{"id":106000,"date":"2026-08-04T16:52:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/khnum-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:52:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:52:47","slug":"khnum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/khnum\/","title":{"rendered":"Khnum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"106000\" class=\"elementor elementor-106000 elementor-2995\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a6c88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87a6c88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30520f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30520f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c15b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cd9c15b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83334eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83334eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khnum, zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7dd867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7dd867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum este un zeu creator egiptean cu cap de berbec, care modeleaz\u0103 oamenii \u0219i for\u021ba lor vital\u0103 pe roata sa de olar. Khnum se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cei mai vechi zei ai Egiptului \u0219i ocup\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia teologic\u0103 pozi\u021bia unui creator cu cap de berbec.<\/p><p>Numele s\u0103u, &#8222;Khnum&#8221; (\u0219i Khenmu, Chnoubis la greci), deriv\u0103 din verbul &#8222;khnem&#8221; (&#8222;a lega, a uni&#8221;) \u0219i trimite la func\u021bia sa de creator care une\u0219te pe roata olarului membrele fiin\u021bei \u00een devenire.<\/p><p>Khnum este zeul olar \u00een sensul precis al cuv\u00e2ntului: pe discul rotativ el nu modeleaz\u0103 doar corpurile omene\u0219ti, ci \u0219i &#8222;Ka&#8221;-ul, d\u0103t\u0103torul de via\u021b\u0103 invizibil, pe care \u00eel prime\u0219te fiecare fiin\u021b\u0103 \u00eenainte de na\u0219tere.<\/p><p>Cel mai important centru al cultului s\u0103u este Elephantine, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Assuan, unde st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te cre\u0219terea inunda\u021biei Nilului; \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> din perioada t\u00e2rzie de la Esna el dob\u00e2nde\u0219te o pozi\u021bie cosmogonic\u0103 central\u0103, ca ziditor autoexistent al tuturor fiin\u021belor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc35793 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc35793\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5cbc82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d5cbc82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/aegypten\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia V\u0103ii Nilului antic, aprox. 3000 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 30 \u00ee.Hr.\">Egipt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec3057 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ec3057\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-353aee3 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"353aee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__353aee3\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20450c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20450c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b145a iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30b145a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3206\" alt=\"Khnum - G\u00f6tter aus der \u00c4gypten-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_khnum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5523e7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5523e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4aa68e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b4aa68e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a15f65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a15f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i genealogie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86afd84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86afd84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cei mai vechi zei egip\u021bieni. Venerarea sa este atestat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din Regatul Vechi; pe Paleta lui Narmer (\u00een jurul anului 3100 \u00ee.Hr.) se afl\u0103 probabil deja un cap de berbec care poate fi atribuit lui Khnum.