{"id":105992,"date":"2026-08-04T16:50:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tunkasila-bunicul-ceresc-al-lakota\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:51:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:51:10","slug":"tunkasila","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tunkasila\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunkasila &#8211; Bunicul Ceresc al Lakota"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105992\" class=\"elementor elementor-105992 elementor-2587\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunkasila, Bunicul, fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 \u0219i form\u0103 de adresare a Sacrului \u00een tradi\u021bia Lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila (lakota <em>Thunkasila<\/em>, Bunic) este forma reveren\u021bioas\u0103 de adresare a Sacrului \u00een tradi\u021bia Lakota. Este utilizat\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 pentru <a href=\"\/ro\/wakan-tanka\/\">Wakan Tanka<\/a>, pentru cei Patru Str\u0103mo\u0219i ai Cerului \u0219i pentru persoana personificat\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creator al tradi\u021biei Native American.\">Creator<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-indigene-nord-americane\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Form\u0103 de adresare la Bunic.\">Adresare la Bunic<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tunkasilag-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2706\" alt=\"Tunkasila Grossvater Himmel - G\u00f6tter aus der Native-american-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_tunkasila-grossvater-himmel.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een religia Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunkasila nu este, \u00een sistemul religios Lakota, o entitate autonom\u0103, ci o form\u0103 de adresare cu importan\u021b\u0103 teologic\u0103. Cuv\u00e2ntul <em>tunkasila<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu <em>bunic<\/em> \u0219i este folosit \u00een limbajul cotidian at\u00e2t pentru bunicul biologic, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru rudele masculine mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103. \u00cen discursul religios, forma de adresare este extins\u0103 asupra sacrului, stabilind astfel o rela\u021bie de rudenie cu acesta.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, conceptul Tunkasila reprezint\u0103 un element central al <em>teologiei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> \u00eenrudirii<\/em> Lakota. Rug\u0103ciunile Lakota nu configureaz\u0103 sacrul ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 suprem\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 \u0219i distant\u0103, ci ca o persoan\u0103 apropiat\u0103 de familie, cu care se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie de rudenie.<\/p><p>Acest element a fost eviden\u021biat \u00een mod repetat de Joseph Epes Brown, Vine Deloria Jr. \u0219i teologa Lakota Doris Leader Charge ca diferen\u021b\u0103 central\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de tradi\u021bia monoteismelor occidentale.<\/p><p>Practica rug\u0103ciunii Lakota con\u021bine dou\u0103 forme centrale de adresare a \u00eenrudirii: <em>Tunkasila<\/em> (Bunic) pentru fiin\u021bele masculine \u0219i \u00een special pentru fiin\u021bele cere\u0219ti superioare, <em>Unci<\/em> (Bunic\u0103) pentru fiin\u021bele feminine \u0219i \u00een special pentru fiin\u021bele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti (vezi \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/spider-grandmother\/\">Spider Grandmother<\/a>). Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 adresare reflect\u0103 structura bipolar-sexuat\u0103 a sacrului Lakota \u0219i constituie un element teologic de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia Tunkasila se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-un raport complementar cu tradi\u021bia feminin\u0103 <em>Unci<\/em>. Forma de adresare a bunicii se aplic\u0103 \u00een special fiin\u021belor p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti, tradi\u021biei Spider Grandmother a Lakota occidentali \u0219i numinozit\u0103\u021bii feminine superioare \u00een general.