{"id":106050,"date":"2026-08-04T16:57:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:57:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hwanung-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:57:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:57:55","slug":"hwanung","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/hwanung\/","title":{"rendered":"Hwanung"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106050\" class=\"elementor elementor-106050 elementor-2113\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanung, zeul tradi\u021biei coreene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este zeul cerului \u0219i al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> coreean\u0103, fiu al zeului suprem al cerului Haneul-nim. \u00cen Samguk yusa este descris ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 care a cobor\u00e2t pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a \u00eentemeia un regat. Venerarea sa \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 medierea dintre for\u021bele cosmice \u0219i cele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti. \u00cen legenda fondatoare coreean\u0103 apare ca fiu al cerului, cel care statornice\u0219te leg\u0103tura dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-coreene\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumea zeilor, \u0219amanilor \u0219i spiritelor populare din Coreea.\">Coreea<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeii supremi ai unui panteon, suveranitate cosmic\u0103, aspect creator sau st\u0103p\u00e2nitor.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_korea_hwanung-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1619\" alt=\"Hwanung - G\u00f6tter aus der Korea-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_korea_hwanung-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_korea_hwanung-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_korea_hwanung-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_korea_hwanung.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 care a cobor\u00e2t pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt la cererea unui tigru \u0219i a unui urs, pentru a-l civiliza. S-a unit cu zei\u021ba-ursoaic\u0103 Ungnyeo \u0219i l-a z\u0103mislit astfel pe Dangun, \u00eentemeietorul Gojoseon-ului.<\/p><p>Hwanung apare ca zeu al cultiv\u0103rii p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, al civiliza\u021biei \u0219i al cunoa\u0219terii supranaturale. Miturile sale relateaz\u0103 aducerea cunoa\u0219terii cosmice pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i instaurarea ordinii divine \u00een r\u00e2ndul oamenilor. Spre deosebire de zeii pur cere\u0219ti, Hwanung exercit\u0103 o st\u0103p\u00e2nire activ\u0103 asupra regatelor p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Hwanung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Legenda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de obicei despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">lui Hwanung<\/span> este transmis\u0103 \u00een Samguk yusa a c\u0103lug\u0103rului Iryon (1281), \u00eens\u0103 provine probabil din surse proto-coreene mai vechi. Povestea cobor\u00e2rii zeului ceresc \u0219i a unirii sale cu ursoaica este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 regional \u00een Coreea.<\/p><p>James H. Grayson \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Hwanung \u00een istoria sa a religiilor din Coreea ca figur\u0103 central\u0103 a medierii dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Venerarea sa este mai pu\u021bin personalizat\u0103 dec\u00e2t venerarea lui Dangun, \u00eens\u0103 este fundamental teologic pentru ordinea cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transmiterea scris\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">a tradi\u021biei<\/span> despre Hwanung se \u00eentinde cu c\u00e2teva secole \u00een urm\u0103, cu mari probabilit\u0103\u021bi c\u0103 au existat tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i mai vechi, anterioare acesteia. Coreenii au p\u0103strat aceast\u0103 entitate sau acest concept de-a lungul unor perioade extraordinar de lungi \u0219i l-au transmis cu grij\u0103 din genera\u021bie \u00een genera\u021bie, ceea ce indic\u0103 o importan\u021b\u0103 religioas\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00centre evenimentele pe care le descrie mitul \u0219i consemnarea sa \u00een Samguk Yusa din secolul al XIII-lea se afl\u0103, conform nara\u021biunii \u00eense\u0219i, milenii \u00eentregi, \u0219i cu toate acestea materia a fost p\u0103strat\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Hwanung este prezent \u00een Coreea: s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Gaecheonjeol, celebrat\u0103 pe 3 octombrie, comemoreaz\u0103 cobor\u00e2rea prin\u021bului ceresc, iar muntele Taebaek este considerat \u00een continuare locul \u00een care s-au petrecut evenimentele. Nara\u021biunea s-a transformat, de la mitul fondator al unui regat la un element al memoriei na\u021bionale, \u00eens\u0103 nucleul s\u0103u a r\u0103mas acela\u0219i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung nu a fost limitat la o anumit\u0103 regiune sau la anumite locuri, ci era cunoscut \u0219i venerat sau respectuos temut \u00een \u00eentreaga lume coreean\u0103. Fie \u00een marile centre urbane, fie \u00een regiunile rurale periferice, fie \u00een elita social\u0103, fie \u00een r\u00e2ndul oamenilor de r\u00e2nd, semnifica\u021bia spiritual\u0103 sau cultural\u0103 a acestei entit\u0103\u021bi era recunoscut\u0103 \u00een mod constant \u0219i universal.