{"id":106006,"date":"2026-08-04T16:52:44","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/illapa-zeul-tunetului-si-al-vremii-la-inca\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:53:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:53:12","slug":"illapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/illapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Illapa &#8211; Zeul tunetului \u0219i al vremii la inca"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106006\" class=\"elementor elementor-106006 elementor-2579\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa, zeul tunetului, al fulgerului \u0219i al ploii \u00een zona \u00eenalt\u0103 andin\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa (quechua <em>Illapa<\/em>, \u0219i <em>Yllapa<\/em>) este zeul tunetului, al fulgerului \u0219i al ploii la inca. Pentru \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimea andin\u0103 din zona \u00eenalt\u0103, el era divinitatea suprem\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, deoarece de precipita\u021biile sale depindea \u00eentreaga cultur\u0103 a porumbului \u0219i a cartofului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu al tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate a tunetului \u0219i a vremii.\">Divinitate a tunetului \u0219i a vremii<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-illapa-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2677\" alt=\"Illapa - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_illapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-illapa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-illapa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, <strong>zeul tunetului la inca<\/strong>, este o figur\u0103 central\u0103 a cultului vremii \u00een spa\u021biul andin precolumbian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een panteonul andin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa se num\u0103r\u0103, al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, printre cele patru divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme ale cultului de stat din epoca inca\u0219\u0103. El dispune de un spa\u021biu templier propriu \u00een Coricancha din Cusco, iar insignele sale, tr\u0103snetele \u0219i pra\u0219tiile, erau p\u0103strate \u00een colec\u021bia prehispanic\u0103 a mumiilor mallqui.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, el apar\u021bine r\u0103sp\u00e2nditelor <em>divinit\u0103\u021bi ale tunetului \u0219i furtunii<\/em>, care ocup\u0103 un loc de frunte \u00een aproape orice civiliza\u021bie agrar\u0103 superioar\u0103.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venera\u021bie religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> solar-imperial al lui Inti, venerarea lui Illapa este vie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre \u00een satele quechua- \u0219i aymara-vorbitoare. Practicile rurale legate de fulger, tunet \u0219i ploaie constituie o component\u0103 important\u0103 a practicii religioase \u00een curs din \u00eenaltul podi\u0219 andin.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien \u0219i Frank Salomon au subliniat \u00een repetate r\u00e2nduri, \u00een lucr\u0103rile lor etnografice, c\u0103 Illapa este adesea mai prezent pentru \u021b\u0103ran dec\u00e2t teologia solar\u0103 superioar\u0103 a lui Inti.<\/p><p>Illapa este descris \u00een unele surse ca o figur\u0103 triadic\u0103, o tripla ipostaz\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din <em>Chuqui Illapa<\/em> (Fratele Illapa), <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (Fratele Catu) \u0219i un al treilea aspect care variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de cronicar.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tripla ipostaz\u0103 i-a amintit misionarilor spanioli de Trinitate \u0219i a favorizat, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care studiaz\u0103 religiile comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 angajament confesional.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span> timpurie, teza unei prefigur\u0103ri precre\u0219tine a Trinit\u0103\u021bii. Pierre Duviols a criticat aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 \u0219i a atras aten\u021bia asupra caracterului multiplu, genuino-andin, al fiin\u021belor cosmice.