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> bipolar-sexuat\u0103 este o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 structural\u0103 central\u0103 a religiei Lakota, care o distinge de divinit\u0103\u021bile principale monotype-sexual ale religiilor abrahamice. Joseph Epes Brown \u0219i Severt Young Bear au descris aceast\u0103 bipolaritate sexuat\u0103 ca o complementaritate de rang egal, nu ca o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a sexelor ierarhic ordonat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul lakota <em>thunkasila<\/em> este compus din <em>thunka<\/em> (tulpin\u0103) \u0219i <em>sila<\/em> (marker de rudenie pentru str\u0103mo\u0219ii masculini). Aceasta d\u0103, la propriu, <em>rud\u0103 masculin\u0103 de neam<\/em> sau <em>str\u0103mo\u0219 masculin<\/em>. Aplicat Sacrului, termenul stabile\u0219te reprezentarea unei rela\u021bii de familie transgenera\u021bionale: Sacrul este o rud\u0103 de rang superior, nu o instan\u021b\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103.<\/p><p>Terminologia de rudenie a Lakota este \u00een ansamblu foarte complex\u0103. Spre deosebire de engleza american\u0103 modern\u0103, care are un singur termen pentru bunicul biologic, lakota cunoa\u0219te termeni diferi\u021bi pentru diferite clase de bunici (de exemplu, <em>tunkasila<\/em> pentru bunicul patern \u0219i <em>kakaala<\/em> pentru bunicul matern).<\/p><p>Aplicarea formei mai generale <em>tunkasila<\/em> asupra Sacrului generalizeaz\u0103 rela\u021bia cu bunicul \u0219i o transform\u0103 \u00eentr-o figur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 supra-biologic\u0103.<\/p><p>O observa\u021bie teologic\u0103 important\u0103 este c\u0103 <em>tunkasila<\/em> este adesea folosit la forma de plural <em>tunkasilas<\/em> sau <em>tunkasilapi<\/em>, desemn\u00e2nd <em>Bunicii<\/em>. \u00cen aceast\u0103 form\u0103 plural\u0103, adresarea se refer\u0103 \u00eendeosebi la <em>Cei Patru Bunici<\/em>, Cele Patru Direc\u021bii Cardinale, concepu\u021bi ca fiin\u021be wakan personificate ce reprezint\u0103 structur\u0103rile cosmice ale lumii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cei Patru Bunici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen aplicarea teologic\u0103 mai special\u0103, <em>Tunkasila<\/em>, respectiv pluralul <em>Tunkasilas<\/em>, desemneaz\u0103 <em>Cei Patru Bunici ai Direc\u021biilor Cardinale<\/em>. Ace\u0219tia sunt: <em>Wiyohpeyata<\/em> (Vest, Tunet), <em>Waziyata<\/em> (Nord, Bizon, For\u021b\u0103), <em>Wiyohinyanpata<\/em> (Est, Leb\u0103da Alb\u0103, Ra\u021biune) \u0219i <em>Itokagata<\/em> (Sud, Cocorul, Cre\u0219terea Vie\u021bii).<\/p><p>Fiec\u0103ruia dintre cei Patru \u00eei sunt atribuite o culoare (Negru, Ro\u0219u, Galben, Alb), un animal wakan \u0219i o func\u021bie specific\u0103 \u00een ordinea cosmic\u0103.<\/p><p>Cei Patru Bunici sunt invoca\u021bi explicit la \u00eenceputul fiec\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> Lakota.<\/p><p>Aceasta se realizeaz\u0103 prin prezentarea pipei sacre <em>chanunpa<\/em> \u00een toate Cele Patru Direc\u021bii Cardinale, prin aruncarea unor mici firimituri de tutun \u00een toate Cele Patru Direc\u021bii, sau prin invocarea verbal\u0103 cu formula standard <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em> (Tuturor rudelor mele), care \u00eei include \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> pe to\u021bi cei \u00eenrudi\u021bi, vizibili \u0219i invizibili.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 a Celor Patru Direc\u021bii constituie structura organizatoare fundamental\u0103 a \u00eentregii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> Lakota. Ea determin\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciunea<\/span>, topografia ritual\u0103 a lodgei de transpira\u021bie (orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Cele Patru Direc\u021bii), structurarea temporal\u0103 a marilor ritualuri (patru zile de Dansul Soarelui, patru nop\u021bi de Vision Quest) \u0219i structurarea simbolic\u0103 a practicii de vindecare.<\/p><p>Joseph Epes Brown a descris pe larg, \u00een <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em>, importan\u021ba central\u0103 a structurii Celor Patru Direc\u021bii.<\/p><p>Simbolistica cromatic\u0103 a Celor Patru Bunici difer\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de tradi\u021bia rezerva\u021biei. \u00cen varianta cea mai frecvent\u0103, transmis\u0103 \u00een textele Black Elk, Vestul este negru, Nordul ro\u0219u, Estul galben, Sudul alb. \u00cen alte tradi\u021bii Lakota, Vestul este ro\u0219u, Nordul alb, Estul galben, Sudul negru.