<\/p><p>Mitul lui Hwanung nu a r\u0103mas un eveniment local petrecut pe un munte: ca parte a nara\u021biunii despre Dangun, el a devenit povestea fondatoare a Coreei, un subiect prin care \u00eentregul popor \u00ee\u0219i confirma propria origine. Samguk Yusa a asigurat versiunea scris\u0103 unitar\u0103, iar s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de stat Gaecheonjeol a dus mai t\u00e2rziu nara\u021biunea \u00een toate col\u021burile \u021b\u0103rii. Astfel, povestea prin\u021bului cerului pe muntele Taebaek este cunoscut\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een toat\u0103 Coreea \u00een aceea\u0219i form\u0103 de baz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este documentat \u00een Samguk yusa, cel mai influent text al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> coreene (Iryon, 1281). Alte referin\u021be se g\u0103sesc \u00een opere istorice confucianiste precum Goryeosa (Istoria Goryeo) \u0219i Dongguk yeoji seungnam. Mitologema cobor\u00e2rii cere\u0219ti leag\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile cosmologice chineze (Cerul ca for\u021b\u0103 suprem\u0103) de miturile ancestrale coreene.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103tori \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor precum David A. Mason analizeaz\u0103 Hwanung ca figur\u0103 de leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre modelele de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span> chineze \u0219i tradi\u021biile distinctiv coreene. Yi Sang-ok \u0219i Kim Tae-gon \u00eel trateaz\u0103 ca pe o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> arhaic\u0103 ale c\u0103rei func\u021bii au fost transferate ulterior unor divinit\u0103\u021bi specializate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00een diferitele surse \u0219i tradi\u021bii artistice cu anumite elemente iconografice recurente, care r\u0103m\u00e2n relativ constante de-a lungul deceniilor \u0219i al diferitelor spa\u021bii geografice. Aceste elemente sunt profund codificate simbolic \u0219i poart\u0103 o mare semnifica\u021bie; ele nu sunt alese \u00een mod pur decorativ sau \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Nara\u021biunea din Samguk Yusa \u00eel \u00eenzestreaz\u0103 pe Hwanung cu semne clar numite ale rangului s\u0103u: de la tat\u0103l s\u0103u Hwanin prime\u0219te trei sigilii cere\u0219ti ca \u00eensemne ale st\u0103p\u00e2nirii, coboar\u0103 pe muntele Taebaek cu un alai de 3000 de fiin\u021be, iar spiritele v\u00e2ntului, ploii \u0219i norilor \u00eei stau la dispozi\u021bie. Cel care cuno\u0219tea mitul citea din acestea atribu\u021biile sale: Hwanung r\u00e2nduie\u0219te, \u00een calitate de fiu al zeului ceresc, treburile omene\u0219ti, de la agricultur\u0103 la boal\u0103, pedeaps\u0103 \u0219i moralitate. Fiecare dintre aceste elemente, sigilii, alai, spirite ale vremii, apar\u021bine \u00een mod statornic imaginii transmise prin tradi\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi distinctive<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung era central \u00een practica religioas\u0103, \u00een ritualurile cotidiene \u0219i \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea de zi cu zi a coreenilor. Oamenii se adresau acestei entit\u0103\u021bi \u00een situa\u021bii de via\u021b\u0103 critice sau determinate ori \u00een anumite perioade rituale ale anului, cu ritualuri structurate, adesea elaborate, rug\u0103ciuni sau ofrande.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia referitoare la Hwanung a fost fixat\u0103 \u00een scris, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie transmis\u0103 doar \u00een mod incidental: monahul Iryeon a inclus-o \u00een secolul al XIII-lea \u00een Samguk Yusa, baz\u00e2ndu-se pe surse mai vechi. Astfel, mitul prin\u021bului cerului exist\u0103, dincolo de tradi\u021bia narativ\u0103 oral\u0103, \u0219i \u00eentr-o culegere savant\u0103, cu amprent\u0103 budist\u0103.