiamat. Complexul s\u0103u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templier<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> cu zigguratul <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (\u201eTurnul Babel&#8221;) era una dintre minunile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichit\u0103\u021bii<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalul centru de cult era <strong>Babilonul<\/strong> cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> \u0219i zigguratul <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. Al\u0103turi de acesta, Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> fiului Nabu), Sippar, Ninive (secundar).<\/p><p>Procesiunea anual\u0103 <em>Akitu<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cortegiu religios solemn.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> de Anul Nou, \u00een luna Nisan) era cea mai mare s\u0103rb\u0103toare popular\u0103 babilonian\u0103; Marduk c\u0103l\u0103torea printr-o solemn\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cortegiu religios solemn.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> prin ora\u0219, iar regele \u00ee\u0219i re\u00eennoia mandatul. Odat\u0103 cu perioadele ahemenid\u0103 \u0219i seleucid\u0103 a urmat declinul; \u00een secolul I d.Hr. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> se stinge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (epos al crea\u021biei, 7 t\u0103bli\u021be), <em>Stela lui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn ridicat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hammurabi<\/span><\/em> (conferirea puterii de c\u0103tre Marduk), eposul <em>Erra<\/em>, inscrip\u021biile regale neobabiloniene (Nabopolassar, Nebucadne\u021bar al II-lea, Nabonid). Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akkadian\u0103:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK \u00een scriere cuneiform\u0103), posibil\u0103 origine: \u201evi\u021belul lui Utu&#8221; sau \u201efiul luminii&#8221;; etimologia este disputat\u0103. Epitete: <em>Bel<\/em> (\u201eDomn&#8221;, desemnare standard ulterioar\u0103, \u00een special \u00een faza elenistic\u0103), <em>Merodach<\/em> (transliterare greceasc\u0103), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (corespondent sumerian: \u201eRegele zeilor p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;).<\/p><p>Cele 50 de nume teologice: \u00een Enuma Eli\u0219, Marduk prime\u0219te 50 de nume, fiecare reprezent\u00e2nd preluarea func\u021biilor altor zei babilonieni, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al suprema\u021biei sale. Recep\u021bie biblic\u0103: \u201eBel&#8221; \u00een Ieremia \u0219i Daniel; \u201eMerodach&#8221; ca nume de idol \u00een sursele elenistice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk este reprezentat de regul\u0103 ca un b\u0103rbat matur, b\u0103rbos, \u0219ez\u00e2nd pe tron sau \u00een mers, \u00een ve\u0219minte regale. Coroana cu coarne (<em>agus<\/em>) o poart\u0103 ca semn al divinit\u0103\u021bii sale. O aureol\u0103 radiant\u0103 \u00eei \u00eenconjoar\u0103 capul.<\/p><p>\u00cen m\u00e2ini \u021bine sapa <em>Marru<\/em>, instrumentul crea\u021biei \u0219i al ordinii, sau un sceptru. Dragonul Mu\u0219hu\u0219\u0219u (numit \u0219i Sirrush), o creatur\u0103 cu \u0219apte capete, cu picioare anterioare de leu \u0219i picioare posterioare de ra\u021b\u0103, \u00eei serve\u0219te drept animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie sau spirit protector.<\/p><p><strong>Natur\u0103 \u0219i ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk nu este un creator primordial, ci ordonatorul haosului. \u00cen Enuma Eli\u0219 lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva zei\u021bei primordiale Tiamat, o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge \u0219i creeaz\u0103 din trupul ei cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, stabilind astfel viziunea cosmologic\u0103 a lumii ordonate.<\/p><p>Este p\u0103zitorul drept\u0103\u021bii, judec\u0103torul zeilor \u0219i protectorul ordinii umane. Ca zeu urban al Babilonului, a marcat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 fixat\u0103 \u0219i recurent\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> public, \u00een special s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de Anul Nou Akitu, cu ocazia c\u0103reia suprema\u021bia sa era re\u00eennoit\u0103 anual.