<\/p><p>Aceste variante regionale au fost observate \u00een mod repetat \u00een cercetarea etnologic\u0103 \u0219i reflect\u0103 diversitatea genealogic\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Lakota. James Walker a documentat, \u00een textele Sword, o structurare proprie, care se abate \u00een multe detalii \u0219i trebuie considerat\u0103 o linie alternativ\u0103 principal\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Lakota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie \u00een rug\u0103ciune<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Func\u021bia adres\u0103rii Tunkasila \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciunea<\/span> Lakota este profund nuan\u021bat\u0103. O formul\u0103 standard de rug\u0103ciune Lakota \u00eencepe cu <em>Tunkasila Wakan Tanka, unsi unkila<\/em> (Bunic, Marele Sf\u00e2nt, ai mil\u0103 de noi), prin care Sacrul este invocat printr-o adresare direct\u0103 de rudenie.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 adresare stabile\u0219te o apropiere emo\u021bional\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Sacru, care \u00een tradi\u021bia occidental\u0103 corespunde mai degrab\u0103 adres\u0103rii la Tat\u0103 din rug\u0103ciunea cre\u0219tin\u0103 (<em>Tat\u0103l nostru<\/em>).<\/p><p>Fa\u021b\u0103 de modelul Tat\u0103lui-P\u0103rinte, adresarea la Bunic se distinge printr-un element suplimentar: distan\u021ba genera\u021bional\u0103. Bunicul se afl\u0103 cu o genera\u021bie mai departe dec\u00e2t educatorul direct (care ar fi tat\u0103l); el este demn, \u00een\u021belept, \u00eendrum\u0103tor, dar nu intervine direct. Aceast\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103 genera\u021bional\u0103 permite o apropiere respectuoas\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 directivitate autoritar\u0103, ceea ce caracterizeaz\u0103 tonalitatea specific\u0103 a rug\u0103ciunii Lakota.<\/p><p>Un element important al rug\u0103ciunii Lakota este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> principalelor fiin\u021be wakan cu supranumele lor specifice de Tunkasila: <em>Wakinyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Bunicul Tunetului, vezi <a href=\"\/ro\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), <em>Tatanka Tunkasila<\/em> (Bunicul Bizonului), <em>Inyan Tunkasila<\/em> (Bunicul Pietrei). Aceste multiple adres\u0103ri Tunkasila arat\u0103 c\u0103 adresarea la Bunic poate fi aplicat\u0103 flexibil tuturor fiin\u021belor wakan de rang superior.<\/p><p>Formula <em>Mitakuye Oyasin<\/em>, cu care se \u00eencheie orice act de rug\u0103ciune Lakota, reprezint\u0103 o afirma\u021bie teologic\u0103 central\u0103. Ea \u00eenseamn\u0103 la propriu <em>Tuturor rudelor mele<\/em> \u0219i \u00eei include \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, al\u0103turi de rudele umane din familie, \u0219i rudele wakan, rudele animale, rudele vegetale \u0219i rudele minerale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 extindere radical\u0103 a conceptului de rudenie asupra \u00eentregului inventar cosmic este o construc\u021bie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologic\u0103<\/span> genuin\u0103 lakot\u0103 \u0219i reprezint\u0103 una dintre tr\u0103s\u0103turile remarcabile ale religiei Lakota \u00een compara\u021bie cu tradi\u021biile monoteiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aplicare \u00een ritualuri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Invocarea Tunkasila este prezent\u0103 \u00een \u00eentregul proces ritual al tradi\u021biei Lakota. \u00cen <em>Inipi<\/em> (coliba de transpira\u021bie) este invocat\u0103 de mai multe ori la \u00eenceputul fiec\u0103reia dintre cele patru faze de \u00eendurare. \u00cen <em>Hanblechiyapi<\/em> (c\u0103utarea viziunii) reprezint\u0103 elementul de rug\u0103ciune repetat necontenit al vegheii solitare. \u00cen <em>Wiwanyag Wachipi<\/em> (dansul soarelui) este invocat\u0103 \u00een fiecare dintre cele patru zile cu accentu\u0103ri diferite.<\/p><p>O important\u0103 aplica\u021bie ritual\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciunea<\/span> <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em>, rug\u0103ciunea P\u0103s\u0103rii Sacre, \u00een care Pas\u0103rea Sacr\u0103 (adesea vulturul) este invocat\u0103 ca sol \u00eentre om \u0219i Tunkasila.