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 arheologic-iconografic\u0103, venerarea unei <em>divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/em> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">a tunetului<\/span> \u00een Anzi se extinde cu mult dincolo de epoca inca\u0219\u0103. Ceramicile wari \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 r\u0103zboinici purt\u00e2nd tr\u0103snete, iar cultura Chimu din nordul Peru cuno\u0219tea un zeu comparabil al tunetului sub numele de <em>Ni<\/em>, care era \u00eens\u0103 mai puternic conotat maritim.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 preistorie arat\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> inca\u0219\u0103 de stat a lui Illapa nu a ap\u0103rut din neant, ci s-a construit pe o \u00eendelungat\u0103 tradi\u021bie andin\u0103 a furtunii \u0219i tunetului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Numele <em>Illapa<\/em> este ambiguu din punct de vedere semantic \u00een quechua. Diego Gonzalez Holguin consemneaz\u0103 \u00een <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608) urm\u0103toarele semnifica\u021bii: <em>el rayo<\/em> (fulgerul), <em>el trueno<\/em> (tunetul), <em>el relampago<\/em> (lic\u0103rirea fulgerului). Astfel, cuv\u00e2ntul desemneaz\u0103 toate trei fenomenele luminii atmosferice ca manifest\u0103ri aspectuale ale unei singure <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este leg\u0103tura str\u00e2ns\u0103 cu termenul quechua <em>illa<\/em>, care desemneaz\u0103 un fel de numinosum luminos (vezi \u0219i <em>Illatiqsi Wiraqucha<\/em> ca supranume al lui Viracocha). Semnifica\u021bia de baz\u0103 a lui <em>illa<\/em> trimite la o str\u0103lucire luminoas\u0103 care indic\u0103 prezen\u021ba numinos\u0103. Illapa ar fi, astfel, sc\u00e2nteierea numinoas\u0103 luminoas\u0103 pe cer.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul aymara, zeul corespunz\u0103tor se nume\u0219te <em>Tunupa<\/em> sau <em>Illapa<\/em>, variind \u00een func\u021bie de regiune. Sursele coloniale disting uneori \u00eentre <em>Illapa<\/em> (aspectul meteo) \u0219i <em>Catu Illapa<\/em> (aspectul grindinii). Rangul ulterior al lui Illapa \u00een r\u00e2ndul inca\u0219ilor este recognoscibil \u0219i \u00een supranumele conduc\u0103torilor inca: Inca Yupanqui Tupac purta supranumele <em>Yupanqui-Illapa<\/em>, exprim\u00e2nd leg\u0103tura sa cu aspectul tonic al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bii<\/span>.<\/p><p>\u00cen lucr\u0103rile recent de lingvistic\u0103 istoric\u0103 privind <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> quechua, etimologia lui <em>illa<\/em> ca <em>str\u0103lucire, reflex, urm\u0103 luminoas\u0103<\/em> a fost aprofundat\u0103.<\/p><p>Cesar Itier a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 <em>illa<\/em> \u00een terminologia inca\u0219\u0103 nu desemneaz\u0103 doar lic\u0103rul atmosferic, ci o categorie numinoas\u0103 mai fundamental\u0103: sc\u00e2nteierea prezen\u021bei divine \u00een lume. Micile amulete de piatr\u0103 <em>illa<\/em> (figurine protectoare ale p\u0103storilor) poart\u0103 acela\u0219i nume, ceea ce ilustreaz\u0103 profunzimea semantic\u0103 a numelui lui Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00een descrierile coloniale ca un r\u0103zboinic ceresc care produce fulgerul cu o pra\u0219tie de aur \u0219i love\u0219te tunetul cu o buzdugan. Uneori poart\u0103 o mantie din stele \u0219i un ulcior cu ap\u0103 din care vars\u0103 ploaia. Aceast\u0103 iconografie este transmis\u0103 de Cristobal de Molina \u0219i Polo de Ondegardo.<\/p><p>Pe textilele inca\u0219e p\u0103strate \u0219i \u00een pictura cusquean\u0103 colonial\u0103, Illapa apare adesea ca r\u0103zboinic cu pra\u0219tie \u0219i lovitur\u0103 de tunet, uneori c\u0103lare pe un puma.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura cu puma are o justificare topografic\u0103: \u00een Coricancha exista blocul de piatr\u0103 al <em>Puma Punku<\/em> (Poarta Pumei) ca loc de referin\u021b\u0103 pentru venerarea lui Illapa. Istoricul de art\u0103 Teresa Gisbert a descris sistematic reprezentarea lui Illapa ca r\u0103zboinic \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale de iconografie andin\u0103 colonial\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen procesul de cre\u0219tinare, Illapa a fost repede asimilat Sf\u00e2ntului Iacob (<em>Santiago<\/em>), care \u00een tradi\u021bia spaniol\u0103 apare ca sf\u00e2nt c\u0103lare cu sabia fulgerului.