{"id":105980,"date":"2026-08-04T16:49:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/erlik-khan-stapanul-lumii-de-jos-al-altaienilor\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:49:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:49:31","slug":"erlik-khan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/","title":{"rendered":"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105980\" class=\"elementor elementor-105980 elementor-2636\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik Khan, St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos altaico-siberian \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul mitic al zeului luminii <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. El reprezint\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 moartea \u0219i boala, dar \u0219i o latur\u0103 umbrit\u0103 necesar\u0103 \u0219i ordonat\u0103 a lumii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 d\u0103un\u0103toare din tradi\u021bia Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Fiin\u021b\u0103 d\u0103un\u0103toare<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Siberia \/ Tengrism<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu al lumii de jos.\">Zeu al lumii de jos<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2855\" alt=\"Erlik Khan - D\u00e4monen aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan este zeul <strong>altaico-siberian<\/strong> al lumii de jos din tengrism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan, <strong>zeul lumii de jos din Altai<\/strong>, domne\u0219te peste mor\u021bi \u0219i peste lumea subteran\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> tengrist-\u0219amanice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan (cunoscut \u0219i ca Erlik, Erklik, Erlig, mong. Erlig Khaan) apar\u021bine stratului superior al panteonului sud-siberian. \u00cen credin\u021ba altaic\u0103 \u0219i tuvan\u0103, el este st\u0103p\u00e2nul regatului de jos, nu al r\u0103ului absolut, ci al unui domeniu delimitat \u00een care locuiesc mor\u021bii \u0219i spiritele ciumei \u0219i foametei.<\/p><p>\u00cen stratificarea t\u00e2rzie apare ca figur\u0103 dec\u0103zut-malefic\u0103, ceea ce se datoreaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd suprapunerii budiste \u00een lumea mongol\u0103 (Erlik Khan \u2248 Yama) \u0219i demoniz\u0103rii misionare cre\u0219tine din secolele XVIII-XIX.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">tradi\u021biei tengrist-siberiene<\/a>, Erlik formeaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> o pereche dual\u0103. Aceasta nu trebuie \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 nicidecum \u00een sens moral, ca un dualism manihean, ci mai degrab\u0103 ca o ordine complementar\u0103 de sus \u0219i jos, var\u0103 \u0219i iarn\u0103, na\u0219tere \u0219i moarte. Aceast\u0103 interpretare a fost clarificat\u0103 de A. V. Anokhin \u00een lucrarea sa <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924).<\/p><p>Dezbaterea din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor privitoare la Erlik este at\u00e2t de bogat\u0103 deoarece ilustreaz\u0103 exemplar modul \u00een care perspectivele misionare externe pot deforma o religie indigen\u0103. Ceea ce altaienii cuno\u0219teau drept &#8222;St\u0103p\u00e2nul Celor de Jos&#8221; a fost transformat, prin traducerile ortodox-ruse\u0219ti \u0219i budiste, \u00een &#8222;diavol&#8221;, un caz clasic al studiilor postcoloniale ale religiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Erlik<\/em> este de origine turc\u0103 veche \u0219i este derivat \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit \u00een cercetare din <em>er<\/em> (&#8222;b\u0103rbat, erou&#8221;); o etimologie alternativ\u0103 \u00eel leag\u0103 de un radical cu sensul de &#8222;curajos, puternic, dominator&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen mongol\u0103 devine <em>Erlig Khaan<\/em>; \u00een suprapunerea budist\u0103 se contope\u0219te cu Yama \/ Shinje indo-tibetan. Walther Heissig a descris \u00een detaliu aceast\u0103 contopire \u00een <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Titulatura <em>Khan<\/em> \u00eel marcheaz\u0103 drept st\u0103p\u00e2nitor; \u00een c\u00e2ntecele \u0219amanice altaice mai este numit \u0219i <em>Yer-Tine Khan<\/em>, &#8222;Regele Ad\u00e2ncurilor P\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;. Important: \u00een contextul siberian propriu, Erlik nu este un diavol \u00een sens cre\u0219tin; misionarii cre\u0219tini din secolul al XIX-lea (Verbickij \u0219i al\u021bii) au sugerat totu\u0219i aceast\u0103 traducere, iar cercetarea a preluat-o mult\u0103 vreme f\u0103r\u0103 spirit critic.