<\/p><p>Se spune c\u0103 vulturul poart\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciunea<\/span> omului c\u0103tre Bunicul din ceruri \u0219i aduce \u00eenapoi r\u0103spunsul. Aceast\u0103 reprezentare a p\u0103s\u0103rii-sol este un element comun al numeroaselor religii indigene americane \u0219i constituie un element important al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> mediatoare dintre om \u0219i sacru.<\/p><p>\u00cen mi\u0219c\u0103rile indigene moderne, \u00een special \u00een adun\u0103rile pan-indiene (precum mi\u0219carea American Indian Movement \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1970), invocarea Tunkasila a devenit una dintre cele mai cunoscute forme de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span> din religiile indienilor nord-americani. Este utilizat\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een ceremoniile publice ale dansului soarelui, \u00een adun\u0103rile activi\u0219tilor AIM \u0219i \u00een spiritualitatea indian\u0103 contemporan\u0103.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia penelor de vultur <em>Cetan Wakan<\/em> este reglementat\u0103 \u00een detaliu. Doar anumite specii de vultur, vulturul de munte (<em>wanblee<\/em>) \u0219i nu buzardul obi\u0219nuit, furnizeaz\u0103 penele sacre. Aceste pene sunt schimbate exclusiv \u00een form\u0103 ritual\u0103; nu pot fi cump\u0103rate sau v\u00e2ndute. Ele trebuie predate \u00een mod <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> sau dob\u00e2ndite printr-o viziune.<\/p><p>Legea federal\u0103 <em>Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act<\/em> (1940, amendat\u0103 \u00een mai multe r\u00e2nduri) permite exclusiv membrilor triburilor indigene recunoscute s\u0103 de\u021bin\u0103 pene de vultur \u00een scopuri rituale; orice ucidere a vulturilor este strict reglementat\u0103. Acest cadru juridic de protec\u021bie reprezint\u0103 un exemplu unic de recunoa\u0219tere statal\u0103 a religiozit\u0103\u021bii indigene \u00een dreptul american.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practica de protec\u021bie \u0219i ac\u021biunea apotropaic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Practica legat\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u00een raport cu Tunkasila este practica general\u0103 a tradi\u021biei de rug\u0103ciune Lakota. Cel aflat \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie de primejdie, boal\u0103, amenin\u021bare sau spirite malefice, \u00eel invoc\u0103 pe Bunic, adesea cu formula standard <em>Tunkasila, unsi unkila<\/em>. Aceasta se face prin fumarea pipei sacre, prin t\u0103m\u00e2ierea cu salvie de bizon sau iarb\u0103 dulce, sau prin simpla invocare verbal\u0103.<\/p><p>O practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie specific\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> <em>Naming Ceremony<\/em>, \u00een care un copil sau un adult prime\u0219te un nume sacru Lakota. Acest nume este aflat printr-o viziune sau prin intermediul unui vindec\u0103tor cu experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i este conferit printr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> ampl\u0103 a Celor Patru Tunkasilas \u0219i a Tunkasila-Wakan-Tanka.<\/p><p>Numele sacru \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te copilul sau adultul pe tot parcursul vie\u021bii \u0219i este considerat cea mai important\u0103 protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spiritelor malefice \u0219i a accidentelor.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie important\u0103 este purtarea unor mici pene de vultur (<em>wanblee wapaha<\/em>) ca podoab\u0103 cu pene de vultur, pe care o pot purta numai persoanele ini\u021biate cu merit recunoscut.<\/p><p>Pana de vultur simbolizeaz\u0103 leg\u0103tura cu Bunicul din Cer \u0219i este considerat\u0103 o protec\u021bie apotropaic\u0103 eficace. \u00cen practica tradi\u021bional\u0103 Lakota, acordarea unei pene de vultur era \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de o ceremonie ritual\u0103 complex\u0103, care continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie practicat\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een unele comunit\u0103\u021bi de pe rezerva\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adresarea Sacrului prin rudenie este un fenomen religios-istoric r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit. Structural comparabile sunt adresarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 <em>Tat\u0103l nostru<\/em> (cu Tat\u0103 \u00een loc de Bunic), adresarea iudaic\u0103 <em>Avinu Malkenu<\/em> (Tat\u0103l nostru, Regele nostru) \u0219i adresarea islamic\u0103 <em>Rabbana<\/em> (Domnul nostru).