<\/p><p>Acest sincretism poate fi observat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi la s\u0103rb\u0103torile andine ale sfin\u021bilor: acolo unde se celebreaz\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toarea \u021b\u0103r\u0103neasc\u0103 ladin\u0103 a lui <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em>, Illapa este prezent \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea substratului indigen. Tradi\u021bia <em>Santiago de Murayoc<\/em> din Jurochiris este un exemplu bine cunoscut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 nara\u021biune despre Illapa este p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een Manuscrisul Huarochiri \u0219i descrie rela\u021bia sa cu zei\u021ba apei (un aspect al <a href=\"\/ro\/mama-cocha\/\">Mama Cocha<\/a>). Illapa arunc\u0103 fulgerul pentru a lovi zei\u021ba ulciorului ceresc; din ulciorul spart se vars\u0103 ploaia. Aceast\u0103 etiologie a ploii este un element standard al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> andine.<\/p><p>O a doua nara\u021biune \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Illapa de steaua-lam\u0103 cereasc\u0103 (constela\u021bia <em>Yacana<\/em>, central\u0103 \u00een astronomia inca\u0219\u0103). C\u00e2nd constela\u021bia Yacana se afl\u0103 la miezul nop\u021bii jos la orizontul sudic, ea bea, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span>, apa din Calea Lactee, diminu\u00e2nd-o.<\/p><p>Illapa sf\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103 apoi zei\u021ba ulciorului pentru a readuce ploaia pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Gary Urton a descris sistematic aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie astro-mitologic\u0103 \u00een <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>O a treia nara\u021biune, transmis\u0103 de Polo de Ondegardo, descrie chemarea preo\u021bilor <em>altomisayoq<\/em> din epoca inca\u0219\u0103 printr-un tr\u0103snet. Cel lovit de tr\u0103snet \u0219i supravie\u021buitor era considerat preot chemat de \u00eensu\u0219i Illapa \u0219i primea dreptul de a rosti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracole<\/span> \u0219i de a s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219i vindec\u0103ri.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a chem\u0103rii este vie \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een speciali\u0219tii <em>paqo<\/em> moderni din satele de limb\u0103 quechua. Juan Nunez del Prado a descris \u00een studiile sale etnografice aceast\u0103 chemare prin tr\u0103snet.<\/p><p>O a patra nara\u021biune \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Illapa de dreptul penal inca\u0219: cel care promitea s\u0103 spun\u0103 adev\u0103rul printr-un jur\u0103m\u00e2nt pe Tunet (<em>illapamanta<\/em>) nu putea min\u021bi, deoarece \u00eensu\u0219i Illapa ar fi pedepsit m\u0103rturia mincinoas\u0103 cu tr\u0103snet.<\/p><p>Justi\u021bia inca\u0219\u0103 utiliza acest jur\u0103m\u00e2nt divin \u00een cazuri deosebit de grave ca instrument de stabilire a adev\u0103rului. Polo de Ondegardo \u0219i Cobo relateaz\u0103 despre credibilitatea ridicat\u0103 acordat\u0103 unei declara\u021bii illapamanta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cultul lui Illapa era institu\u021bionalizat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un Bauwerk, das der Verehrung einer oder mehrerer Gottheiten dient.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultului<\/span> Coricancha din Cusco. \u00cen a\u0219a-numitul <em>Pucamarca<\/em>, un spa\u021biu de cult propriu la marginea de sud-est a ora\u0219ului Cusco, se afla imaginea cultic\u0103 principal\u0103 a lui Illapa, o statuie de aur a unui b\u0103rbat cu lovitur\u0103 de tunet \u0219i pra\u0219tie. Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect sau statuet\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span> a fost confiscat de spanioli \u00een 1572 la Vilcabamba \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Punchao \u0219i s-a pierdut.<\/span><\/p><p>Cele mai importante rituri dedicate lui Illapa erau s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ite \u00een sezonul ploios, \u00eentre septembrie \u0219i martie. C\u00e2nd ploile \u00eent\u00e2rziau, preo\u021bii \u0219i comunitatea organizau mari procesiuni de rug\u0103ciune de-a lungul liniilor ceque, \u00een care lame negre erau sacrificate pe crestele mun\u021bilor din jurul ora\u0219ului.<\/p><p>Lamele negre erau animalul de sacrificiu specific al lui Illapa, deoarece culoarea neagr\u0103 corespundea norului de ploaie. Cristobal de Molina descrie un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">obicei<\/span> special: \u00een zilele f\u0103r\u0103 ploaie, o lam\u0103 neagr\u0103 era \u021binut\u0103 trei zile f\u0103r\u0103 ap\u0103, pentru ca, prin pl\u00e2nsul s\u0103u de sete, s\u0103 cheme prin bocet norii de ploaie.