<\/p><p>Interesant\u0103 din punct de vedere lingvistic este posibila leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu <em>er-lig<\/em>, &#8222;cel b\u0103rb\u0103tesc&#8221;, care \u00eel caracterizeaz\u0103 pe Erlik drept &#8222;Marele B\u0103rbat&#8221; dincolo de moarte. \u00cen aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103, el ar fi mai pu\u021bin o fiin\u021b\u0103 d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i mai mult reprezentantul unei func\u021bii antropologice necesare: moartea ca parte a b\u0103rb\u0103\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik este descris ca un b\u0103tr\u00e2n cu p\u0103rul negru, cu col\u021bi de mistre\u021b, gheare de fier \u0219i o buzdugan confec\u021bionat din vertebre omene\u0219ti.<\/p><p>C\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te un taur negru sau un cal negru; palatul s\u0103u se afl\u0103 pe malul unui r\u00e2u infernal, pe care \u00eel locuie\u0219te \u00eempreun\u0103 cu nou\u0103 fii \u0219i nou\u0103 fiice. Toba \u0219amanic\u0103 altaic\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00een treimea inferioar\u0103, adesea cu un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> solar r\u0103sturnat.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 iconografie este descris\u0103 \u00een mod clasic la Anokhin (1924) \u0219i la N. Dyrenkova; a fost preluat\u0103 ulterior de Mircea Eliade \u00een <em>Le chamanisme<\/em>. Suprapunerea budist\u0103 \u00eei adaug\u0103 atributele indo-tibetanului Yama: coarne de bivol, la\u021b, oglinda faptelor.<\/p><p>\u00cen colec\u021biile Muzeului Kunstkammer (Sankt Petersburg) s-au p\u0103strat mai multe reprezent\u0103ri altaice ale lui Erlik, pe care L. P. Potapov le-a catalogat \u00een lucrarea sa de referin\u021b\u0103 <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991). Ele atest\u0103 o stabilitate iconografic\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 de-a lungul a 200 de ani de istorie a colec\u021biilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mitologia crea\u021biei altaice poveste\u0219te cum <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> vrea s\u0103 extrag\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2nt din marea primordial\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei cere ajutor lui Erlik, aflat \u00een chip de pas\u0103re.<\/p><p>Erlik se scufund\u0103, aduce noroi la suprafa\u021b\u0103, dar p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00een secret o parte \u00een gur\u0103; din acest rest iau na\u0219tere mla\u0219tinile, mun\u021bii \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 Erlik \u00eensu\u0219i ca putere de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare. T\u00e2r\u00e2t de orgoliu, \u00eencearc\u0103 mai apoi s\u0103 se a\u0219eze al\u0103turi de \u00dclgen, este izgonit \u0219i de atunci domne\u0219te peste lumea de jos.<\/p><p>O a doua nara\u021biune descrie cum Erlik \u00eemboln\u0103ve\u0219te primii oameni, &#8222;citindu-le&#8221; oasele din trup. \u0218amanii s-au n\u0103scut pentru a aduce \u00eenapoi aceste oase, o mitologie care fundamenteaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> c\u0103l\u0103toria \u0219amanului \u00een lumea de jos \u0219i ocup\u0103 locul prototipic \u00een modelul de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanism<\/span> al lui Eliade.<\/p><p>O a treia nara\u021biune, mai pu\u021bin cunoscut\u0103, relateaz\u0103 cum Erlik negociaz\u0103 cu solii lui <a href=\"\/ro\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> \u00een disputa pentru sufletele celor deceda\u021bi: cine a dus o via\u021b\u0103 bun\u0103 poate reveni sus; cine a ac\u021bionat r\u0103u r\u0103m\u00e2ne la Erlik. Aceast\u0103 variant\u0103 moralizatoare este probabil de factur\u0103 mai recent\u0103 (post-budist\u0103).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen sens strict, nu a existat o \u201evenerare&#8221; a lui Erlik, ci mai degrab\u0103 o delimitare ritualizat\u0103. \u0218amanii altaici f\u0103ceau distinc\u021bia \u00eentre <em>aq kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218aman<\/span> alb), care urca la \u00dclgen, \u0219i <em>kara kam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218aman<\/span> negru), care cobora la Erlik.<\/p><p>Ambele voca\u021bii erau considerate legitime \u0219i necesare; descrierea etnografic\u0103 la Anokhin clarific\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u201enegru&#8221; \u00eenseamn\u0103 aici \u201eorientat \u00een jos&#8221; \u0219i nu \u201er\u0103u&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen cazul epidemiilor, al mor\u021bilor subite sau al pierderii unui copil, era chemat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia \u00eei este atribuit\u0103 medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218amanul<\/span> negru. Acesta p\u0103trundea \u00een cursul \u0219edin\u021bei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Care apar\u021bine unui ritual religios prestabilit.