{"id":105974,"date":"2026-08-04T16:48:09","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:48:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/baldur-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:48:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:48:43","slug":"baldur","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/baldur\/","title":{"rendered":"Baldur"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105974\" class=\"elementor elementor-105974 elementor-3001\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aceda2a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aceda2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9a5e77 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d9a5e77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f33b93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f33b93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2b74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d2b74a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baldur, zeul luminii \u0219i fiul lui Odin<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1120e02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1120e02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baldur, \u00een forma nordic\u0103 veche Baldr, este zeul luminos al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> germanice, fiu al lui Odin \u0219i al Friggei.<\/p><p>Moartea sa prin intermediul crengii de v\u00e2sc, m\u00e2nuit\u0103 de m\u00e2na orbului Hodr prin viclenia lui Loki, este una dintre cele mai tulbur\u0103toare nara\u021biuni ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> nordice. Baldur este considerat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al frumuse\u021bii, al purit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al mor\u021bii inocente. \u00cen desf\u0103\u0219urarea Ragnar\u00f6kului, moartea sa marcheaz\u0103 \u00eenceputul sf\u00e2r\u0219itului lumii, iar \u00eentoarcerea sa dup\u0103 incendiul cosmic reprezint\u0103 speran\u021ba \u00eentr-o lume nou\u0103 \u0219i vindecat\u0103. Ca zeu al luminii, el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 puritatea \u0219i str\u0103lucirea \u00een cerul divin germanic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4611dfe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4611dfe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc708a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"cdc708a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/germanic\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumea zeilor \u0219i a spiritelor precre\u0219tine din Europa de Nord \u0219i Central\u0103.\">Germanic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca5d83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cca5d83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd35bd elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5cd35bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5cd35bd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5cd35bd\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5cd35bd\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8013b31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8013b31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09c30a0 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"09c30a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_baldur-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3218\" alt=\"Baldur - G\u00f6tter aus der Germanisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_baldur-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_baldur-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_baldur-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_germanisch_baldur.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0c459d e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f0c459d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72db403 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72db403\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99f2d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99f2d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-842ff73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"842ff73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Snorri Sturluson \u00eel nume\u0219te pe Baldur \u00een &#8222;Edda \u00een proz\u0103&#8221; (Gylfaginning 22) &#8222;cel mai \u00een\u021belept dintre Asi, cel mai frumos la chip \u0219i cel mai \u00eendur\u0103tor&#8221;. Se spune c\u0103 este at\u00e2t de alb, \u00eenc\u00e2t cea mai luminoas\u0103 plant\u0103 a primit numele s\u0103u: mu\u0219e\u021belul (nordic\u0103 veche baldursbra, &#8222;Geana lui Baldur&#8221;).