<\/p><p>Cea mai important\u0103 dat\u0103 festiv\u0103 era <em>Capac Raymi<\/em> \u00een decembrie \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de purificare <em>Citua<\/em> \u00een septembrie, ambele str\u00e2ns legate de \u00eenceputul sezonului ploios. Brian Bauer \u0219i Tom Zuidema au descris sistematic \u00een lucr\u0103rile lor pozi\u021bia calendaristic-ritual\u0103 a lui Illapa \u00een anul imperial inca\u0219.<\/p><p>\u00cen anul imperial inca\u0219, riturile dedicate lui Illapa se aflau \u00eentr-o complex\u0103 coresponden\u021b\u0103 cu ciclurile agricole. \u00cenainte de sem\u0103nat, \u00een august, Illapa era rugat pentru precipita\u021bii regulate, \u00een decembrie\/ianuarie pentru ploi moderate f\u0103r\u0103 eroziune, \u00een martie\/aprilie pentru o trecere bl\u00e2nd\u0103 spre sezonul uscat.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a vremii, diferen\u021biat\u0103 calendaristic, reflect\u0103 cunoa\u0219terea intim\u0103 a practicii religioase \u021b\u0103r\u0103ne\u0219ti \u0219i a fost interpretat\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 culturile \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bile \u00een mod comparativ.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span> andin\u0103 modern\u0103 ca un <em>management religios de detaliu<\/em> al riscurilor agricole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raportul practic de protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de venerarea lui Illapa este surprinz\u0103tor de ambivalent: pe de o parte, Illapa era invocat \u00eempotriva secetei, grindinii \u0219i \u00eenghe\u021bului, pe de alt\u0103 parte se c\u0103uta \u0219i protec\u021bie <em>fa\u021b\u0103 de<\/em> Illapa \u00eensu\u0219i, \u00een special fa\u021b\u0103 de tr\u0103snetele sale. Aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie ambivalent\u0103 de protec\u021bie este tipic\u0103 zeit\u0103\u021bilor tunetului \u0219i se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Thor, Indra sau Baal.<\/p><p>Practicile concrete de protec\u021bie includ arderea lum\u00e2n\u0103rilor de cear\u0103 \u00een timpul primei furtuni a sezonului, ridicarea de mici gr\u0103mezi de pietre (<em>apacheta<\/em>) pe crestele mun\u021bilor \u0219i evitarea anumitor locuri (copaci solitari, st\u00e2nci \u00eenalte) \u00een timpul unei furtuni.<\/p><p>O practic\u0103 foarte specific\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> <em>Toldo<\/em>: dac\u0103 un tr\u0103snet a lovit o cas\u0103, \u00eentreaga cl\u0103dire este declarat\u0103 nelocuibil\u0103 timp de trei ani, deoarece este considerat\u0103 atins\u0103 de \u00eensu\u0219i Illapa \u0219i astfel \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Care \u021bine de caracterul sf\u00e2nt \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor \u0219i sublim; termen al \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">numinotic<\/span>.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span> \u00eempotriva grindinii, \u00een unele sate se pun \u0219i ast\u0103zi lum\u00e2n\u0103ri sfin\u021bite la intrarea \u00een cas\u0103 \u0219i se planteaz\u0103 cruci \u00een c\u00e2mpuri, acum asociate sincretic cu imagini ale Fecioarei Maria sau ale Sf\u00e2ntului Iacob.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva etnologiei religioase, este vorba de o continuare direct\u0103 a practicii prehispanice a lui Illapa sub un ve\u0219m\u00e2nt cre\u0219tin. Olivia Harris a descris \u00een <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 continu\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva grindinii \u00een zona \u00eenalt\u0103 aymara.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa se \u00eenscrie \u00een tiparul mondial al zeit\u0103\u021bilor tunetului.<\/p><p>Comparabile din punct de vedere structural sunt germanicul <em>Thor<\/em>, grecescul <em>Zeus<\/em>, vedicul <em>Indra<\/em>, balticul <em>Perkunas<\/em>, vest-asiaticul <em>Baal Hadad<\/em>, japonezul <em>Raijin<\/em> \u0219i mesopotamianul <em>Adad<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u00cen toate aceste cazuri, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span> tunetului este o figur\u0103 masculin\u0103 de r\u0103zboinic cu arm\u0103 de aruncat (ciocan, lovitur\u0103 de tunet, pra\u0219tie), responsabil\u0103 pentru precipita\u021bii \u0219i care de\u0219teapt\u0103 purt\u0103tori ai chem\u0103rii prin tr\u0103snet.<\/p><p>\u00cen interiorul Americii, Illapa prezint\u0103 similitudini deosebit de apropiate cu aztecul <em>Tlaloc<\/em>, cu zeul maya <em>Chaak<\/em> \u0219i cu figura nord-american\u0103 a <a href=\"\/ro\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>. Reprezentarea Thunderbird este deosebit de interesant\u0103, deoarece asociaz\u0103 \u0219i ea tunetul cu o fiin\u021b\u0103 care poate zbura \u0219i produce furtuna cu aripile, structuralmente comparabil\u0103 cu zei\u021ba ulciorului lui Illapa.