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u00een regatul lui Erlik, negocia cu el \u0219i aducea \u00eenapoi \u201esufletul dus&#8221;. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrand\u0103 adus\u0103 unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima recuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Jertfele<\/span> constau \u00een oi sau cai negri; s\u00e2ngele era v\u0103rsat \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie oferit soarelui.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu perioada sovietic\u0103, acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venera\u021bie religioas\u0103 \u00eenchinate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> a disp\u0103rut aproape complet; \u00een rena\u0219terea altaic\u0103 de dup\u0103 1991, el cunoa\u0219te o revigorare prudent\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 considerabil mai pu\u021bin vizibil\u0103 dec\u00e2t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venera\u021bie religioas\u0103 \u00eenchinate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui \u00dclgen, deoarece Erlik continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie asociat \u00een percep\u021bia modern\u0103 cu \u201emagia neagr\u0103&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descrise din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor (f\u0103r\u0103 promisiuni de eficacitate): practicile apotropaice \u00eempotriva lui Erlik includeau at\u00e2rnarea unor panglici albe de l\u00e2n\u0103 pe grinda u\u0219ii, depunerea unor mici figurine din lemn (&#8222;servitorii lui Erlik&#8221;) ca jertf\u0103 simbolic\u0103 de substitu\u021bie, tabuul de a rosti cu voce tare numele lui Erlik dup\u0103 apusul soarelui \u0219i afumarea casei cu ienup\u0103r.<\/p><p>Anumite reguli de comportament aveau \u0219i ele o coloratur\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic\u0103<\/span>: vizitele la bolnavi nu puteau fi f\u0103cute cu p\u0103l\u0103ria pe cap, deoarece Erlik &#8222;colec\u021bioneaz\u0103 capete&#8221;; pragurile u\u0219ilor erau frecate cu c\u0103rbune, deoarece se credea c\u0103 negrul fr\u00e2nat opre\u0219te negrul, un exemplu clasic de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> simpatetic\u0103 \u00een sensul lui James Frazer.<\/p><p>Aceste practici trebuie \u00een\u021belese \u00een cadrul conceptului de tabu \u0219i puritate al religiei sud-siberiene, care delimiteaz\u0103, prin numeroase reguli de detaliu, ordinea lumii fa\u021b\u0103 de lumea de jos. Roberte Hamayon le-a interpretat \u00een <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) ca parte a &#8222;economiei de rudenie&#8221;, \u00een care boala \u0219i moartea sunt abordate ca rupturi ale ordinii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Comparabile structural sunt: Yama \u00een India vedic\u0103 \u0219i budist\u0103; Hades \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greac\u0103; Hel \u00een mitologia nordic\u0103; Mictlantecuhtli \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> aztec; Osiris \u00een func\u021bia sa de judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor, mai pu\u021bin ca zeu muritor. \u00cen Siberia \u00eens\u0103\u0219i exist\u0103 figuri paralele precum <em>Yer-Khan<\/em>, corespondentul lui <em>Aiy Tojon<\/em> la iaku\u021bi.<\/p><p>Suprapunerea budisto-tibetan\u0103 a lui Erlik cu Erlig Khaan = Yama face obiectul unui studiu separat la Walther Heissig (<em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em>, 1970). Aici se arat\u0103 cum o figur\u0103 indigen\u0103 a lumii de jos este integrat\u0103 \u00een tantrism \u0219i acoperit\u0103 acolo cu straturi atributive proprii.<\/p><p>Remarcabil din punct de vedere fenomenologic-religios este observa\u021bia c\u0103 aproape toate sistemele cosmologice tripartite (Sus, Mijloc, Jos) cunosc o divinitate a lumii de jos care este simultan figur\u0103 terifiant\u0103 \u0219i garant al ordinii. Erlik nu este deci o anomalie, ci un caz exemplar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare contemporan\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorul<\/span> tuvan \u0219i altaic modern, Erlik este mai degrab\u0103 o figur\u0103 terifiant\u0103 dec\u00e2t un obiect de cult; \u00een receptarea popular\u0103 (romane fantasy, jocuri online) apare uneori ca &#8222;adversar \u00eentunecat&#8221;. Prezent\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bific solide se g\u0103sesc la Andrei Znamenski, Roberte Hamayon \u0219i \u00een colec\u021bia rus\u0103 <em>Mify narodov mira<\/em> (vol. 2, 1992).