<\/p><p>\u00cen Textele Piramidelor, Khnum apare ca olarul care &#8222;modeleaz\u0103&#8221; regele defunct \u0219i \u00eel \u00eenzestreaz\u0103 cu membrele sale (Incanta\u021bia 522). Aceast\u0103 atestare timpurie arat\u0103 c\u0103 asocierea lui Khnum cu crearea corpului omenesc era deja pregnant\u0103 \u00een epoca arhaic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bia lui Khnum variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de cultul local. La Elephantine el formeaz\u0103 o triad\u0103 cu Satet (zei\u021ba arca\u0219\u0103) \u0219i Anuket (zei\u021ba gazelelor); Satet \u0219i Anuket sunt r\u00e2urile personificate care elibereaz\u0103 apele Nilului de la primul cataract.<\/p><p>La Esna, so\u021bia lui Khnum este Neith sau Menhit, zei\u021ba r\u0103zboiului cu cap de leoaic\u0103; cu aceasta el \u00eel z\u0103misle\u0219te pe fiul Heka, personificarea for\u021bei magice. La Antinoe, so\u021bia sa era Heqet, zei\u021ba na\u0219terii cu cap de broasc\u0103, care \u00eemplinea al\u0103turi de el actul creator.<\/p>\n<p>Khnum s-a manifestat \u00een patru ipostaze teologice, sistematic elaborate \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> t\u00e2rzie de la Esna. El era Khnum-Re (fiin\u021b\u0103 solar\u0103), Khnum-Shu (fiin\u021b\u0103 a aerului), Khnum-Geb (fiin\u021b\u0103 a p\u0103m\u00e2ntului) \u0219i Khnum-Osiris (fiin\u021b\u0103 a ad\u00e2ncurilor).<\/p><p>Aceste patru ipostaze sunt patru manifest\u0103ri ale aceluia\u0219i Khnum, care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een cursul zilei \u0219i \u00een cele patru p\u0103r\u021bi ale lumii, nu patru zei diferi\u021bi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> din Esna prezint\u0103 aceast\u0103 cvadruplicitate pe pere\u021bii hipostilului s\u0103u drept programul teologic fundamental al ora\u0219ului.<\/p>\n<p>Fiul lui Khnum la Esna este Heka; la Elephantine, \u00een locul fiilor trupe\u0219ti, se afl\u0103 subzeit\u0103\u021bi ale sanctuarului legate de Satet \u0219i Anuket. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> perioadei t\u00e2rzii, Khnum apare \u0219i ca tat\u0103 al regelui: el modeleaz\u0103 pe roata olarului corpul omenesc al regelui \u0219i totodat\u0103 &#8222;Ka&#8221;-ul acestuia, d\u0103t\u0103torul divin de via\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Acest proces este ilustrat prin reliefuri impresionante pe pere\u021bii templului mortuar al Hat\u0219epsutei de la Deir el-Bahari \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Amenhotep al III-lea de la Luxor: Khnum la discul rotativ, fa\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 cu regina, model\u00e2nd chipul regal \u00een devenire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d81d02a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d81d02a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e49182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e49182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri, iconografie \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b4b6d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum este reprezentat \u00een mod tipic ca un b\u0103rbat cu cap de berbec. Berbecul este berbecul l\u00e2nos al rasei nubiene &#8222;ovis longipes&#8221;, ale c\u0103rui coarne lungi \u0219i r\u0103sucite ies orizontal. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 a coarnelor \u00eel distinge pe Khnum de Amun, care are berbecul cu coarne \u00eendreptate \u00een jos (ovis platyura).<\/p><p>Diferen\u021bierea formelor de coarne este instructiv\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece arat\u0103 c\u0103 Khnum este asociat cu rasa ovin\u0103 mai veche, originar\u0103 din sudul Nubiei, \u00een timp ce Amun este identificat cu berbecul mai recent, cu coarne de alt\u0103 form\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Pe cap, Khnum poart\u0103 adesea coroana Atef, uneori coroana \u00eenalt\u0103 cu pene \u0219i disc solar, marc\u00e2nd dimensiunea sa cosmic\u0103. \u00cen textele de la Esna el apare \u0219i cu cele patru capete de berbec ale celor patru ipostaze simultan; aceast\u0103 reprezentare cu patru capete este atestat\u0103 \u00een sanctuarul perioadei t\u00e2rzii \u0219i constituie o specialitate teologic\u0103.<\/p><p>Atributul s\u0103u cel mai important este roata de olar, pe care sunt modelate fiin\u021bele \u00een devenire. Reliefurile de la Esna, Luxor \u0219i Deir el-Bahari \u00eel arat\u0103 pe Khnum la discul rotativ, model\u00e2nd un om mic (sau &#8222;Ka&#8221;-ul copilului \u00een devenire); \u00een fa\u021ba sa se afl\u0103 produsul finit, adesea o figur\u0103 dubl\u0103 (omul \u0219i Ka).<\/p>\n<p>Animalul s\u0103u sacru este berbecul, crescut \u00een temple \u0219i mumificat dup\u0103 moarte. La Elephantine a fost descoperit\u0103 o necropol\u0103 de berbeci, \u00een care erau \u00eengropate sute de animale mumificate. Pe terenul templului din perioada t\u00e2rzie au fost ridicate grajduri speciale pentru berbeci, \u00een care animalele sacre erau \u00eengrijite de preo\u021bi proprii.