<\/p><p>Re\u0219edin\u021ba sa este Breidablik, o sal\u0103 \u00een care nimic impur nu este tolerat. So\u021bia lui Baldur este Nanna, iar fiul s\u0103u Forseti este zeul drept\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea vede \u00een Baldur o figur\u0103 central\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> eddice, al c\u0103rei fundal religios precis r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat. Sophus Bugge (1881-89) l-a interpretat ca pe un reflex al figurii cre\u0219tine a lui Christos, tez\u0103 respins\u0103 \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Karl Helm (1946) l-a interpretat ca pe un zeu al furtunii, Georges Dumezil (1953) ca pe un suveran muribund \u0219i revenitor de tipul unui corespondent indo-european al lui Mitra. Jan de Vries \u0219i Rudolf Simek favorizeaz\u0103 lectura ca zeu al luminii \u0219i figur\u0103 sacrificial\u0103, a c\u0103rei moarte marcheaz\u0103 r\u0103sturnarea cosmologic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Saxo Grammaticus relateaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Gesta Danorum&#8221; (cartea 3, circa 1200) o versiune semnificativ diferit\u0103. Baldur este aici un semizeu, fiu al lui Odin, care se lupt\u0103 cu Hodr (Hotherus) pentru m\u00e2na prin\u021besei Nanna.<\/p><p>Baldur moare \u00een cele din urm\u0103 printr-o sabie magic\u0103 ce apar\u021binuse unei femei a p\u0103durii. Aceast\u0103 versiune euhemerizat\u0103 \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe Baldur ca pe un erou muritor \u0219i deplaseaz\u0103 moartea pe terenul unei confrunt\u0103ri cavalere\u0219ti. Cercetarea vede \u00een ambele versiuni, cea eddic\u0103 \u0219i cea saxon\u0103, reflexe ale unei tradi\u021bii mai vechi, preliterare.<\/p>\n\n<p>Versiunea euhemerizat\u0103 a lui Saxo Grammaticus din &#8222;Gesta Danorum&#8221; (cartea 3) merit\u0103 o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103. La Saxo, Baldur este un semizeu danezo-norvegian, fiu al lui Odin, care se lupt\u0103 cu prin\u021bul suedez Hotherus (Hodr) pentru m\u00e2na prin\u021besei Nanna.<\/p><p>Lupta se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 pe parcursul mai multor b\u0103t\u0103lii; Baldur este ucis \u00een cele din urm\u0103 printr-o sabie magic\u0103 pe care Hotherus o primise de la o femeie a p\u0103durii. Aceast\u0103 versiune difer\u0103 fundamental de cea eddic\u0103: lipsesc motivul v\u00e2scului, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfa<\/span> inocent\u0103, fratele orb, \u00een locul lor ap\u0103r\u00e2nd o lupt\u0103 eroic\u0103 conven\u021bional\u0103 pentru o femeie.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea discut\u0103, din vremea &#8222;Studiilor&#8221; lui Sophus Bugge (1881-89), raportul dintre cele dou\u0103 versiuni. Unii cercet\u0103tori (Bugge, Olrik) vedeau \u00een versiunea lui Saxo o falsificare t\u00e2rzie, care reducea elementul p\u0103g\u00e2n la cel eroic.<\/span><\/p><p>Al\u021bii (Dumezil, von See) o citeau ca pe o tradi\u021bie alternativ\u0103, care conserv\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> al lui Baldur mai vechi \u0219i mai pu\u021bin sacralizat. Cercetarea actual\u0103 tinde spre o lectur\u0103 \u00een straturi multiple: ambele versiuni reflect\u0103 tradi\u021bii mitice reale, dar diferite, al c\u0103ror raport nu era liniar, ci complementar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55da0bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55da0bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93689d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93689d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c64625 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c64625\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important atribut al lui Baldur este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa luminoas\u0103. Snorri \u00eel descrie ca fiind at\u00e2t de str\u0103lucitor, \u00eenc\u00e2t raze de lumin\u0103 eman\u0103 din el. Planta numit\u0103 dup\u0103 el, baldursbra (Matricaria, mu\u0219e\u021bel), transmite aceast\u0103 simbolic\u0103 luminoas\u0103 \u00een credin\u021ba popular\u0103. \u00cen Danemarca \u0219i Suedia, planta a fost folosit\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIX-lea ca protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spiritelor rele.