<\/p><p>O dezbatere important\u0103 \u00een cercetare se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul \u00eentreb\u0103rii c\u00e2t\u0103 parte din imaginea &#8222;\u00eentunecat\u0103&#8221; actual\u0103 a lui Erlik este preislamic\u0103\/prebudist\u0103 \u0219i c\u00e2t\u0103 a ap\u0103rut ca demonizare misionar\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00een secolele XVIII \u0219i XIX. Verbickij \u0219i al\u021bi misionari au tradus pur \u0219i simplu &#8222;Erlik&#8221; cu &#8222;diavol&#8221; \u00een dic\u021bionarele lor, iar \u0219tiin\u021ba ulterioar\u0103 a preluat aceast\u0103 traducere mult\u0103 vreme f\u0103r\u0103 spirit critic.<\/p><p>Lucrarea lui Andrei Znamenski <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) a reconstituit exhaustiv aceast\u0103 istorie a deform\u0103rilor \u0219i pledeaz\u0103 pentru restituirea istoricului Erlik ca figur\u0103 ambivalent\u0103 de ordine, dincolo de schemele dualiste cre\u0219tine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dezbateri de cercetare \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri deschise<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trei \u00eentreb\u0103ri de cercetare r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een continuare deschise. Prima: Ce form\u0103 ante-cedent\u0103 a avut Erlik \u00een religia proto-turcic\u0103, \u00eenainte de contactul cu budismul \u0219i cre\u0219tinismul? Materialul lui Anokhin sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 era mai vechi \u0219i mai autonom dec\u00e2t las\u0103 s\u0103 se \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 identificarea budist\u0103 cu Yama.<\/p><p>A doua: \u00cen ce m\u0103sur\u0103 tradi\u021bia altaic\u0103 a lui Erlik este continu\u0103 cu tradi\u021bia iakut\u0103 <em>abasy<\/em> \u0219i discontinu\u0103 cu tradi\u021bia mongol\u0103 a lui Erlig Khaan? L. P. Potapov a argumentat \u00een favoarea unei ipoteze de sciziune, reluat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea mai recent\u0103.<\/p><p>A treia: Ce rol joac\u0103 Erlik \u00een scena contemporan\u0103 a neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanismului<\/span> tuvan \u0219i altaic, care se dezvolt\u0103 par\u021bial \u00eempotriva, par\u021bial al\u0103turi de curentul principal rusesc? Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer a ar\u0103tat \u00een mai multe studii c\u0103 \u0219amanii moderni utilizeaz\u0103 \u00een mod deliberat figura lui Erlik pentru a profila o alternativ\u0103 indigen\u0103 la simbolistica dominant ortodox\u0103 rus\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raportul cu tradi\u021bia Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Identificarea lui Erlik cu Yama budist reprezint\u0103 din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor unul dintre cele mai bine documentate cazuri ale religiei mongolo-tibetane. Walther Heissig a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) cum, de-a lungul mai multor secole, altaicul Erlik s-a contopit cu indo-tibetanul Yama \/ Shinje, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o substitu\u021bie complet\u0103 s\u0103 fi avut loc.<\/p><p>\u00cen locul acesteia a ap\u0103rut o figur\u0103 cu dou\u0103 straturi, \u00een care, \u00een func\u021bie de context, este actualizat fie stratul altaic, fie cel budist.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 stratificare este un caz exemplar pentru &#8222;studiile de traducere&#8221; \u0219tiin\u021bifice: cum anume este transferat un concept dintr-o tradi\u021bie \u00een alta, ce deplas\u0103ri semantice sunt inevitabile \u0219i ce forme hibride particulare rezult\u0103 din procesul de traducere?<\/p><p>Un caz concret: \u00een tibetanul <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (&#8222;Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor&#8221;), Yama apare ca purt\u0103tor al oglinzii, care \u00eei arat\u0103 defunctului faptele vie\u021bii sale. Aceast\u0103 reprezentare lipse\u0219te din complexul autohton altaic al lui Erlik, dar este prezent\u0103 \u00een reprezentarea t\u00e2rziu-mongol\u0103 a lui Erlik, un indiciu al stratului budist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i rela\u021bie cu centrul cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel care dore\u0219te s\u0103 studieze complexul lui Erlik \u00een toat\u0103 amploarea sa va g\u0103si pe pagina de ansamblu <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Tradi\u021bia tengrist\u0103 siberiana<\/a> cele mai importante trimiteri la figuri \u00eenrudite, precum <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> \u0219i fiin\u021bele d\u0103un\u0103toare <em>abasy<\/em> din lumea de jos. <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924) ale lui A. V. Anokhin r\u0103m\u00e2n cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 primar\u0103.