<\/p>\n<p>Sculpturi ale lui Khnum se p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din Regatul Mijlociu. Din Regatul Nou provine o important\u0103 statuie a lui Amenophis al III-lea cu conexiune la Khnum, p\u0103strat\u0103 la Muzeul din Luxor.<\/p><p>Din perioada t\u00e2rzie s-au p\u0103strat numeroase statuete de bronz de dimensiuni mai mici. Pe pere\u021bii templului din Esna (preponderent din epoca imperial\u0103 roman\u0103) Khnum este reprezentat \u00een \u00eentregul s\u0103u chip de mai multe ori, cu o elaborare detaliat\u0103 a l\u00e2nii berbecului \u0219i a coarnelor r\u0103sucite.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bec7d1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bec7d1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6109c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6109c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135a6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"135a6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai vechi \u0219i mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> al lui Khnum este cel de la Elephantine, insula cea mai sudic\u0103 a v\u0103ii nilotice egiptene, la primul cataract. Aici se afla complexul templului, al c\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din Regatul Vechi \u0219i care a fost extins de mai multe ori \u00een Regatul Mijlociu \u0219i \u00een Regatul Nou.<\/p><p>Misiunea germano-elve\u021bian\u0103, activ\u0103 din anii 1960, a excavat sistematic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> \u0219i a putut documenta construc\u021bii templiere din epoca arhaic\u0103, din Regatul Mijlociu, Regatul Nou \u0219i perioada t\u00e2rzie. Stelele \u0219i inscrip\u021biile arat\u0103 c\u0103 Khnum st\u0103p\u00e2nea la Elephantine &#8222;primul cataract&#8221; \u0219i astfel dirija cre\u0219terea anual\u0103 a inunda\u021biei Nilului.<\/p>\n<p>Al doilea mare centru de cult este Esna (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">anticul<\/span> Latopolis), la aproximativ cincizeci \u0219i cinci de kilometri la sud de Teba, pe malul occidental al Nilului. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> din epoca imperial\u0103 roman\u0103, ast\u0103zi aproape integral conservat (cu s\u0103lile templului construite sub Tiberius, Claudius, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, Traian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius p\u00e2n\u0103 la Septimius Severus), este unul dintre cele mai monumentale sanctuare khnum-ite din religia egiptean\u0103.<\/p><p>Pronaosul (sala de intrare) este acoperit cu imne teologice ample; coloanele poart\u0103 cele patru ipostaze teologice ale lui Khnum \u00een formulare elaborat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen zilele de s\u0103rb\u0103toare ale lui Khnum se oficiau rituri speciale. Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare era &#8222;S\u0103rb\u0103toarea cor\u0103biei olarului&#8221;, la care o mic\u0103 corabie-model purt\u00e2nd imaginea lui Khnum era procesionat\u0103 prin cur\u021bile templului. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritualul<\/span> comemora activitatea creatoare ne\u00eencetat\u0103 a zeului \u0219i reprezenta simbolic repetarea anual\u0103 a crea\u021biei.<\/p><p>La Esna, de Anul Nou se oficia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 fixat\u0103 \u0219i recurent\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">rit<\/span> special al &#8222;victoriei&#8221;, \u00een cadrul c\u0103ruia imaginea \u0219arpelui Apophis era confec\u021bionat\u0103 din cear\u0103 \u0219i ars\u0103, practic\u0103 legat\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de la Esna privind men\u021binerea lumii prin crea\u021bia re\u00eennoit\u0103 zilnic.<\/p>\n<p>Imnele din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Esna, descoperite \u0219i editate de Serge Sauneron (\u0219ase volume, 1962 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1975), se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai profunde texte teologice ale religiei egiptene t\u00e2rzii.<\/p><p>Ele \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe Khnum ca pe cel care era &#8222;\u00eenainte de \u00eenceput&#8221;, care &#8222;a modelat to\u021bi zeii \u0219i oamenii din lut&#8221; \u0219i care &#8222;sufl\u0103 aerul vie\u021bii \u00een n\u0103rile&#8221; fiec\u0103rei fiin\u021be.