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura colonial-sincretic\u0103 a lui Illapa cu Sf\u00e2ntul Iacob (<em>Santiago<\/em>) a atras mult\u0103 aten\u021bie \u00een literatura de istorie a religiilor.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia spaniol\u0103 a lui Santiago cunoa\u0219te la r\u00e2ndul ei pe <em>Santiago Matamoros<\/em>, care c\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te cu sabia peste mauri; \u00een Anzi acesta a devenit <em>Santiago Mataindios<\/em> (ucig\u0103torul de indieni) \u0219i putea func\u021biona simultan ca sf\u00e2nt cre\u0219tin c\u0103lare \u0219i ca zeu andin al tunetului, o figur\u0103 cu dubl\u0103 func\u021bionalitate.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific este deosebit de important faptul c\u0103 Illapa nu era \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un zeu al r\u0103zboiului, cum sunt Thor sau Indra. Dimensiunea sa principal\u0103 consta \u00een d\u0103ruirea vremii. Iconografia r\u0103zboinic\u0103 este secundar\u0103 \u0219i \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 un rezultat teologic al prezen\u021bei sale ca lovitur\u0103 de tunet.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021biere, d\u0103t\u0103tor de vreme \u00een loc de r\u0103zboinic, constituie o specificitate teologic\u0103 genuin\u00e3 andin\u0103 care \u00eel deosebe\u0219te pe Illapa-inca de zeit\u0103\u021bi ale tunetului comparabile \u0219i reflect\u0103 orientarea agricol\u0103 central\u0103 a \u00eenaltei civiliza\u021bii andine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare modern\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen zona \u00eenalt\u0103 modern\u0103 de limb\u0103 quechua \u0219i aymara, practicile legate de Illapa continu\u0103 \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 sub form\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103. Speciali\u0219tii <em>paqo<\/em> \u0219i <em>yatiri<\/em> din satele andine moderne \u00ee\u0219i deriv\u0103 adesea chemarea dintr-un tr\u0103snet supravie\u021buit; \u00een literatura arheoetnologic\u0103 (de ex. Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em>, 1998) astfel de cazuri au fost documentate \u00een repetate r\u00e2nduri.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen cercetarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorului<\/span>, sincretismul Santiago-Illapa este un exemplu clasic al <em>doble nivel de discurso<\/em> (nivelul dublu al discursului) al religiei andine: la suprafa\u021b\u0103 tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 a sfin\u021bilor, \u00een profunzime divinitatea indigen\u0103 a tunetului, inseparabil contopite \u00een conducerea practic\u0103 a ritualului. Sabine MacCormack a descris sistematic aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 stratificare \u00een <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991).<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen cercetarea academic\u0103 a astronomiei, leg\u0103tura lui Illapa cu constela\u021bia-lam\u0103 Yacana continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie investigat\u0103 ca element important al cerului stelar inca\u0219. Gary Urton, Tom Zuidema \u0219i lucr\u0103rile mai recente ale discipolilor lui R. Tom Zuidema au ar\u0103tat cum astronomia central-andin\u0103 a structurat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> vremii. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Illapa r\u0103m\u00e2ne un caz-cheie pentru \u00een\u021belegerea \u00eempletirii inca\u0219e dintre cultul \u00eenalt \u0219i religia \u021b\u0103r\u0103neasc\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen ultimele decenii, <em>movimiento andino<\/em> din Bolivia \u0219i Peru l-a introdus pe Illapa \u00een discursul despre rezisten\u021ba climatic\u0103 indigen\u0103. C\u00e2nd tiparele de precipita\u021bii din Anzi se schimb\u0103 ca urmare a schimb\u0103rilor climatice, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lui Illapa din sate reprezint\u0103 o camer\u0103 de rezonan\u021b\u0103 cultural\u0103 \u00een care aceste schimb\u0103ri sunt negociate religios.<\/p><p>Antropologul Karsten Paerregaard a descris \u00een <em>Pilgrims of the Andes<\/em> (2017) adapt\u0103rile rituale ale \u021b\u0103ranilor de la munte la schimb\u0103rile climatice \u0219i a ar\u0103tat rolul pe care \u00eel joac\u0103 referin\u021ba la Illapa \u00een acest context.