<\/p><p>Faptul c\u0103 mitul lui Hwanung este povestit de la secolul al XIII-lea, c\u00e2nd Iryeon l-a consemnat \u00een Samguk Yusa, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, atest\u0103 locul s\u0103u statornic \u00een tradi\u021bia coreean\u0103. Func\u021biile prin\u021bului cerului sunt numite chiar \u00een text: el aduce oamenilor ordine \u00een 360 de treburi, printre care agricultura, vindecarea bolilor, \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea drept\u0103\u021bii \u0219i distinc\u021bia dintre bine \u0219i r\u0103u. Ca tat\u0103 al lui Dangun, el \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 totodat\u0103 linia genealogic\u0103 la care se raporteaz\u0103 fondarea primului regat coreean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Hwanung<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fi\u0219a de identificare prezint\u0103 Hwanung din \u0219ase perspective: originea geografic\u0103 \u0219i mitologic\u0103, grupurile sociale de venerare, caracteristicile iconografice, aspectele protective \u0219i paralelele cultice. Aceste dimensiuni clarific\u0103 rolul s\u0103u de mediator \u00eentre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, precum \u0219i \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> \u0219i religia de stat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este descris ca fiu al zeului suprem al cerului Haneul-nim sau al \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad (sub influen\u021b\u0103 chinez\u0103). Cobor\u00e2rea sa este localizat\u0103 vag \u00een timp, dar geografic este raportat\u0103 la Peninsula Coreean\u0103 \u0219i la hinterlandul s\u0103u nordic (Manciuria).<\/p><p>Locul legendar al cobor\u00e2rii sale este muntele Taebaek sau Baekdusan. Datarea mitologic\u0103 este preistoric\u0103; din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenda<\/span> este \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca o nara\u021biune cosmologic\u0103 ce vizeaz\u0103 \u00eentemeierea ordinii cosmice, nu evenimente istorice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Referitor la<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung era venerat de preo\u021bi, \u0219amani \u0219i elita cultivat\u0103 preocupat\u0103 de chestiuni cosmice. Venerarea sa era mai pu\u021bin popular\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea a altor spirite ale naturii, ci mai degrab\u0103 parte a unui cult savant \u0219i preo\u021besc.<\/p><p>\u00cen perioadele ulterioare, figura sa a fost integrat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> confucianist\u0103, ceea ce a limitat venerarea sa la cercuri elitare. Ast\u0103zi este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd o figur\u0103 mitic\u0103 literar\u0103 \u0219i na\u021bional\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> activ, dar cu un prestigiu cultural recunoscut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Hwanung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00een reprezent\u0103rile timpurii ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare, cu aureol\u0103, adesea \u00een ve\u0219minte colorate ce sugereaz\u0103 sferele divine. Atributele sale sunt sigiliul ceresc, un sceptru sau un toiag cu simboluri cosmice (soare, lun\u0103, stele).<\/p><p>\u00cen imagini mai t\u00e2rzii seam\u0103n\u0103 cu o fiin\u021b\u0103 nobil\u0103, androginic\u0103, cu o aur\u0103 supranatural\u0103. Ursoaica (Ungnyeo) este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 al\u0103turi de el, pentru a evoca unirea \u0219i na\u0219terea lui Dangun. Peisaje cere\u0219ti cu mun\u021bi \u0219i nori \u00eel \u00eenr\u0103meaz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Hwanung este \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> coreean\u0103 fiul zeului ceresc Hwanin \u0219i tat\u0103l regelui Dangun. \u00centruchipeaz\u0103 aspectul mediator dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u201ec\u0103l\u0103torul \u00eentre lumi&#8221; care coboar\u0103 din sfera cereasc\u0103 pentru a ac\u021biona \u00een r\u00e2ndul oamenilor. Puterea sa se extinde asupra fertilit\u0103\u021bii, \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i \u00eentemeierii civiliza\u021biei umane. Samguk Yusa descrie cobor\u00e2rea sa \u0219i unirea cu femeia-ursoaic\u0103 Ungnyeo, simbol al amestecului dintre natura divin\u0103 \u0219i cea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103. Ac\u021biunea sa se manifest\u0103 \u00een \u00een\u021belepciunea fondatoare de cultur\u0103 \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntarea<\/span> pentru agricultur\u0103.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este o fiin\u021b\u0103 binef\u0103c\u0103toare, nu una d\u0103un\u0103toare. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> s\u0103u cuprindea ritualuri tradi\u021bionale de venerare la sanctuare montane, \u00een special la Baekdusan \u0219i Taebaek. \u0218amanii \u00eel invocau pe Hwanung pentru a p\u0103stra armonia cosmic\u0103 \u0219i a asigura fertilitatea.