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca un b\u0103rbat puternic, b\u0103rbos, cu o coroan\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103 (<em>Marru<\/em>) \u0219i ve\u0219minte care \u00eei arat\u0103 autoritatea regal\u0103. Poart\u0103 un sceptru de aur \u0219i este adesea \u00eenconjurat de aure aurii sau argintii.<\/p><p>La \u0219oldul s\u0103u poart\u0103 sabia \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103rat\u0103 sau alte arme de r\u0103zboi. \u00cen ipostaza creatoare este adesea reprezentat \u00eenconjurat de o lumin\u0103 sau energie creatoare. Animalul s\u0103u sacru este dragonul <em>Tiamat<\/em> (sau dragonul cu cinci capete <em>Ushum<\/em>), un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al domina\u021biei sale asupra for\u021bei haotice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Marduk privite de ansamblu. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk este fiul lui <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, zeul apelor) \u0219i al <em>Damkinei<\/em>. \u00cen <em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> este eroul tinerei genera\u021bii de zei, care lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva zei\u021bei primordiale <em>Tiamat<\/em> (dragonul haosului) \u0219i o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge; din trupul ei creeaz\u0103 cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>Tat\u0103l lui <em>Nabu<\/em> (zeul scriiturii), so\u021bul <em>Sarpanitei<\/em>. \u00cen ascensiunea sa la rangul de zeu imperial prime\u0219te cele <em>50 de nume<\/em>, care \u00eei atribuie func\u021biile tuturor celorlal\u021bi zei (consolidare teogonic\u00e2).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bia lui Marduk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zeul imperial al Babilonului; fiecare rege \u00ee\u0219i primea puterea din m\u00e2na lui Marduk. Creator al lumii (\u00een Enuma Eli\u0219), garant al ordinii cosmice. Patron al economiei \u0219i bun\u0103st\u0103rii Babilonului. Zeu al furtunii \u0219i al vremii (\u00een vechiul s\u0103u rol local). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> personal era invocat \u0219i prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciuni de invocare<\/span> pentru protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva bolii, crimei \u0219i atacurilor demonice; steaua sa (Jupiter) era considerat\u0103 de bun augur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reprezentat antropomorf ca figur\u0103 masculin\u0103 b\u0103rbos\u0103 cu diadem-tiar\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103 \u0219i ve\u0219m\u00e2nt lung cu mai multe straturi. Atribute caracteristice: <em>sapa<\/em> (marru, insigna sa, ini\u021bial unealt\u0103 agricol\u0103, apoi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al creatorului), arc, s\u0103ge\u021bi, sabie. Animal \u00eenso\u021bitor: dragonul <em>Mu\u0219hu\u0219\u0219u<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 care reune\u0219te \u00een sine tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale diferitelor vie\u021buitoare.\" tabindex=\"0\">creatur\u0103 hibrid\u0103<\/span> \u0219arpe-leu-pas\u0103re), cel mai celebru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al lui Marduk de pe Poarta I\u0219tarului din Babilon. Pe reliefurile neobabiloniene apare frecvent \u00een picioare, cu sapa \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea lui Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Marduk a fost invocat ca zeitate principal\u0103 a Babilonului \u00een toate domeniile, de la mandatul regal la procesiunea anual\u0103 Akitu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Procesiune<\/span> p\u00e2n\u0103 la protec\u021bia personal\u0103. Esagila era loc de pelerinaj din \u00eentreg imperiul.<\/p><p>Regele primea confirmarea \u00een cadrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualului<\/span> anual Akitu: era umilit de marele preot, apoi reinstalat \u00een func\u021bie prin m\u00e2na lui Marduk. Cele mai importante rituri personale: rug\u0103ciuni de implorare \u00een caz de boal\u0103, rug\u0103ciuni de protec\u021bie \u00een situa\u021bii de criz\u0103 personal\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolurile lui Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sapa (marru), diadem-tiar\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103, arc, s\u0103ge\u021bi, sabie, dragonul Mu\u0219hu\u0219\u0219u (animal \u00eenso\u021bitor), templul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esagila<\/span>, zigguratul Etemenanki, discul solar \u00eenaripat (\u00een unele tradi\u021bii). Plant\u0103 sacr\u0103: tamaris. Astru sacru: Jupiter. Num\u0103r sacru: 50 (numele lui Marduk).