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos enumer\u0103 lucr\u0103ri centrale de etnologie andin\u0103 \u0219i cercetare arheoastronomic\u0103, esen\u021biale pentru \u00een\u021belegerea lui Illapa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2827b8ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2827b8ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp276778f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp276778f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Illapa \u00een cultul de stat al inca\u0219ilor \u0219i sanctuarul s\u0103u din Cusco<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb4d10f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2fb4d10f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27cc43ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27cc43ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Illapa, zeul tunetului, al fulgerului \u0219i al ploii, apar\u021binea \u00een cultul de stat al Imperiului Inca divinit\u0103\u021bilor supreme \u0219i ocupa \u00een ierarhia religioas\u0103 un loc apropiat de divinitatea solar\u0103 <em>Inti<\/em> \u0219i de zeul creator <em>Viracocha<\/em>.<\/p><p>Cronicarii spanioli din secolul al XVI-lea \u0219i de la \u00eenceputul secolului al XVII-lea relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 Illapa poseda la Cusco un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> propriu \u0219i c\u0103 \u00een marele templu solar, <em>Coricancha<\/em>, \u00eei era rezervat un spa\u021biu distinct.<\/p><p>Importan\u021ba deosebit\u0103 a lui Illapa se explic\u0103 prin dependen\u021ba agriculturii andine de ploaie. Ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al vremii, el decidea asupra secetei \u0219i fertilit\u0103\u021bii, iar \u00een perioadele de usc\u0103ciune, procesiunile de rug\u0103ciune \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfele<\/span> i se adresau lui.<\/p><p>Cronicarul Bernab\u00e9 Cobo descrie \u00een <em>Historia del Nuevo Mundo<\/em> (terminat\u0103 \u00een 1653) pe larg divinitatea vremii \u0219i men\u021bioneaz\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile asociate: fulgerul ca proiectil \u0219i tunetul ca zgomot al unei pra\u0219tii cere\u0219ti.<\/p><p>\u00cen cultul de stat, Illapa era \u0219i un zeu c\u0103ruia i se aduceau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> deosebit de grave \u00een perioade de criz\u0103, inclusiv \u00een cadrul <em>capacocha<\/em>, cea mai important\u0103 ceremonie de sacrificiu a inca\u0219ilor. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Illapa nu este astfel un simplu demon al naturii, ci o divinitate suprem\u0103 integrat\u0103 \u00een centrul politic \u0219i ritual al imperiului. Venerarea sa \u00eembina grija pentru ploaie cu legitimarea st\u0103p\u00e2nirii inca\u0219e, deoarece conduc\u0103torul ap\u0103rea ca mediator \u00eentre oameni \u0219i marile puteri cere\u0219ti. Leg\u0103tura str\u00e2ns\u0103 cu Inti \u0219i Viracocha arat\u0103 c\u0103 inca\u0219ii \u0219i-au conceput divinit\u0103\u021bile supreme ca un ansamblu unitar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23b404c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23b404c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2418c76c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2418c76c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cronicarii ca surs\u0103 \u0219i problema perspectivei cre\u0219tine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ccce282 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ccce282\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac73122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac73122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tot ceea ce se cunoa\u0219te despre Illapa provine din surse redactate dup\u0103 cucerirea spaniol\u0103, iar aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie a transmiterii trebuie avut\u0103 \u00een vedere la orice afirma\u021bie.<\/p><p>Inca\u0219ii nu cuno\u0219teau scrierea \u00een sensul european; administra\u021bia \u0219i par\u021bial cunoa\u0219terea lor erau stocate \u00een <em>quipu<\/em>, \u0219nururile cu noduri, care au o capacitate informativ\u0103 limitat\u0103 pentru con\u021binuturile religioase. Rapoartele scrise au fost redactate de clerici spanioli, func\u021bionari \u0219i c\u00e2\u021biva autori de origine indigen\u0103 sau mixt\u0103.