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de ritualurile de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spiritelor malefice, venerarea lui Hwanung se realiza prin manifestarea respectului \u0219i prin rug\u0103ciuni de mijlocire pentru ordinea cosmic\u0103. Respectul era exprimat prin ofrande montane \u0219i rug\u0103ciuni, mai pu\u021bin prin practici apotropaice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele ale lui Hwanung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comparabile sunt alte divinit\u0103\u021bi ale medierii cosmice: \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad chinez ca mediator \u00eentre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, Izanagi \u0219i Izanami japonezi ca ziditori primordiali care \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i ordinea, \u0219i Indra indian ca rege al zeilor care intervine \u00een lume.<\/p><p>Tuturor le este comun\u0103 func\u021bia de ordonare cosmic\u0103 prin interven\u021bie activ\u0103 \u0219i secularizarea divinului prin contactul cu sfera p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri \u0219i venerare<\/strong><\/p><p>Hwanung era venerat ca mijlocitor; ritualurile aveau loc pe mun\u021bi (precum Paekdu, cel mai sf\u00e2nt munte). \u0218amanele mudang executau ritualuri de dans pentru a solicita <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntarea<\/span> lui Hwanung pentru recolte. Ritualurile de trecere (de exemplu, nun\u021bile) se raportau la unirea lui Hwanung cu Ungnyeo ca model sacru.<\/p><p><strong>Incanta\u021bii \u0219i invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Formulele clasice subliniaz\u0103 rolul s\u0103u de mijlocitor: \u201eHwanung, sol \u00eentre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, binecuv\u00e2nteaz\u0103 \u021bara noastr\u0103.&#8221; Preotesele recitau c\u00e2ntece ritualizate ce povesteau cobor\u00e2rea lui Hwanung. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie suna astfel: \u201eFiu al cerului, d\u0103ruie\u0219te-ne \u00een\u021belepciune \u0219i prosperitate.&#8221;<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbolul<\/span> ceresc (alb sus, \u00eentunecat jos) din designul tradi\u021bional al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect purtat c\u0103ruia i se atribuie o func\u021bie protectoare \u0219i de respingere a r\u0103ului.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletelor<\/span> reprezint\u0103 pozi\u021bia lui Hwanung. Templele montane afi\u0219au simboluri ale trecerii (sc\u0103ri, poduri). Femeile purtau amulete ale fertilit\u0103\u021bii cu motive de sol ceresc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanung, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103:<\/strong> \u00cen iudaism exist\u0103 o coresponden\u021b\u0103 par\u021bial\u0103 \u00een cobor\u00e2rea lui Dumnezeu pentru crearea lumii \u0219i \u00een comunicarea sa cu omenirea. Deosebit de relevant\u0103 este figura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"La Heraclit, principiul ra\u021biunii cosmice; la Philon \u0219i \u00een Evanghelia dup\u0103 Ioan, entitatea creatoare a lui Dumnezeu.\">Logos<\/span>-ului sau a \u0218ekinei (prezen\u021ba lui Dumnezeu), care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca for\u021b\u0103 divin\u0103 mediatoare. Spre deosebire de Hwanung, aceasta este g\u00e2ndit\u0103 ca atribut sau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen teologia neoplatonic\u0103 \u0219i cabalistic\u0103, purcederea treptelor inferioare ale fiin\u021bei din Unul.\">emana\u021bie<\/span>; personalizarea ca fiu al lui Dumnezeu lipse\u0219te.<\/p><p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103:<\/strong> Zeus \u0219i Demiurgul (la Platon) se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu Hwanung \u00een rolul lor de ordonatori cosmici. Zeus intervine activ \u00een treburile p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti \u0219i z\u0103misle\u0219te, prin unirea cu muritoare (Danae, Leda), noi fiin\u021be. Demiurgul creeaz\u0103 sau ordoneaz\u0103 lumea material\u0103 dup\u0103 principii superioare. Ambii sunt mediatori \u00eentre ordinea ideal\u0103 (cereasc\u0103) \u0219i cea real\u0103 (p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103).<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Enlil akkadian, ca zeu al aerului \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al destinelor p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti, corespunde rolului lui Hwanung. Enlil intervine activ pentru a crea \u0219i a p\u0103stra ordinea.<\/p><p>De asemenea, Marduk (Babilon) este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca ordonator cosmic care structureaz\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te lumea prin ac\u021biunile sale. Func\u021bia comun\u0103 este medierea dintre principiile cosmice \u0219i realitatea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>India \u0219i Asia:<\/strong> \u00cen tradi\u021bia indian\u0103, Hwanung se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu Brahma ca ziditor sau cu Indra ca ordonator al lumii. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> tibetan\u0103 exist\u0103 figuri mediatoare similare \u00eentre sfera divin\u0103 pur\u0103 \u0219i manifestarea material\u0103. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismul<\/span> chinez, \u201eSupremul Pur&#8221; sau o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen teologia neoplatonic\u0103 \u0219i cabalistic\u0103, purcederea treptelor inferioare ale fiin\u021bei din Unul.\">emana\u021bie<\/span> a Dao-ului ar juca un rol comparabil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp443cad9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp443cad9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpeb7854a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpeb7854a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hwanung \u00een mitul fondator al lui Dangun: cobor\u00e2rea din cer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1dde6c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1dde6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe5c1894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe5c1894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hwanung este figura-cheie a mitului fondator coreean, astfel cum este transmis \u00een <em>Samguk Yusa<\/em>, \u201e\u00cent\u00e2mpl\u0103rile r\u0103mase ale celor Trei Regate&#8221;, compilate de monahul budist Iryeon \u00een secolul al XIII-lea.<\/p><p>Potrivit acestei relat\u0103ri, Hwanung este fiul st\u0103p\u00e2nitorului ceresc <em>Hwanin<\/em>. Hwanung prive\u0219te din cer spre lumea oamenilor \u0219i dore\u0219te s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze acolo. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u00eei recunoa\u0219te aceast\u0103 dorin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei \u00eencredin\u021beaz\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul spre a-l r\u00e2ndui.<\/p><p>Hwanung coboar\u0103 cu un alai pe munte, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> muntele <em>Taebaek<\/em>, mai precis \u00eentr-un loc de sub un copac sacru de santal. Acolo \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 \u201eora\u0219ul divin&#8221; \u0219i preia st\u0103p\u00e2nirea asupra lumii oamenilor.<\/p><p>Esen\u021bial este c\u0103 aduce cu sine trei sigilii cere\u0219ti \u0219i un alai de trei mii de fiin\u021be, precum \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nii v\u00e2ntului, ploii \u0219i norilor. Cu acest aparat r\u00e2nduie\u0219te, potrivit textului, trei sute \u0219aizeci de treburi omene\u0219ti, printre care agricultura, durata vie\u021bii, boala, pedeapsa \u0219i distinc\u021bia dintre bine \u0219i r\u0103u.<\/p><p>Hwanung nu este, prin urmare, un zeu creator \u00een sens strict, ci un \u00eentemeietor de cultur\u0103 \u0219i aduc\u0103tor de ordine. El nu creeaz\u0103 lumea, dar o face locuibil\u0103 \u0219i organizeaz\u0103 via\u021ba \u00een comun a oamenilor.<\/p><p>Cercetarea a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 acest mit poart\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile tipice ale unui mit de legitimare a puterii: ordinea lumii se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe un fiu al cerului, iar astfel st\u0103p\u00e2nirea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103 ulterioar\u0103, care se revendic\u0103 de la fiul lui Hwanung, <a href=\"\/ro\/dangun\/\">Dangun<\/a>, este ancorat\u0103 \u00een cer. Cobor\u00e2rea lui Hwanung este funda\u021bia mitic\u0103 pe care se sprijin\u0103 \u00eentreaga nara\u021biune fondatoare a Coreei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp755269f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp755269f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp74605f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp74605f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Episodul ursului \u0219i al tigrului \u0219i na\u0219terea lui Dangun<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe1d7967 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe1d7967\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf5486ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf5486ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai cunoscut pasaj al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> este proba transform\u0103rii ursului \u0219i a tigrului. Potrivit <em>Samguk Yusa<\/em>, un urs \u0219i un tigru i se adreseaz\u0103 lui Hwanung cu dorin\u021ba de a deveni oameni. Hwanung le d\u0103 tulpini sfinte de pelin \u0219i dou\u0103zeci de c\u0103\u021bei de usturoi \u0219i le porunce\u0219te s\u0103 le m\u0103n\u00e2nce \u0219i s\u0103 stea departe de lumina soarelui timp de o sut\u0103 de zile.<\/p><p>Tigrul nu suport\u0103 priva\u021biunile \u0219i p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te pe\u0219tera. Ursul \u00eens\u0103 rabd\u0103 \u0219i, dup\u0103 timpul prescris, \u00een text dup\u0103 dou\u0103zeci \u0219i una de zile, este transformat \u00eentr-o femeie, <em>Ungnyeo<\/em>, \u201efemeia-ursoaic\u0103&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ungnyeo nu g\u0103se\u0219te \u00eens\u0103 un partener \u0219i se roag\u0103 sub copacul sf\u00e2nt pentru un copil. Hwanung ia atunci temporar chip omenesc, se une\u0219te cu ea, iar ea na\u0219te un fiu: Dangun Wanggeom, \u00eentemeietorul mitic al primului regat coreean, <em>Gojoseon<\/em>.