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Entit\u0103\u021bi comparabile<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (titulatura asirian\u0103, \u00eenseamn\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu \u201eDomn&#8221;), <em>Assur<\/em> (Asiria, corespondent asirian ca zeu imperial), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopotamia, tat\u0103l mai vechi al panteonului), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (Roma, identificat astronomic prin Jupiter), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Grecia, paralel\u0103 ca zeu imperial \u0219i al tunetului), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduism, regele zeilor cu tunet \u0219i fulger), <em>Thor<\/em> (germanic, par\u021bial), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mesopotamia, aspect de zeu al furtunii).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk era \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un zeu al cultului de stat, nu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> a m\u00e2ntuirii personale sau a misterelor. \u00cen spa\u021biul public, venerarea sa era determinant\u0103: inscrip\u021biile regale se invocau pe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntarea<\/span> lui Marduk, contractele se \u00eencheiau sub ochiul lui Marduk, iar formulele de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt \u00eel numeau drept supraveghetor.<\/p><p>\u00cen gospod\u0103ria privat\u0103, Marduk juca un rol mai pu\u021bin central. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pietatea<\/span> personal\u0103 se \u00eendrepta mai degrab\u0103 spre spiritele protectoare, zei\u021ba I\u0219tar sau zeul vindec\u0103tor Gula.<\/p><p>Cu toate acestea, mul\u021bi babilonieni purtau nume care con\u021bineau \u201eMarduk&#8221; (de ex. Merodach-Baladan: \u201eMarduk a dat un fiu&#8221;), expresie a integr\u0103rii teologice a lui Marduk \u00een g\u00e2ndirea cotidian\u0103. La s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Akitu, Anul Nou, ora\u0219ul \u0219i \u021bara celebrau re\u00eennoirea st\u0103p\u00e2nirii universale a lui Marduk; participarea la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> era o obliga\u021bie a fiec\u0103rui babilonian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia greac\u0103:<\/strong> Zeus ca divinitate suprem\u0103 \u0219i conduc\u0103tor al cerului \u0219i ordinii. Ambii nu sunt creatori primordiali, ci ordonatori ai haosului dup\u0103 o lupt\u0103 titanic\u0103. Func\u021bia tr\u0103snetului este mai pronun\u021bat\u0103 la Zeus, dar aspectul ordinii juridice cosmice le este comun.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia vedic\u0103 \u0219i hindus\u0103:<\/strong> Indra ca zeu al tunetului \u0219i conduc\u0103tor al deva\u0219ilor. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> luptei cu dragonul (Indra contra Vritra) este un element <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologic<\/span> paralel fundamental. Indra poart\u0103 de asemenea un tr\u0103snet (Vajra) \u0219i este p\u0103zitorul ordinii cosmice (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia egiptean\u0103:<\/strong> Ra ca zeu solar \u0219i garant al lui Maat (ordinea lumii). \u00cen timp ce Marduk \u00eembl\u00e2nze\u0219te haosul printr-o nara\u021biune de lupt\u0103 direct\u0103, la Ra aceasta se produce \u00een c\u0103l\u0103toria nocturn\u0103 ciclic\u0103 (lupta \u00eempotriva \u0219arpelui Apophis). Modelul teologic, divinitate creatoare ca ordonator, este similar.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia hitit\u0103:<\/strong> Teshub ca zeu al furtunii \u0219i divinitate suprem\u0103, cunoscut din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Kumarbi, \u00eemparte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> luptei cu dragonul cu Marduk. Lupta lui Teshub \u00eempotriva \u0219arpelui Illuyanka este o paralel\u0103 la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enuma Eli\u0219: epopeea babilonian\u0103 a crea\u021biei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 privind rangul lui Marduk este epopeea babilonian\u0103 a crea\u021biei, numit\u0103 dup\u0103 cuvintele sale de \u00eenceput <em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> (\u201eC\u00e2nd sus&#8221;). Este transmis\u0103 pe \u0219apte t\u0103bli\u021be de lut provenind mai ales din biblioteca regelui asirian Assurbanipal din Ninive, p\u0103str\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 material mai vechi.