<\/p><p>Paralela cu Geneza 2, 7 este izbitoare, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesar\u0103 presupunerea unei influen\u021be directe; concordan\u021ba motivic\u0103 trimite la un topos orientalic-antic larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit al crea\u021biei din lut prin suflul divin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3fff7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e3fff7f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1377ed0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1377ed0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuare \u0219i temple importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463eace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"463eace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> de la Elephantine s-a p\u0103strat doar \u00een fragmente, \u00eens\u0103 misiunea germano-elve\u021bian\u0103 a reconstituit \u00een detaliu straturile diferitelor faze de construc\u021bie. Un element important a fost vechiul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc mic \u0219i sacru de depozitare sau de devo\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al lui Khnum din Regatul de Mijloc, construit sub Sesostris I.<\/p><p>\u00cen Regatul Nou, Thutmosis al II-lea \u0219i Hat\u0219epsut au extins <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span>, iar \u00een perioadele t\u00e2rzie \u0219i ptolemaic\u0103 acesta a fost din nou amenajat. Pe insul\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u0219i faimoasa &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn, vertical\u0103, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u0103<\/span> a foametei&#8221; a lui Sesostris al III-lea (epoca ptolemaic\u0103), care trateaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor mitologice transmise despre zeii unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> inunda\u021biei anuale a Nilului \u0219i rolul lui Khnum \u00een acest context.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> de la Esna este principalul monument al cultului lui Khnum \u0219i unul dintre cele mai bine conservate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> egiptene \u00een general. El se afl\u0103 la mai mult de nou\u0103 metri sub nivelul actual al str\u0103zii, fapt care a contribuit la conservarea sa.<\/p><p>Faza de construc\u021bie s-a \u00eentins de la Ptolemeu al VI-lea p\u00e2n\u0103 la Decius, \u00een secolul al treilea al erei cre\u0219tine; astfel, Esna este ultimul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> egiptean care a fost extins \u00eenc\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sala cu coloane (pronaos), cu cele dou\u0103zeci \u0219i patru de coloane ale sale \u0219i tavanul bogat ornamentat, reprezint\u0103 partea cea mai impresionant\u0103 a edificiului. Pe tavane se afl\u0103 reprezent\u0103ri astronomice, pe pere\u021bi imnuri teologice, iar pe coloane reliefuri cu ofrande regale.<\/p>\n<p>Un al treilea loc de cult este Antinoe (Antino\u00f6polis) \u00een Egiptul de Mijloc, care a luat na\u0219tere din ora\u0219ul \u00eentemeiat de Hadrian \u00een onoarea lui Antinous. Aici Khnum era venerat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Heqet, zei\u021b\u0103 a na\u0219terii. Vestigiile arheologice sunt fragmentare, \u00eens\u0103 numeroase inscrip\u021bii \u0219i stele atest\u0103 importan\u021ba cultului \u00een epoca imperial\u0103 roman\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen regiunea nubian\u0103, la sud de primul cataract, se afla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Bigge, insula \u00eenvecinat\u0103 cu Philae care \u00eei era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Consacrat prin act religios \u0219i astfel sustras din sfera cotidianului.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat\u0103<\/span>; \u0219i acolo Khnum juca un rol important ca zeu al apelor.<\/p>\n<p>Alte capele ale lui Khnum se afl\u0103 la Karnak (\u00een curtea templului lui Amon-Ra), la Deir el-Bahari (\u00een templul mortuar al Hat\u0219epsutei), la Luxor (\u00een camera na\u0219terii a lui Amenhotep al III-lea), la Edfu (\u00een casa na\u0219terii lui Horus, mammisi) \u0219i \u00een numeroase sanctuare mai mici de-a lungul v\u0103ii Nilului.<\/p><p>\u00cen toate templele mortuare rameside, Khnum este reprezentat ca creator al Ka-ului regal; aceste reliefuri constituie cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 pentru iconografia actului crea\u021biei pe roata olarului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cec8bc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cec8bc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598bdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"598bdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2719f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2719f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitul central al lui Khnum este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune tradi\u021bional\u0103 despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> crea\u021biei omului pe roata olarului. \u00cen imnurile de la Esna, acest act este descris \u00een detaliu: Khnum ia lut de pe malul Nilului, modeleaz\u0103 din acesta corpul omului \u00een devenire, des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219e\u0219te fiecare membru cu grij\u0103, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 buzele, limba \u0219i auzul.