<\/p>\n<p>Sala sa Breidablik (&#8222;larg str\u0103lucitoare&#8221;) este men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Grimnismal&#8221; 12: &#8222;Breidablik se nume\u0219te a \u0219aptea (sal\u0103), unde Baldur \u0219i-a ales locuin\u021ba, \u00een \u021binutul pe care \u00eel \u0219tiu cel mai pu\u021bin impur&#8221;.<\/p><p>Nava sa Hringhorni este considerat\u0103 cea mai mare dintre toate navele; pe ea este incinerat Baldur dup\u0103 moartea sa. Calul s\u0103u este men\u021bionat \u00een &#8222;Grimnismal&#8221; 30, \u00eens\u0103 numele s\u0103u nu s-a transmis.<\/p>\n<p>Creanga de v\u00e2sc cu care este ucis reprezint\u0103 atributul s\u0103u paradoxal opus. V\u00e2scul (Viscum album) era considerat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sf\u00e2nt<\/span> \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span> \u0219i este descris \u00een &#8222;Naturalis Historia&#8221; a lui Plinius (cartea 16, 95) ca plant\u0103 ritual\u0103 a druidilor cel\u021bi.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 germanic\u0103, creanga de v\u00e2sc d\u0103inuie ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> ambivalent: protector \u0219i mortal totodat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 semnifica\u021bie a fost transformat\u0103 de James George Frazer \u00een &#8222;The Golden Bough&#8221; (1890) \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> central al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> sale comparative.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80cb920 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80cb920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bdec8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7bdec8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e85c1dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e85c1dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u0103rturiile cultice directe referitoare la Baldur sunt rare. Adam de Bremen nu \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103. Toponimele cu elementul Baldr se g\u0103sesc mai ales \u00een Norvegia (Baldrshagi, &#8222;H\u0103\u021bi\u0219ul lui Baldur&#8221;) \u0219i sunt pu\u021bin numeroase \u00een compara\u021bie cu toponimele legate de Thor sau Odin.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 urm\u0103 firav\u0103 a fost interpretat\u0103 de Folke Strom ca indiciu c\u0103 Baldur a fost \u00een primul r\u00e2nd o figur\u0103 literar\u0103 a fazei eddice t\u00e2rzii, mai pu\u021bin o divinitate cultic\u0103 larg venerat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Saga Friedlands&#8221; \u0219i alte surse islandeze amintesc moartea lui Baldur \u00eentr-un context ritual-mitic, f\u0103r\u0103 forme de cult explicite.<\/p><p>Descrierea \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103rii de c\u0103tre Snorri \u00een Gylfaginning 49 este cea mai ampl\u0103 relatare a unei funeralii divine din Edda: nava este \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 cu lemne, uria\u0219a Hyrrokin o \u00eempinge \u00een ap\u0103, Thor sfin\u021be\u0219te rugul funerar cu ciocanul Mj\u00f6llnir, un pitic este strivit deoarece se apropie prea mult de Thor.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 scen\u0103 pare un arhetip mitic pentru \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103rile istorice pe nave, precum descoperirile din epoca viking\u0103 de la Oseberg (834 d.Hr.) \u0219i Gokstad (sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sec. IX).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Regis Boyer a sus\u021binut \u00een &#8222;La religion des anciens Scandinaves&#8221; (1981) teza c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> mor\u021bii \u0219i re\u00eentoarcerii lui Baldur a reflectat un ritual de ini\u021biere sau un ritual al anotimpurilor, probabil \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu solsti\u021biul. M\u0103rturiile rituale directe lipsesc, \u00eens\u0103 urmele indirecte \u00een ritualurile populare de foc de la mijlocul verii sunt bine atestate \u00een Scandinavia.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81d981c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"81d981c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4dde74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e4dde74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri principale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d04084a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d04084a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nara\u021biunea central\u0103 este moartea lui Baldur. Snorri relateaz\u0103 \u00een Gylfaginning 49: Baldur \u00ee\u0219i viseaz\u0103 propria moarte. Frigg, mama sa, \u00eei face pe toate fiin\u021bele s\u0103 jure c\u0103 nu \u00eel vor r\u0103ni.