<\/p><p>Pentru suprapunerea budist\u0103 sunt relevante <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) ale lui Walther Heissig \u0219i studiile lui Klaus Sagaster. Pentru tratarea critic\u0103 a deform\u0103rilor misionare, lucrarea lui Andrei Znamenski <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) este cea mai bun\u0103 disponibil\u0103.<\/p><p>Lucrarea de referin\u021b\u0103 a lui L. P. Potapov, <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (Sankt Petersburg 1991), ofer\u0103 cea mai ampl\u0103 sintez\u0103 sovietic-rus\u0103 \u0219i nu ar trebui ignorat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea despre Erlik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fenomenologia religioas\u0103 a lumii de jos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik se \u00eenscrie \u00een spectrul fenomenologic-religios al divinit\u0103\u021bilor lumii de jos, tratat pe larg de Mircea Eliade \u00een <em>Forgerons et alchimistes<\/em> (1956) \u0219i \u00een lucrarea sa despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanism<\/span>. Caracteristic\u0103 este ambivalen\u021ba: divinit\u0103\u021bile lumii de jos reprezint\u0103 domeniul umbrit necesar al ordinii cosmice, iar a le reduce la un simplu &#8222;r\u0103u&#8221; \u00eenseamn\u0103 a le \u00een\u021belege gre\u0219it.<\/p><p>O particularitate remarcabil\u0103 a lui Erlik este func\u021bia sa simultan\u0103 de cauzator \u0219i rezolvator al bolii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218amanul<\/span> negru negociaz\u0103 cu Erlik restituirea sufletelor pierdute, un model clasic de &#8222;negociere \u0219amanic\u0103&#8221;, pe care Roberte Hamayon l-a dezvoltat \u00een opozi\u021bie cu modelul &#8222;extazului&#8221; al lui Eliade.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 antropologico-religioas\u0103 este interesant\u0103 separarea \u0219amanilor &#8222;albi&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;negri&#8221; cu adres\u0103ri divine distincte. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 dubl\u0103 se reg\u0103se\u0219te at\u00e2t de clar doar \u00een c\u00e2teva tradi\u021bii siberiene, precum cea a altaienilor \u0219i tuvanilor; ea este probabil t\u00e2rzie din punct de vedere istoric, ap\u0103rut\u0103 poate sub influen\u021b\u0103 budist\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflec\u021bie metodologic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lucrul cu sursele despre Erlik ridic\u0103 mai multe probleme metodologice. Prima: cele mai vechi surse sunt \u00eenregistr\u0103rile misionarilor cre\u0219tini (Verbickij, Chivalkov) din secolul al XIX-lea, care l-au identificat sistematic cu diavolul cre\u0219tin. \u00cendep\u0103rtarea acestui strat misionar este metodologic dificil\u0103.<\/p><p>A doua: identificarea budist\u0103 cu Yama a ad\u0103ugat niveluri suplimentare de semnifica\u021bie, care nu se pot separa cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 de stratul originar altaic al lui Erlik. Modelul stratific\u0103rii al lui Walther Heissig este util, dar r\u0103m\u00e2ne discutabil.<\/p><p>A treia: practica \u0219amanic\u0103 contemporan\u0103 legat\u0103 de Erlik este fragmentat\u0103 dup\u0103 epoca sovietic\u0103; ceea ce observ\u0103m ast\u0103zi este o remodelare pe baza textelor etnografice, nu o continuitate ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103. Andrei Znamenski a reflectat critic asupra acestui aspect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik \u00een cultura popular\u0103 contemporan\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cultura popular\u0103 contemporan\u0103, Erlik este surprinz\u0103tor de prezent. Apare \u00een mai multe romane fantasy ruse\u0219ti, \u00een jocuri video online (precum <em>Path of Exile<\/em>, <em>Smite<\/em>), \u00een versuri de heavy metal \u0219i \u00een universul manga \u0219i anime. Aceast\u0103 receptare distorsioneaz\u0103 adesea puternic imaginea istoric\u0103, dar face din Erlik o figur\u0103 cultural activ\u0103.