<\/p><p>Data exact\u0103 a redact\u0103rii este disputat\u0103; multe argumente indic\u0103 spre mileniul al doilea \u00ee.Hr., posibil \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 veche sau mijlocie.<\/p><p>Epopeea descrie cum din apele primordiale, \u00eentruchipate de <a href=\"\/ro\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat<\/a> \u0219i Apsu, iau na\u0219tere zeii. C\u00e2nd Tiamat le declar\u0103 r\u0103zboi zeilor mai tineri \u0219i adun\u0103 o oaste de mon\u0219tri, niciunul dintre zeii mai vechi nu \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0219te s\u0103 i se \u00eempotriveasc\u0103. Marduk se ofer\u0103 voluntar, cer\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 drept pre\u021b cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 demnitate regal\u0103 \u00eentre zei.<\/p><p>Adunarea zeilor \u00eei acord\u0103 aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie. Marduk o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe Tiamat \u00een lupt\u0103 singular\u0103, \u00eei desparte trupul \u0219i din cele dou\u0103 jum\u0103t\u0103\u021bi formeaz\u0103 cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Din s\u00e2ngele conduc\u0103torului zeilor din tab\u0103ra advers\u0103, Kingu, este creat omul, pentru a-i sluji zeilor. La final, zeii construiesc pentru Marduk ora\u0219ul Babilon cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> este astfel mai pu\u021bin un raport neutru despre crea\u021bie, c\u00e2t o justificare teologic\u0103 a preeminen\u021bei Babilonului \u0219i a lui Marduk. Explic\u0103 de ce lumea este or\u00e2nduit\u0103 astfel cum este \u0219i de ce tocmai Babilonul trebuie s\u0103 fie centrul ei.<\/p><p>T\u0103bli\u021ba a \u0219aptea const\u0103 aproape \u00een \u00eentregime dintr-o litanie a celor cincizeci de nume ale lui Marduk, prin care i se atribuie func\u021biile altor zei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila \u0219i Etemenanki: templul lui Marduk \u0219i Turnul Babel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cultul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Totalitatea actelor de venera\u021bie religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau figuri sfinte.\" tabindex=\"0\">lui Marduk<\/span> era legat din punct de vedere spa\u021bial de Babilon. Templul s\u0103u principal se numea <em>Esagila<\/em>, \u201eCasa a c\u0103rei v\u00e2rf este \u00eenalt&#8221;. Al\u0103turi se afla turnul etajat <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, \u201eCasa funda\u021biei Cerului \u0219i P\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;, un ziggurat conceput ca leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre sfere.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> este considerat de cercetare drept modelul real probabil al nara\u021biunii biblice despre Turnul Babel.<\/p><p>Resturile arheologice sunt puternic distruse prin demont\u0103ri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 la 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> \u0219i interven\u021bii moderne, \u00eens\u0103 descrierile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 la 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span>, precum cele ale lui Herodot, \u0219i textele cuneiforme permit o reconstituire aproximativ\u0103. Regele babilonian Nebucadne\u021bar al II-lea a dispus extinderea ampl\u0103 a ansamblului \u00een secolul al VI-lea \u00eenaintea erei noastre.<\/p><p>\u00cen Esagila se afla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imaginea de cult<\/span> a lui Marduk. Aceast\u0103 imagine era at\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de identitatea ora\u0219ului, \u00eenc\u00e2t deportarea ei de c\u0103tre du\u0219mani, de exemplu de c\u0103tre hiti\u021bi \u0219i ulterior de c\u0103tre asirieni, era considerat\u0103 o catastrof\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103; readucerea ei reprezenta un triumf.<\/p><p>Statuia nu era o simpl\u0103 reprezentare, ci era considerat\u0103 prezen\u021ba real\u0103 a zeului, care era \u00eengrijit, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u0219i hr\u0103nit.