<\/p><p>Acest episod este multistratificat din perspectiva istoriei religiilor. Proba transform\u0103rii poart\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile clare ale unui rit de ini\u021biere: retragerea \u00een \u00eentunericul pe\u0219terii, postul, priva\u021biunea, probarea \u0219i rena\u0219terea \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 form\u0103. Cercetarea a v\u0103zut \u00een aceasta \u0219i un posibil reflex al reprezent\u0103rilor totemice, ursul juc\u00e2nd un rol aparte.<\/p><p>Important\u0103 este constela\u021bia pe care o stabile\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span>: Dangun \u00eembin\u0103 \u00een sine originea cereasc\u0103, prin Hwanung, \u0219i cea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103, de natur\u0103 animal\u0103, prin femeia-ursoaic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 unire dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, dintre sfera divin\u0103 \u0219i cea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103, constituie baza mitic\u0103 pentru statutul aparte al dinastiei conduc\u0103toare coreene \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, al poporului coreean \u00een autointerpretarea acestei tradi\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp418c944 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp418c944\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp973dc99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp973dc99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hongik Ingan: principiul c\u0103l\u0103uzitor al binelui omenirii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2719df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2719df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64bb860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64bb860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O scurt\u0103 expresie din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Hwanung a dob\u00e2ndit \u00een istoria spiritual\u0103 coreean\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult textul: <em>Hongik Ingan<\/em>, tradus de obicei prin \u201ea fi de mare folos oamenilor&#8221; sau \u201ea aduce \u00een mod cuprinz\u0103tor bun\u0103stare omenirii&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Samguk Yusa<\/em>, aceasta este inten\u021bia cu care Hwanung, respectiv tat\u0103l s\u0103u Hwanin, motiveaz\u0103 cobor\u00e2rea pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Fiul Cerului nu vine pentru a domni, ci pentru a-i folosi oamenilor.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 succint\u0103 motiva\u021bie mitic\u0103 s-a constituit \u00een secolul al XX-lea un principiu director statal \u0219i cultural. <em>Hongik Ingan<\/em> a fost ridicat, dup\u0103 eliberarea Coreei, la rangul de idee directoare declarat\u0103 a sistemului na\u021bional de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i este considerat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi un ideal pedagogic fundamental. Expresia apare \u00een documentele de politic\u0103 educa\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i configureaz\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba na\u021bional\u0103 de sine ca una orientat\u0103 umanist.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 istorie a efectelor este relevant\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor. Ea arat\u0103 cum o singur\u0103 propozi\u021bie dintr-o culegere medieval\u0103 de mituri poate deveni \u00een epoca modern\u0103 purt\u0103toarea unei identit\u0103\u021bi na\u021bionale. Cercetarea dezbate \u00een mod critic \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 interpretarea modern\u0103 corespunde contextului textual originar \u0219i \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00eel reinterpreteaz\u0103 pornind din nevoi ulterioare.<\/p><p>Este necontestat c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Hwanung a primit prin <em>Hongik Ingan<\/em> un nucleu etic care \u00eel distinge de un simplu mit de legitimare a puterii. Hwanung apare \u00een aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 ca \u00eentemeietor al unei ordini orientate spre binele comun, fiind departe de imaginea cuceritorului.