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 receptare este ambivalent\u0103: men\u021bine Erlik \u00een memoria cultural\u0103, dar \u00eel banalizeaz\u0103 totodat\u0103. Andrei Znamenski a semnalat \u00een <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007) tensiunea dintre reconstruc\u021bia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i apropierea popular\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen republicile altaice \u0219i tuvane \u00eense\u0219i, Erlik este mai pu\u021bin prezent \u00een cultura popular\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00dclgen sau Tengri; r\u0103m\u00e2ne o figur\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 periferic\u0103, care joac\u0103 un rol \u00een practica \u0219amanic\u0103, dar nu \u00een reprezentarea public\u0103 a regiunii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27518a4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27518a4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20374ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20374ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik \u00een nara\u021biunea crea\u021biei altaice: co-creatorul lumii imperfecte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d083fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d083fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fdabf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fdabf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen nara\u021biunile crea\u021biei popoarelor turcofonice din Altai, Erlik, numit \u0219i <em>Erlik Khan<\/em> sau simplu <em>Erlik<\/em>, joac\u0103 un rol ambivalent, dar indispensabil.<\/p><p>Mai multe versiuni \u00eenregistrate de etnografi din secolul al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea descriu cum la \u00eenceput exista doar apa \u0219i cum zeul creator, identificat adesea cu <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, aduce p\u0103m\u00e2ntul din apa primordial\u0103 cu participarea lui Erlik.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o form\u0103 narativ\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103, cei doi se scufund\u0103 \u00een chip de p\u0103s\u0103ri sau las\u0103 o creatur\u0103 s\u0103 se scufunde pentru a aduce p\u0103m\u00e2nt de pe fundul m\u0103rii primordiale. Erlik p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00een secret o parte din p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u00een gur\u0103, cu inten\u021bia de a-\u0219i crea propria lume.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd zeul creator face s\u0103 creasc\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul adus, \u00eencepe s\u0103 creasc\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul ascuns \u00een gura lui Erlik, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t acesta este nevoit s\u0103-l scuipe. Din p\u0103m\u00e2ntul scuipat iau na\u0219tere mla\u0219tinile, regiunile impracticabile \u0219i sterile. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> explic\u0103 mitologic de ce lumea nu este perfect\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune apar\u021bine unui tip larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit al miturilor crea\u021biei prin scufundare, atestat \u00een toat\u0103 Eurasia de Nord \u0219i \u00een America de Nord. Remarcabil\u0103 este pozi\u021bia moral ambivalent\u0103 a lui Erlik: \u00een loc de un simplu distrug\u0103tor, mitul arat\u0103 un co-creator a c\u0103rui autonomie \u0219i viclenie des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219esc \u0219i totodat\u0103 deterioreaz\u0103 lumea.<\/p><p>La evaluarea acestor nara\u021biuni trebuie avut \u00een vedere c\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103rile provin dintr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care religia altaic\u0103 fusese deja atins\u0103 de reprezent\u0103rile cre\u0219tine \u0219i budiste. Unii cercet\u0103tori s-au \u00eentrebat prin urmare dac\u0103 accentuarea unui co-creator adversar a fost amplificat\u0103 de astfel de influen\u021be. Un r\u0103spuns sigur nu este posibil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2032381e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2032381e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2549d4d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2549d4d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">St\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos: regatul lui Erlik \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103toria \u0219amanic\u0103 \u00een ad\u00e2ncuri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699d7d9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2699d7d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c60fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp215c60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dincolo de nara\u021biunile crea\u021biei, Erlik este cunoscut \u00een religia altaic\u0103 \u0219i mai general siberiana mai ales ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii de jos \u0219i domn al mor\u021bilor. Regatul s\u0103u este descris \u00een surse ca un t\u0103r\u00e2m \u00eentunecos sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u00een care intr\u0103 cei deceda\u021bi.