<\/p><p>Babilonul poseda totodat\u0103 <em>Calea Procesiunilor<\/em>, care trecea prin celebra Poart\u0103 a I\u0219tar, placat\u0103 cu c\u0103r\u0103mizi sm\u0103l\u021buite \u0219i figuri de animale. Pe aceast\u0103 cale se desf\u0103\u0219ura, cu ocazia s\u0103rb\u0103torii de Anul Nou, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiunea<\/span> statuilor zeilor. Arhitectura monumental\u0103 a Babilonului era astfel scena \u0219i decorul cultului lui Marduk, nu un simplu fundal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u0103rb\u0103toarea de Anul Nou Akitu: ritual, regalitate \u0219i re\u00eennoire cosmic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important ciclu de s\u0103rb\u0103tori al cultului lui Marduk era s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Akitu<\/em>, s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de Anul Nou babilonian, celebrat\u0103 prim\u0103vara pe parcursul a aproximativ unsprezece zile. Din perioada t\u00e2rzie s-au p\u0103strat texte ritualice care descriu desf\u0103\u0219urarea fiec\u0103rei zile, de\u0219i cu lacune.<\/p><p>Printre elementele transmise prin tradi\u021bie se num\u0103r\u0103 recitarea <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00een fa\u021ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imaginii de cult<\/span> a lui Marduk. Prin aceasta, victoria zeului asupra haosului era reactualizat\u0103 liturgic: s\u0103rb\u0103toarea repeta \u0219i consolida ordinea lumii. Este cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i o scen\u0103 \u00een care regele trebuie s\u0103 se \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eze \u00een fa\u021ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imaginii de cult<\/span>.<\/p><p>Marele preot \u00eei ia insignele regale, \u00eel love\u0219te peste fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel face s\u0103 declare c\u0103 nu a s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it nicio nedreptate. Abia dup\u0103 aceea prime\u0219te insignele \u00eenapoi. Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> lega regalitatea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103 de Marduk \u0219i o supunea controlului divin.<\/p><p>Un alt element era marea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span>, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia imaginile zeilor din templele diferitelor ora\u0219e erau aduse la Babilon \u0219i \u00eentr-o cas\u0103 de s\u0103rb\u0103toare din afara ora\u0219ului. Prin aceasta, s\u0103rb\u0103toarea demonstra totodat\u0103 pozi\u021bia de preeminen\u021b\u0103 a lui Marduk \u0219i a Babilonului fa\u021b\u0103 de celelalte centre de cult din Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103ri mai vechi, influen\u021bate de a\u0219a-numita \u0219coal\u0103 Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, au v\u0103zut cu pl\u0103cere \u00een s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Akitu<\/em> o dram\u0103 despre zeul murind \u0219i \u00eenviind. Aceast\u0103 interpretare este considerat\u0103 ast\u0103zi exagerat\u0103 \u0219i slab fundamentat\u0103. Lectura sobr\u0103 subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toarea confirma \u00een mod conjugat ordinea cosmosului, pozi\u021bia Babilonului \u0219i legitimitatea regelui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la zeul urban la zeul imperial: ascensiunea istoric\u0103 a lui Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk nu era ini\u021bial o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> important\u0103. \u00cen cele mai vechi surse apare ca zeu urban local al Babilonului, un ora\u0219 nesemnificativ \u00een perioada dinastic\u0103 timpurie. Ascensiunea sa este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de ascensiunea politic\u0103 a Babilonului.<\/p><p>Impulsul decisiv l-a dat domnia lui Hammurabi \u00een sec. XVIII \u00ee.Hr., c\u00e2nd Babilonul a devenit puterea dominant\u0103 a Mesopotamiei. \u0218i dup\u0103 aceea, procesul a continuat s\u0103 evolueze.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere teologic, Marduk a fost \u00eenzestrat treptat cu func\u021bii care apar\u021binuser\u0103 anterior altor zei, mai ales vechiului rege sumerian al zeilor <a href=\"\/ro\/enlil\/\">Enlil<\/a> \u0219i zeului \u00een\u021belepciunii <a href=\"\/ro\/enki\/\">Ea<\/a>, care \u00een epopee apare ca tat\u0103l lui Marduk.<\/p><p>Lista de nume a t\u0103bli\u021bei a \u0219aptea din <em>Enuma Eli\u0219<\/em> este instrumentul teologic al acestui transfer: primind numele \u0219i astfel tr\u0103s\u0103turile esen\u021biale ale altor zei, Marduk devine suma panteonului. Unii cercet\u0103tori vorbesc de o tendin\u021b\u0103 spre monolatrie, f\u0103r\u0103 ca Babilonul s\u0103 fi atins vreodat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismul<\/span>.<\/p><p>Epiteton frecvent al lui Marduk era simplu <em>Bel<\/em>, \u201eDomn&#8221;, un titlu care apare \u0219i \u00een Biblia ebraic\u0103 drept <em>Bel<\/em>, de pild\u0103 la profe\u021bii Ieremia \u0219i Isaia, care ridiculizeaz\u0103 zeul babilonian.