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Printre cei mai importan\u021bi cronicari se num\u0103r\u0103 Pedro de Cieza de Le\u00f3n, Juan de Betanzos, care se c\u0103s\u0103torise cu o femeie inca\u0219\u0103 \u0219i avea astfel un acces privilegiat, iezuitul Bernab\u00e9 Cobo, precum \u0219i mestizul Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, ale c\u0103rui <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> (1609) descriu lumea inca\u0219\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 interioar\u0103, dar cu distan\u021b\u0103 temporal\u0103 \u0219i tendin\u021b\u0103 apologetic\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p>Un grup aparte de surse \u00eel formeaz\u0103 rapoartele despre <em>extirpaci\u00f3n de idolatr\u00edas<\/em>, persecu\u021bia ecleziastic\u0103 a religiei indigene, de exemplu cele ale lui Francisco de \u00c1vila \u0219i Pablo Jos\u00e9 de Arriaga.<\/p><p>Aceste surse sunt indispensabile, dar privesc imaginea lui Illapa printr-o perspectiv\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103. Unii cronicari l-au asimilat Apostolului Iacob, deoarece acesta era asociat \u00een tradi\u021bia spaniol\u0103 cu tunetul \u0219i zgomotul b\u0103t\u0103liilor, ceea ce a generat o contopire cu efecte persistente p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca colonial\u0103. Al\u021bii au \u00eencadrat panteonul andin \u00een scheme europene sau au omis ceea ce li se p\u0103rea ofensator. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, imaginea transmis\u0103 a lui Illapa este astfel \u00eentotdeauna una filtrat\u0103. Cercetarea modern\u0103, ca la Pierre Duviols \u0219i \u00een lucr\u0103rile de istorie religioas\u0103 colonial\u0103 a Anzilor, se str\u0103duitie\u0219te s\u0103 reg\u0103seasc\u0103 imaginea originar\u0103 din spatele filtrului, put\u00e2nd totu\u0219i reconstitui reprezentarea ini\u021bial\u0103 doar par\u021bial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Gary Urton: <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Frank Salomon, George Urioste: <em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em> (1991)<\/span><\/li><li>Inge Bolin: <em>Rituals of Respect<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Molina: <em>Relacion de las fabulas y ritos de los Incas<\/em> (1575)<\/li><li>Pierre Duviols: <em>Cultura andina y represion<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Brian Bauer: <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-illapa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-illapa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen ordinea religioas\u0103 a Imperiului Inca, Illapa era considerat supremul <strong>st\u0103p\u00e2n al vremii<\/strong>, c\u0103ruia \u021b\u0103rani \u0219i p\u0103stori \u00eei adresau cereri pentru ploaie la timp \u0219i protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de grindina devastatoare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Illapa Yllapa zeul tunetului fulger Yacana Santiago Pucamarca Capac Raymi paqo.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-illapa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\">Anzilor \/ Inca<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-illapa-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-illapa-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile de \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Illapa, zeul tunetului, al fulgerului \u0219i al ploii \u00een zona \u00eenalt\u0103 andin\u0103 Illapa (quechua Illapa, \u0219i Yllapa) este zeul tunetului, al fulgerului \u0219i al ploii la inca. Pentru \u021b\u0103r\u0103nimea andin\u0103 din zona \u00eenalt\u0103, el era divinitatea suprem\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, deoarece de precipita\u021biile sale depindea \u00eentreaga cultur\u0103 a porumbului \u0219i a cartofului. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2677,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Illapa zeul tunetului inca","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Illapa - Zeul tunetului la inca \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul vremii","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Illapa, zeul tunetului \u0219i al ploii la inca, era la fel de important pentru agricultura andin\u0103 ca Inti pentru stat. Cu mitologie \u0219i cercetare.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106006","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Illapa - Zeul tunetului la inca \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul vremii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Illapa, zeul tunetului \u0219i al ploii la inca, era la fel de important pentru agricultura andin\u0103 ca Inti pentru stat. 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