<\/p><p>Erlik este considerat \u0219i autor al bolii \u0219i al mor\u021bii; potrivit concep\u021biei altaice, for\u021ba vital\u0103 sau sufletul celui grav bolnav putea fi r\u0103pit de Erlik sau de solii s\u0103i \u00een lumea de jos.<\/p><p>De aceast\u0103 reprezentare se lega o anumit\u0103 form\u0103 de practic\u0103 \u0219amanic\u0103. \u00cen timp ce c\u0103l\u0103toria cereasc\u0103 spre \u00dclgen era un urcat, c\u0103l\u0103toria spre Erlik era o cobor\u00e2re.<\/p><p>Specialistul \u0219amanic descria \u00een c\u00e2ntece rituale cum coboar\u0103 \u00een regatul lui Erlik, dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te obstacole \u0219i ajunge \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00eenaintea lui Erlik pentru a negocia cu acesta, de pild\u0103 pentru a-\u0219i revendica sufletul r\u0103pit al unui bolnav sau pentru a aduce jertfe.<\/p><p>Wilhelm Radloff a \u00eenregistrat astfel de descrieri ale cobor\u00e2rii, care au primit mai t\u00e2rziu mult\u0103 aten\u021bie \u00een cercetarea comparat\u0103 a \u0219amanismului.<\/p><p>La interpretare se impune pruden\u021ba. Textele \u00eenregistrate sunt reprezenta\u021bii concrete, nu scenarii atemporale, iar generalizarea lor \u00eentr-un tipar al c\u0103l\u0103toriei \u0219amanice \u00een lumea de jos, a\u0219a cum a realizat-o Mircea Eliade, a fost criticat\u0103 de cercetarea mai recent\u0103 ca prea simplificatoare.<\/p><p>Se poate afirma c\u0103 Erlik era \u00een practica altaic\u0103 mult mai mult dec\u00e2t o simpl\u0103 fiin\u021b\u0103 temut\u0103 pe care o ocoleau: o putere cu care specialistul intra activ \u00een negociere \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. Raportarea la Erlik dep\u0103\u0219ea simpla respingere; era o comunicare reglementat\u0103 \u0219i riscant\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2907420d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2907420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fc29be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fc29be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik \u00eentre tradi\u021bia autohton\u0103 \u0219i influen\u021ba str\u0103in\u0103: o dezbatere de cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c8e40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp215c8e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27662833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27662833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura lui Erlik se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul unei \u00eendelungate dezbateri de cercetare privind influen\u021bele str\u0103ine asupra religiei interior-asiatice. Izbitor este mai \u00eent\u00e2i numele \u00eensu\u0219i: Erlik, respectiv Erlik Khan, este legat lingvistic \u0219i conceptual de Yama din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103, care a intrat \u00een reprezent\u0103rile mongole \u0219i tibeto-budiste sub numele de Erlik Khan.<\/p><p>\u00centrebarea este dac\u0103 figura altaic\u0103 a lumii de jos a avut aceast\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are de la \u00eenceput sau dac\u0103 a fost remodelat\u0103 de budism.<\/p><p>O a doua linie a dezbaterii prive\u0219te dualismul.<\/p><p>Opozi\u021bia dintre \u00dclgen sus \u0219i Erlik jos, dintre crea\u021bie \u0219i deteriorare, dintre cer \u0219i lumea de jos, le aminte\u0219te unor cercet\u0103tori de sisteme religioase dualiste, de pild\u0103 de reprezent\u0103rile zoroastriene care ar fi putut deveni active prin rutele comerciale central-asiatice, sau de opozi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 dintre Dumnezeu \u0219i diavol adus\u0103 odat\u0103 cu misiunea rus\u0103.<\/p><p>Deoarece sursele provin abia dintr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care toate aceste contacte existau deja de mult, fondul originar nu mai poate fi cu greu extras.<\/p><p>Cercetarea metodologic prudent\u0103 trage concluzia c\u0103 Erlik se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 probabil pe o reprezentare autohton\u0103 a unei puteri a lumii de jos, dar c\u0103 aceast\u0103 reprezentare a fost reformulat\u0103 prin influen\u021be budiste \u0219i posibil alte influen\u021be, cu contururile sale ascu\u021bite. Important este avertismentul fa\u021b\u0103 de o ne\u00een\u021belegere frecvent\u0103: Erlik nu trebuie echivalat pripit cu diavolul cre\u0219tin.