<\/p><p>Fiul s\u0103u era zeul scriiturii <a href=\"\/ro\/nabu\/\">Nabu<\/a> din Borsippa, a c\u0103rui proprie ascensiune o \u00eenso\u021bea pe cea a lui Marduk. Datele istorice ilustreaz\u0103 astfel exemplar c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns \u00eempletite erau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> \u0219i politica puterii \u00een Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/enki\/\">Ea\/Enki, tat\u0103l<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/nabu\/\">Nabu, fiul<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, zei\u021ba haosului \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 (dac\u0103 exist\u0103 pagin\u0103)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/anu\/\">Anu, tat\u0103l mai vechi al panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\">Mesopotamia, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hochgottheiten\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/goetter\/\">Zei, prezentare general\u0103 a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma \u201eMarduk&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Cine a fost zeul Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk a fost zeul principal al panteonului babilonian \u0219i este considerat creatorul lumii \u00een concep\u021bia babilonian\u0103. Enuma Elish, mitul babilonian al crea\u021biei, poveste\u0219te cum Marduk o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe dr\u0103conia m\u0103rilor primordiale Tiamat \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 din trupul ei cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Marduk a preluat \u00een epoca post-akkadian\u0103 func\u021bia sumerianului Enlil.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Ce este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea lui Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare a lui Marduk era Akitu, s\u0103rb\u0103toarea babilonian\u0103 a Anului Nou prim\u0103vara. Cu acest prilej, mitul crea\u021biei Enuma Elish era recitat public, statuia lui Marduk era purtat\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Esagila \u00eentr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cortegiu religios solemn.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> prin Babilon, iar regele era confirmat din nou \u00een func\u021bia sa. Akitu structura anul babilonian.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine a fost zeul Marduk?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Marduk a fost zeul principal al panteonului babilonian \u0219i este considerat creatorul lumii \u00een concep\u021bia babilonian\u0103. Enuma Eli\u0219, mitul babilonian al crea\u021biei, poveste\u0219te cum Marduk o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe Tiamat, dragoni\u021ba apelor primordiale, \u0219i formeaz\u0103 din trupul ei cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Marduk a preluat \u00een perioada postakkadian\u00e2 func\u021bia sumerianului Enlil.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea lui Marduk?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare a lui Marduk era Akitu, Anul Nou babilonian prim\u0103vara. Cu acest prilej, mitul crea\u021biei Enuma Eli\u0219 era recitat public, statuia lui Marduk era purtat\u0103 din templul Esagila \u00eentr-o procesiune prin Babilon, iar regele era reconfirmat \u00een func\u021bia sa. Akitu structura anul babilonian.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marduk, zeul tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene Zeul principal al Babilonului \u0219i zeul imperial al panteonului babilonian, ridicat de la rangul de zeu urban local la cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 autoritate divin\u0103. Marduk se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul structurii divine mesopotamiene ca \u00eenving\u0103tor \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva haosului \u0219i creator al lumii ordonate. Ascensiunea sa de la zeul urban al Babilonului [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk - Zeul suprem al Babilonului \u0219i \u00eembl\u00e2nzitor al haosului","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ascensiunea de la zeu local la zeu imperial, victoria asupra lui Tiamat, templul Esagila, s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Akitu, 50 de nume, dragonul Mushhushshu.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106058","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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