<\/p><p>Apoi ia suflarea divin\u0103 din m\u00e2na zei\u021bei Heqet (sau, \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 variant\u0103, din propria sa m\u00e2n\u0103) \u0219i o sufl\u0103 \u00een n\u0103rile f\u0103pturii; prin aceast\u0103 suflare omul este \u00eensufle\u021bit. Na\u0219terea fiec\u0103rui copil reprezint\u0103 repetarea acestui act primordial de crea\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> foametei de pe insula Sehel, probabil o crea\u021bie ptolemaic\u0103 cu retroproiec\u021bie \u00een mileniul al treilea \u00eenaintea erei noastre, descrie o secet\u0103 de \u0219apte ani sub regele Djoser, provocat\u0103 de Khnum deoarece <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> s\u0103u fusese neglijat.<\/p><p>Regele s-a adresat lui Khnum \u00eentr-un vis, zeul s-a ar\u0103tat \u0219i a promis restabilirea inunda\u021biei Nilului, cu condi\u021bia ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> s\u0103u s\u0103 fie reconstruit \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> s\u0103 fie \u00eenzestrat cu p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103, a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u0103<\/span> a servit drept temei juridic pentru privilegiile templului lui Khnum de la Elephantine \u0219i ilustreaz\u0103 totodat\u0103 concep\u021bia teologic\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia inunda\u021bia Nilului este guvernat\u0103 de Khnum.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune tradi\u021bional\u0103 despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> na\u0219terii regale, Khnum este cel care transform\u0103 pe roata olarului tat\u0103l divin (Amun-Re) \u00een embrionul regal \u00een devenire. Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> este reprezentat \u00een detaliu \u00een imagini \u00een &#8222;camerele na\u0219terii&#8221; (mammisi) din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> ptolemaice de la Edfu, Dendara \u0219i Philae.<\/p><p>\u00cen camera na\u0219terii a lui Hatshepsut de la Deir el-Bahari se p\u0103streaz\u0103 cea mai veche astfel de reprezentare: Khnum la roat\u0103, Heqet al\u0103turi, copilul regal \u00een devenire \u0219i Ka-ul s\u0103u ca figur\u0103 dubl\u0103. Mesajul teologic este clar: regele este modelat din substan\u021b\u0103 divin\u0103 de c\u0103tre Khnum \u0219i Amun-Re \u00eempreun\u0103, dincolo de simpla z\u0103mislire de c\u0103tre p\u0103rin\u021bii s\u0103i.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen imnurile de la Esna se afl\u0103 \u0219i o nara\u021biune cosmogonic\u0103 \u00een care Khnum este prezentat drept creator al tuturor fiin\u021belor. Se spune c\u0103 a modelat oamenii de toate culorile pielii din diferite sorturi de lut, animalele din alte materiale, plantele din substan\u021be radiculare.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 teologie a crea\u021biei extins\u0103 este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece explic\u0103 teologic diversitatea etnic\u0103 a omenirii f\u0103r\u0103 a o ierarhiza.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e8e9d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e8e9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b6d04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b6d04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83b11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f83b11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum se afl\u0103 \u00een rela\u021bii complexe cu al\u021bi zei egip\u021bieni. Cu Re formeaz\u0103 forma dubl\u0103 Khnum-Re, care \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> perioadei t\u00e2rzii accentueaz\u0103 elementul creator al zeului solar.<\/p><p>Cu Amun se contope\u0219te uneori \u00een Amun-Khnum, mai ales la Teba; cu Ptah, zeul creator memphit, exist\u0103 o complementaritate filozofic\u0103: Ptah g\u00e2nde\u0219te \u0219i planific\u0103, Khnum modeleaz\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenf\u0103ptuie\u0219te; cu Atum, creatorul heliopolitan, \u00eemparte func\u021bia de zeu primordial, cu deosebirea c\u0103 Atum creeaz\u0103 prin autogenerare, iar Khnum prin munc\u0103 de atelier.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Satet \u0219i Anuket formeaz\u0103 Triada de la Elephantine. Satet este arca\u0219a care &#8222;strope\u0219te&#8221; apele inunda\u021biei, Anuket personificarea sectorului s\u0103lbatic al r\u00e2ului de sub cataract. Ambele zei\u021be sunt venerate \u00eempreun\u0103 cu el.