<\/p><p>Numai v\u00e2scul este omis, deoarece ea \u00eel consider\u0103 prea t\u00e2n\u0103r. Asii se distreaz\u0103 arunc\u00e2nd proiectile spre Baldur, care nu \u00eel ating. Loki, deghizat \u00een femeie, smulge secretul de la Frigg.<\/p><p>El confec\u021bioneaz\u0103 o s\u0103geat\u0103 din lemn de v\u00e2sc \u0219i i-o d\u0103 orbului Hodr, \u00eei ghideaz\u0103 m\u00e2na, iar Hodr \u00eel love\u0219te mortal pe Baldur. Asii r\u0103m\u00e2n f\u0103r\u0103 grai de durere. Hermod, fratele lui Baldur, c\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te pe Sleipnir spre Hel pentru a cere \u00eentoarcerea lui Baldur.<\/p><p>Hel accept\u0103, cu condi\u021bia ca toate fiin\u021bele s\u0103 \u00eel pl\u00e2ng\u0103 pe Baldur. Toate pl\u00e2ng, numai o b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 pe nume Th\u00f6kk, \u00een spatele c\u0103reia se ascunde Loki, refuz\u0103 lacrima. Baldur r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een Hel p\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 Ragnarok.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Voluspa&#8221; 31-33 relateaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> pe scurt \u0219i condensat. Mai ales strofele despre soarta lui Hodr \u0219i Vali, fiul r\u0103zbun\u0103tor z\u0103mislit de Odin, care \u00eel ucide pe Hodr, sunt centrale aici. Aceast\u0103 genealogie arat\u0103 c\u0103 moartea lui Baldur nu este sf\u00e2r\u0219itul povestirii: ea declan\u0219eaz\u0103 un lan\u021b de r\u0103zbunare care culmineaz\u0103 cu Ragnarokul.<\/p>\n<p>Al treilea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> este \u00eentoarcerea lui Baldur dup\u0103 incendiul cosmic. &#8222;Voluspa&#8221; 62 descrie cum p\u0103m\u00e2ntul r\u0103sare din mare, cum Baldur \u0219i Hodr se \u00eempac\u0103, cum o lume nou\u0103 se na\u0219te. Aceast\u0103 \u00eentoarcere a lui Baldur este unul dintre cele mai puternice motive ale escatologiei nordice \u0219i a exercitat o \u00eendelungat\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103 \u00een receptarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> nordice.<\/p>\n\n<p>Un episod deosebit de tulbur\u0103tor este c\u0103l\u0103ria lui Hermod spre Hel pentru eliberarea lui Baldur. Snorri relateaz\u0103 detaliat \u00een Gylfaginning 49: Hermod c\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te nou\u0103 nop\u021bi prin v\u0103i \u00eentunecate \u0219i ad\u00e2nci, traverseaz\u0103 podul de aur Gjallarbru, a c\u0103rui paznic\u0103Modgudr \u00eel \u00eentreab\u0103 despre scopul drumului, \u0219i ajunge \u00een cele din urm\u0103 la sala lui Hel.<\/p><p>Acolo Baldur st\u0103 pe tronul de onoare, iar Hel promite s\u0103 \u00eel elibereze dac\u0103 toate fiin\u021bele \u00eel vor pl\u00e2nge.<\/p><p>Hermod se \u00eentoarce cu aceast\u0103 veste. Asii trimit soli \u00een toate lumile, \u0219i toate fiin\u021bele pl\u00e2ng, cu excep\u021bia unei b\u0103tr\u00e2ne uria\u0219e pe nume Th\u00f6kk, care st\u0103 \u00een pe\u0219ter\u0103. Ea spune: &#8222;Cu ochi usca\u021bi va pl\u00e2nge Th\u00f6kk pe Baldur. Ce are Hel, s\u0103 p\u0103streze!&#8221; Snorri remarc\u0103 c\u0103 mul\u021bi cred c\u0103 acea Th\u00f6kk era Loki.<\/p>\n<p>Cercetarea a citit episodul lui Hermod ca pe unul dintre cele mai importante argumente pentru fondul \u0219amanic al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> nordice. Hermod c\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te pe calul lui Odin, Sleipnir, arm\u0103sarul cu opt picioare al \u0219amanilor, prin lumea subteran\u0103, dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te praguri \u0219i ajunge \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Acest mod de c\u0103l\u0103torie corespunde tipologic zborului \u0219amanic, atestat \u00een numeroase tradi\u021bii siberiano-mongole. Mircea Eliade a plasat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> nordic\u0103 \u00een acest context \u00een &#8222;Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;<span lang=\"fr\">extase<\/span>&#8221; (1951).