<\/p><p>Important este \u00eens\u0103 specificul cultural-istoric al tradi\u021biei Lakota: adresarea se face Bunicului \u0219i nu Tat\u0103lui; ea respect\u0103 o distan\u021b\u0103 genera\u021bional\u0103 care nu este proprie adres\u0103rii occidentale la Tat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 a fost subliniat\u0103 \u00een mod repetat de Vine Deloria Jr. ca element central al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Lakota, care se opune unei identific\u0103ri precipitate cu Dumnezeu-Tat\u0103l cre\u0219tin.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul tradi\u021biilor indienilor americani, adresarea la Bunic este larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103. La triburile de limb\u0103 algonquian\u0103, formula este <em>Gitchi Manitou<\/em> (Marele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spirit<\/span>), cu o conota\u021bie de distan\u021b\u0103 genera\u021bional\u0103 similar\u0103.<\/p><p>La Cherokee, Choctaw, Cheyenne \u0219i Crow exist\u0103 fiecare propriile adres\u0103ri la Bunic, structural comparabile. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea pan-indian\u0103 a lui <em>Tunkasila<\/em> \u00een mi\u0219carea modern\u0103 Pan-Indian\u0103 a generalizat utilizarea specific lakot\u0103 \u0219i a f\u0103cut-o par\u021bial mai pu\u021bin distinct\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul tradi\u021biei mai largi a indienilor din C\u00e2mpii, adresarea la Bunic la Cheyenne este deosebit de apropiat\u0103. Cheyenne \u00eel invoc\u0103 pe zeul suprem <em>Maheo<\/em> ca <em>Old Man<\/em> \u0219i uneori ca <em>Bunic<\/em>. La Crow, adresarea corespunz\u0103toare se nume\u0219te <em>Akbatatdia<\/em>, Transmitatorul Sacru, care se afl\u0103 de asemenea \u00eentr-o conota\u021bie de bunic.<\/p><p>Convergen\u021ba structural\u0103 a acestor teologii ale Bunicului din C\u00e2mpii sugereaz\u0103 o \u00eenrudire cultural-istoric\u0103, care s-a dezvoltat probabil \u00een cadrul str\u00e2nselor rela\u021bii inter-tribale din regiunea C\u00e2mpiilor \u00een secolele XVII \u0219i XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u021bie actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adresarea Tunkasila este vie \u0219i ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 \u00een practica Lakota de ast\u0103zi \u0219i este folosit\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile de pe rezerva\u021bii \u0219i \u00een diaspora lakot\u0103 urban\u0103 \u00een cre\u0219tere. Este unul dintre pu\u021binele elemente ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Lakota traduse direct \u00een spa\u021biul lingvistic anglo-american, ca <em>Grandfather<\/em>, devenind astfel accesibile \u0219i vorbitorilor non-lakota.<\/p><p>\u00cen cercetarea academic\u0103, Vine Deloria Jr., Joseph Epes Brown, \u00c5ke Hultkrantz, Raymond DeMallie \u0219i teologa lakota Doris Leader Charge au descris sistematic tradi\u021bia Tunkasila. Miezul teologic central, rela\u021bia de rudenie cu Sacrul, a fost recunoscut ca o contribu\u021bie important\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> indigene americane la istoria global\u0103 a religiilor.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, adresarea Tunkasila reprezint\u0103 un exemplu important al autonomiei religiozit\u0103\u021bii indigene americane fa\u021b\u0103 de categoriile religioase europene preformate.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de simpla concep\u021bie a <em>Great Spirit<\/em> din literatura popular\u0103 despre indieni, care reprezint\u0103 o lectur\u0103 cre\u0219tinizant\u0103 simplificat\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Lakota, adresarea Tunkasila transmite o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> a rudeniei specific lakot\u0103, care merit\u0103 aten\u021bie proprie \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba comparat\u0103 a religiilor<\/span>. Referin\u021ba iWell Guard la tradi\u021bia Lakota descrie aceste date din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 promisiuni de efect sau recomand\u0103ri spirituale.