<\/p><p>Cu Neith la Esna, Khnum \u00eemparte func\u021bia creatoare: Neith \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 &#8222;c\u00e2nd&#8221;-ul (timp, mi\u0219care), Khnum &#8222;ce&#8221;-ul (form\u0103, materie) al crea\u021biei. Cu Heqet, zei\u021ba na\u0219terii cu chip de broasc\u0103, Khnum \u00eenf\u0103ptuie\u0219te actul na\u0219terii fiec\u0103rui om.<\/p>\n<p>Cu faraonul exist\u0103 o rela\u021bie special\u0103. Khnum este adev\u0103ratul creator trupesc al corpului regal \u0219i al Ka-ului regal. La fiecare schimbare de rege, noul conduc\u0103tor este reprezentat ca modelat de Khnum, \u00eensufle\u021bit cu suflul divin \u0219i \u00eenzestrat cu demnitatea regal\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> face din na\u0219terea regal\u0103 un eveniment de \u00eenalt\u0103 valoare teologic\u0103, celebrat pe larg \u00een reliefurile templelor din mammisi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0250402 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0250402\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c6120e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1c6120e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94c292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94c292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea<\/span> greco-roman\u0103, Khnum a fost identificat cu Cronos cel grec, deoarece ambii erau considera\u021bi zei creatori vechi. Plutarh (&#8222;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 56) \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Khnum drept &#8222;olarul zeilor&#8221;. Identificarea cu &#8222;Demiurgul&#8221; hermetic este atestat\u0103 \u00een textele hermetice t\u00e2rzii \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Hibis din oaza Kharga.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magia<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichit\u0103\u021bii t\u00e2rzii<\/span> cunoa\u0219te un &#8222;Chnoubis&#8221;, un \u0219arpe cu cap de leu \u0219i \u0219apte raze, care apare pe amulete terapeutice mai ales \u00eempotriva afec\u021biunilor stomacale; el este legat de Khnum prin nume \u0219i iconografie, dar s-a dezvoltat ca o entitate vindec\u0103toare de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>Odat\u0103 cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul cultului templier p\u0103g\u00e2n, \u00een secolele al cincilea \u0219i al \u0219aselea ale erei cre\u0219tine, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> viu al lui Khnum a disp\u0103rut. Tradi\u021bia copt\u0103 cuno\u0219tea reflexe \u00een reprezentarea lui Dumnezeu ca ziditor al omului din p\u0103m\u00e2nt, legat\u0103 de Geneza 2, 7; dac\u0103 aici supravie\u021buie\u0219te o tradi\u021bie direct\u0103 a lui Khnum r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat.<\/p><p>\u00cen Evul Mediu, c\u0103l\u0103torii arabi au relatat despre ruinele templelor abandonate de la Esna \u0219i Elephantine; amintirea lui Khnum ca zeu olar s-a p\u0103strat sporadic \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorul<\/span> copt.<\/p>\n<p>Redescoperirea modern\u0103 a cultului lui Khnum \u00eencepe cu primele publica\u021bii ale lui Champollion despre Esna, urmat\u0103 de s\u0103p\u0103turile germano-elve\u021biene de la Elephantine din anii 1960. Lucrarea de editare a textelor de la Esna realizat\u0103 de Sauneron (1962 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1975) este una dintre cele mai riguroase cercet\u0103ri istorico-religioase ale unui templu egiptean.<\/p><p>Erik Hornung a analizat pozi\u021bia lui Khnum \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> egiptean\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Conceptions of God&#8221; \u0219i \u00een seria &#8222;Valea Regilor&#8221;. \u00cen cercetarea recent\u0103 a lui Daniel von Recklinghausen \u0219i Christian Leitz, Khnum a fost elaborat \u00een detaliu ca exemplu de divinitate principal\u0103 a teologiei t\u00e2rzii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8af2d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b8af2d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c810715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c810715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6febeab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6febeab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khnum apar\u021bine categoriei zeilor olari care, \u00een numeroase religii, realizeaz\u0103 crearea omului din lut.<\/p><p>Reprezent\u0103ri comparabile se reg\u0103sesc la sumerianul Enki, care modeleaz\u0103 omul din lut, \u0219i \u00een nara\u021biunea crea\u021biei ebraice (Geneza 2, 7). Acolo, Adam este modelat din p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i \u00eensufle\u021bit prin suflul lui Dumnezeu. \u00cen mitul grecesc al lui Prometeu, oamenii sunt de asemenea modela\u021bi din lut; vedic Tva\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5b faure\u0219te fiin\u021bele vii. \u00cen mitul chinezesc al lui N\u00fcwa, creatoarea modeleaz\u0103 oamenii din lut galben.