<\/p><p>\u00cen nara\u021biunile altaice el nu este un R\u0103u absolut, ci o parte necesar\u0103 a ordinii lumii, cu care oamenii \u0219i speciali\u0219tii lor rituali trebuiau s\u0103 se acomodeze. \u00cencadrarea sa ca adversar al lui \u00dclgen descrie o complementaritate tensionat\u0103, nu un r\u0103zboi moral. St\u0103p\u00e2ni ai lumii de jos \u00eenrudite cunosc \u0219i alte <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">culturi interior-asiatice<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen credin\u021ba <em>altaico<\/em>&#8211;<em>siberiana<\/em>, <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span><\/em> \u00eel contureaz\u0103 pe Erlik Khan ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii de jos \u0219i adversar al lui \u00dclgen; c\u00e2ntecele \u0219amanice ale turcilor altaici \u0219i ale buria\u021bilor transmit rolul s\u0103u \u00een boal\u0103, moarte \u0219i conducerea sufletelor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Erlik Khan Erlig Khaan Altai lumea de jos Yama suprapunere budist\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-erlik-khan\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Siberiei \/ Tengrismului<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Erlik Khan, St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos altaico-siberian \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul mitic al zeului luminii \u00dclgen. El reprezint\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 moartea \u0219i boala, dar \u0219i o latur\u0103 umbrit\u0103 necesar\u0103 \u0219i ordonat\u0103 a lumii. Fiin\u021b\u0103 d\u0103un\u0103toareSiberia \/ TengrismZeu al lumii de jos Cuprins Erlik Khan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2855,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Erlik Khan zeu al lumii de jos Altai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Erlik Khan - Zeul Lumii de Jos din Altai, Mituri \u0219i Surse","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105980","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Erlik Khan - Zeul Lumii de Jos din Altai, Mituri \u0219i Surse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Erlik Khan - St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"18 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/\",\"name\":\"Erlik Khan - Zeul Lumii de Jos din Altai, Mituri \u0219i Surse\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T16:49:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00\",\"description\":\"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"D\u00e4monen aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T16:49:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3575,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/erlik-khan\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"description\":\"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Erlik Khan - Zeul Lumii de Jos din Altai, Mituri \u0219i Surse","description":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/","og_locale":"ro_RO","og_type":"article","og_title":"Erlik Khan - St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor","og_description":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Timp estimat pentru citire":"18 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor","datePublished":"2026-08-04T16:49:07+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/"},"wordCount":3575,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","inLanguage":"ro-RO","description":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/","name":"Erlik Khan - Zeul Lumii de Jos din Altai, Mituri \u0219i Surse","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","datePublished":"2026-08-04T16:49:07+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00","description":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ro-RO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"D\u00e4monen aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/acasa\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ro-RO"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ro-RO","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Erlik Khan &#8211; St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Jos al Altaienilor","datePublished":"2026-08-04T16:49:07+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-04T16:49:31+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/"},"wordCount":3575,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/erlik-khan\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp","inLanguage":"ro-RO","description":"Erlik Khan este \u00een tengrismul sud-siberian st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii de jos \u0219i adversarul lui \u00dclgen. \u00cencadrare cu mituri \u0219i cult."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105980","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105980"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":105983,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105980\/revisions\/105983"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=105980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}