<\/p><p>O linie de cercetare important\u0103 din perioada recent\u0103 se ocup\u0103 cu \u00eentrebarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> limbii Lakota. Adresarea Tunkasila este \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat\u0103 \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 lakot\u0103 cuprinz\u0103toare, ale c\u0103rei structuri gramaticale (sistemul verbal, terminologia de rudenie, concep\u021biile Wakan) poart\u0103 con\u021binuturile religioase.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 limba lakot\u0103 se pierde, iar ea se afl\u0103 \u00een pericol considerabil din cauza pierderii limbii de c\u0103tre genera\u021biile tinere, se pierde \u0219i profunzimea teologic\u0103 genuin\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Tunkasila. Programele de revitalizare a limbii lakota \u00een \u0219colile de pe rezerva\u021bii, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 1990, reprezint\u0103 prin urmare \u0219i o preocupare religios-teologic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 \u0219i surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos listeaz\u0103 lucr\u0103ri centrale ale religiei Lakota \u0219i ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021bei comparative a religiilor<\/span> referitoare la tradi\u021bia Tunkasila.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp289d6f52 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp289d6f52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d341ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d341ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila ca form\u0103 de adresare \u00een rug\u0103ciunea Lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293703eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293703eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225c40b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225c40b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Denumirea <em>T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila<\/em>, literal Bunic, este \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 de Lakota mai pu\u021bin ca un nume propriu al unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span> delimitate, c\u00e2t ca o adresare reveren\u021bioas\u0103 folosit\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>.<\/p><p>Ea poate face referire la <em>Wak\u021f\u00e1\u014b T\u021f\u00e1\u014bka<\/em>, marele mister sacru, dar \u0219i la puteri sacre individuale \u0219i la spiritele str\u0103mo\u0219ilor. Aceast\u0103 mobilitate a termenului este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru o \u00een\u021belegere adecvat\u0103 \u0219i distinge religia Lakota \u00een mod fundamental de sistemele de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> cu zei individuali clar contura\u021bi.<\/p><p>\u00cen rug\u0103ciunile transmise prin tradi\u021bie, de exemplu \u00een textele legate de omul sf\u00e2nt Black Elk, adresarea T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila apare \u00een mod repetat, adesea \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu orientarea dup\u0103 cele patru direc\u021bii cardinale, \u00een sus spre Cer \u0219i \u00een jos spre P\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p><p>Rug\u0103torul se adreseaz\u0103 Bunicului \u00een fiecare direc\u021bie, plas\u00e2ndu-se astfel \u00een centrul unei lumi sacre ordonate.<\/p><p>Traducerea german\u0103 ca Gro\u00dfvater Himmel \u00eengusteaz\u0103 acest \u00een\u021beles, deoarece sugereaz\u0103 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> cereasc\u0103 fix\u0103. \u00cen tradi\u021bia Lakota, distinc\u021bia dintre un Bunic Ceresc \u0219i o Bunic\u0103 Terestr\u0103, <em>U\u014b\u010d\u00ed Mak\u021f\u00e1<\/em>, este familiar\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 ambii apar\u021bin unui ansamblu rela\u021bional \u00een care Sacrul nu este descompus \u00een figuri individuale, ci g\u00e2ndit ca un \u00eentreg legat prin rudenie. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific este, prin urmare, important s\u0103 citim T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila \u00een primul r\u00e2nd ca form\u0103 de adresare \u00een rug\u0103ciune \u0219i ca expresie a unei cosmologii a rudeniei, \u0219i nu ca un zeu al cerului izolat dup\u0103 tiparul european.