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 convergen\u021b\u0103 ilustreaz\u0103 un topos universal, care apare \u00een numeroase culturi \u00een mod independent sau prin difuziune.<\/p>\n<p>Particularitatea teologic\u0103 a lui Khnum const\u0103 \u00een concep\u021bia diferen\u021biat\u0103 a &#8222;Ka&#8221;-ului, for\u021ba vital\u0103 care este modelat\u0103 \u0219i \u00eensufle\u021bit\u0103 \u00een paralel cu corpul. Aceast\u0103 reprezentare egiptean\u0103 este izbitoare din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece furnizeaz\u0103 un concept clar al unei componente de via\u021b\u0103 nemuritoare, legat\u0103 de corp, dar capabil\u0103 \u0219i de o existen\u021b\u0103 independent\u0103.<\/p><p>Reprezentarea greac\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a Psyche-ei \u0219i reprezentarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 a sufletului prezint\u0103 similitudini structurale, f\u0103r\u0103 a deriva direct din conceptul Khnum-Ka.<\/p>\n<p>Jan Assmann a identificat, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre &#8222;topossul creator&#8221; egiptean, Khnum ca exemplu de teologie a crea\u021biei de tip &#8222;me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103resc&#8221;. \u00cen timp ce tradi\u021bia heliopolean\u0103 \u00eel descrie pe Atum ca autogenerator, iar tradi\u021bia memphit\u0103 \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe Ptah ca creator contemplativ, tradi\u021bia khnumit\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 creatorul ca olar \u0219i me\u0219ter.<\/p><p>Aceste trei concepte lumineaz\u0103 diferite aspecte ale aceleia\u0219i activit\u0103\u021bi creatoare divine, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi \u00een concuren\u021b\u0103. Erik Hornung a subliniat \u00een &#8222;Der Eine und die Vielen&#8221; c\u0103 religia egiptean\u0103, \u00een locul unui creator unic, cunoa\u0219te numeroase manifest\u0103ri locale, a c\u0103ror diversitate teologic\u0103 alc\u0103tuie\u0219te profunzimea religioas\u0103 a culturii egiptene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce9b335 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce9b335\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f60b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f60b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-544522d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"544522d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Textele Piramidelor, Spusele 522 \u0219i 660 (Khnum ca modelator). Inscrip\u021biile templului din Esna, edi\u021bie Serge Sauneron, \u0219ase volume, Le Caire 1962 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1975. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stela<\/span> Foametei de la Sehel, edi\u021bie Paul Barguet. Camera na\u0219terilor de la Deir el-Bahari, edi\u021bie \u00c9douard Naville. Reliefurile mammisi de la Dendara \u0219i Edfu, edi\u021bie Fran\u00e7ois Daumas.<\/p><p>Strabon, &#8222;Geographika&#8221; XVII, 1, 47 (Elephantine); Plutarh, &#8222;De Iside et Osiride&#8221; 56. Henri Frankfort, &#8222;Kingship and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, &#8222;Der Eine und die Vielen&#8221;, Darmstadt 1971. Jan Assmann, &#8222;\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur&#8221;, Stuttgart 1984. Christian Leitz (Hrsg.), &#8222;Lexikon der \u00e4gyptischen G\u00f6tter und G\u00f6tterbezeichnungen&#8221;, Leuven 2002 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2003.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Khnum, zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec Khnum este un zeu creator egiptean cu cap de berbec, care modeleaz\u0103 oamenii \u0219i for\u021ba lor vital\u0103 pe roata sa de olar. Khnum se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cei mai vechi zei ai Egiptului \u0219i ocup\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia teologic\u0103 pozi\u021bia unui creator cu cap de berbec. Numele s\u0103u, &#8222;Khnum&#8221; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3206,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khnum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khnum - Zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khnum este zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec, care modeleaz\u0103 oamenii pe roata olarului. Izvorul Nilului, templul din Elephantine - mit.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-106000","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khnum - Zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khnum este zeul creator egiptean cu cap de berbec, care modeleaz\u0103 oamenii pe roata olarului. 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