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 accentuare era deja proprie textului lui Iryeon sau dac\u0103 abia receptarea modern\u0103 a scos-o \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne obiect al dezbaterii \u0219tiin\u021bifice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp83a61d6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp83a61d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb717f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb717f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Critic\u0103 a surselor: Samguk Yusa \u0219i vechimea mitului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc9e81a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc9e81a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp86f522d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp86f522d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00centrebarea privind vechimea real\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> lui Hwanung se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai dificile din istoria religiilor coreene \u0219i impune o critic\u0103 sobr\u0103 a surselor. Versiunea de referin\u021b\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00een <em>Samguk Yusa<\/em>, din secolul al XIII-lea t\u00e2rziu.<\/p><p>Iryeon, autorul, era un c\u0103lug\u0103r budist \u0219i declar\u0103 c\u0103 se bazeaz\u0103 pe surse mai vechi, printre care o lucrare neconservat\u0103 pe care o denume\u0219te <em>Gogi<\/em>, adic\u0103 \u201eveche consemnare&#8221;. O alt\u0103 men\u021biune, aproximativ contemporan\u0103 sau pu\u021bin ulterioar\u0103, se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een <em>Jewang Ungi<\/em> al lui Yi Seunghyu.<\/p><p>De aici rezult\u0103 o problem\u0103 metodologic\u0103. Cel mai vechi atestat scris p\u0103strat dateaz\u0103 din secolul al XIII-lea, deci cu milenii dup\u0103 evenimentele men\u021bionate \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>. Dac\u0103 \u0219i \u00een ce form\u0103 a existat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> anterior, oral sau scris, nu poate fi demonstrat \u00een mod direct.<\/p><p>Unii cercet\u0103tori presupun c\u0103 elementele de baz\u0103, precum cobor\u00e2rea din ceruri \u0219i femeia-urs, sunt cu mult mai vechi \u0219i provin din reprezent\u0103ri \u0219amaniste sau totemiste timpurii. Al\u021bii subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 versiunea transmis\u0103 este puternic marcat\u0103 de g\u00e2ndirea istoric\u0103 budist\u0103 \u0219i chinez\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103, cel pu\u021bin \u00een forma sa literar\u0103, constituie o oper\u0103 a Evului Mediu \u00eenalt.<\/p><p>Se adaug\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> a fost puternic politizat, at\u00e2t \u00een construc\u021bia identit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een mi\u0219c\u0103rile religioase care se revendic\u0103 de la Dangun \u0219i Hwanung. Aceast\u0103 instrumentalizare modern\u0103 a \u00eengreunat par\u021bial dezbaterea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103.<\/p><p>O \u00eencadrare serioas\u0103 a lui Hwanung trebuie, prin urmare, s\u0103 separe dou\u0103 aspecte: \u00eentrebarea privind vechimea real\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cinile elementelor individuale ale mitului, la care se poate r\u0103spunde doar cu pruden\u021b\u0103, \u0219i \u00eentrebarea privind <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> documentat\u0103, care \u00eencepe clar \u00een secolul al XIII-lea.<\/p><p>Cel care citeaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> ar trebui s\u0103 se sprijine pe baza textual\u0103 bine atestat\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 marcheze specula\u021biile privind preistoria ca atare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/dangun\/\">Dangun, fiul lui Hwanung<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Grayson, J. H.: <em>Korea, A Religious History<\/em>. Routledge, 2002.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Park, Noe-Hui: <em>Shamanic Hierarchy and Esoteric Buddhism in Korean Mudang Traditions<\/em>. Korean Shamanic Studies, 2003.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hwanung, zeul tradi\u021biei coreene Hwanung este zeul cerului \u0219i al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00een mitologia coreean\u0103, fiu al zeului suprem al cerului Haneul-nim. \u00cen Samguk yusa este descris ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 care a cobor\u00e2t pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a \u00eentemeia un regat. Venerarea sa \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 medierea dintre for\u021bele cosmice \u0219i cele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti. \u00cen legenda fondatoare coreean\u0103 apare ca [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1619,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hwanung","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hwanung - Fiul cerului din legenda fondatoare coreean\u0103","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tradi\u021bia scris\u0103 despre Hwanung se \u00eentinde cu mai multe secole \u00een urm\u0103","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"korea","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106050","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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