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27df1f4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27df1f4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22486db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22486db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse: de la James Walker la critica primilor culeg\u0103tori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8dc244 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b8dc244\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26823363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26823363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cunoa\u0219terea transmis\u0103 \u00een scris despre reprezent\u0103rile religioase ale Lakota, \u00een care se \u00eenscrie \u0219i referin\u021ba la Bunic, provine \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 de la c\u00e2\u021biva culeg\u0103tori din sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XIX \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului XX.<\/p><p>Cel mai important este James R. Walker, un medic care a lucrat de la 1896 pe Rezerva\u021bia Pine Ridge \u0219i a colaborat ani de zile cu oameni sfin\u021bi precum George Sword, Thomas Tyon \u0219i Little Wound.<\/p><p>Notele sale au fost editate critic abia t\u00e2rziu, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 1980, de Raymond DeMallie \u0219i Elaine Jahner, \u0219i publicate sub titluri precum <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em>.<\/p><p>Materialul lui Walker este bogat, dar nu lipsit de probleme. El a organizat uneori declara\u021biile informatorilor s\u0103i \u00eentr-un edificiu doctrinar sistematic care articula ierarhia puterilor sacre mai elaborat dec\u00e2t ar fi corespuns religiei tr\u0103ite.<\/p><p>Cercetarea ulterioar\u0103 a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 Walker a adus propriile scheme de ordine \u0219i c\u0103 unii dintre informatorii s\u0103i i-ar fi putut comunica nu totul sau nu totul nealterat.<\/p><p>O a doua surs\u0103 central\u0103 este materialul care provine de la Black Elk, mediat de John Neihardt \u00een <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932) \u0219i de Joseph Epes Brown \u00een <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953). \u0218i aici trebuie avut \u00een vedere rolul mediator al autorilor non-indigeni. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific este, prin urmare, valabil: afirma\u021biile despre T\u021fu\u014bk\u00e1\u0161ila sunt filtrate printr-o baz\u0103 de surse restr\u00e2ns\u0103, marcat\u0103 de mediere \u0219i sistematizare. Cercetarea recent\u0103, de exemplu la DeMallie, eviden\u021biaz\u0103 mai puternic perspectiva intern\u0103 lakot\u0103 \u0219i \u00eendeamn\u0103 la pruden\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de sistemele \u00eenchise ale primilor culeg\u0103tori.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Raymond DeMallie: <em>The Sixth Grandfather<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Doris Leader Charge: <em>Lakota Way of Strength and Courage<\/em> (1995)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Tunkasila Thunkasila Bunic Lakota Cele Patru Direc\u021bii Mitakuye Oyasin.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tunkasila-grossvater-himmel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-indigene-nord-americane\/\">Native American<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tunkasilag-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tunkasilag-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tunkasila, Bunicul, fiin\u021b\u0103 cereasc\u0103 \u0219i form\u0103 de adresare a Sacrului \u00een tradi\u021bia Lakota Tunkasila (lakota Thunkasila, Bunic) este forma reveren\u021bioas\u0103 de adresare a Sacrului \u00een tradi\u021bia Lakota. Este utilizat\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 pentru Wakan Tanka, pentru cei Patru Str\u0103mo\u0219i ai Cerului \u0219i pentru persoana personificat\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een rug\u0103ciune. CreatorNative AmericanAdresare la Bunic Cuprins \u00cencadrare \u00een religia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2706,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tunkasila Bunic Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tunkasila - Bunicul Ceresc Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tunkasila, Bunicul Ceresc al lakota\u0219ilor, este forma de adresare a Sacrului \u0219i rela\u021bia cu Sacrul. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105992","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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