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c36b63c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c36b63c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecc8fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ecc8fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e5f1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e5f1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baldur este fiul lui Odin \u0219i al Friggei, tat\u0103l lui Forseti (zeul drept\u0103\u021bii), fratele lui Hodr (Orbul), frate vitreg al lui Thor, al lui Hermod \u0219i al multor al\u021bi fii divini ai lui Odin.<\/p><p>So\u021bia sa Nanna moare de durere c\u00e2nd Baldur este mort \u0219i este incinerat\u0103 al\u0103turi de el pe Hringhorni. Forseti, fiul lor, mo\u0219tene\u0219te re\u0219edin\u021ba Glitnir, o sal\u0103 cu acoperi\u0219 de argint \u0219i st\u00e2lpi de aur.<\/p>\n<p>Fa\u021b\u0103 de Loki, Baldur se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie paradoxal\u0103. Loki, ca tovar\u0103\u0219 al Asilor, este adesea asociat lui Baldur \u0219i Asilor, dar devine unealta mor\u021bii sale.<\/p><p>&#8222;Lokasenna&#8221; 28 arat\u0103 cum Loki, \u00een cearta cu Frigg, face aluzie la moartea lui Baldur. Aceast\u0103 antagonistic\u0103 este tot mai accentuat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i culmineaz\u0103 cu imaginea lui Loki ca distrug\u0103tor al ordinii.<\/p>\n<p>Fa\u021b\u0103 de Hel, fiica lui Loki \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2na lumii subterane, Baldur se afl\u0103 \u00een postura de oaspete privilegiat. Hermod trebuie s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103reasc\u0103 nou\u0103 nop\u021bi prin v\u0103i \u00eentunecate pentru a ajunge la sala lui Hel. Acolo ea \u00eel prime\u0219te pe tronul de onoare, cu Baldur la dreapta ei. Aceast\u0103 scen\u0103 este una dintre cele mai tulbur\u0103toare descrieri ale lumii subterane eddice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d4549 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5d4549\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bcaaf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bcaaf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ba3e6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ba3e6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen receptarea medieval\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103, Baldur a fost interpretat timpuriu ca o prefigurare a lui Christos. Sophus Bugge a dezvoltat aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 pe larg \u00een &#8222;Studien \u00fcber die Entstehung der nordischen G\u00f6tter- und Heldensagen&#8221; (1881-89). Ast\u0103zi teza christologic\u0103 este considerat\u0103 exagerat\u0103, de\u0219i unele paralele (zeul muritor \u0219i revenitor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfa<\/span> inocent\u0103, consecin\u021bele cosmice) sunt recunoscute tipologic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Jacob Grimm a dedicat lui Baldur un capitol aparte \u00een &#8222;Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span>&#8221; (1835). El vedea \u00een el zeul luminii prin excelen\u021b\u0103. \u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, Baldur a devenit popular \u00een romantismul nordic \u0219i \u00een pictur\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>&#8222;Baldur hin gode&#8221; (1808) al lui Adam Oehlenschlager este o prelucrare dramatic\u0103 a subiectului. Baldur apare ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al purit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al frumuse\u021bii tragice \u0219i \u00een literatura na\u021bional-romantic\u0103 din Suedia \u0219i Norvegia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Richard Wagner nu l-a inclus pe Baldur \u00een &#8222;Inelul Nibelungilor&#8221;, probabil deoarece subiectul p\u0103rea mai pu\u021bin eroic \u0219i conflictual dec\u00e2t pove\u0219tile lui Wotan \u0219i Siegfried.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, Baldur a devenit central \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> comparat\u0103, mai ales prin &#8222;The Golden Bough&#8221; (12 vol., 1890-1915) al lui James George Frazer, unde mitul v\u00e2scului a devenit punctul de plecare al unei teorii vaste despre zeii muritori \u0219i \u00eenvia\u021bi.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2c714 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bb2c714\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe191d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cbe191d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae3e8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ae3e8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> comparat\u0103, Baldur este \u00eencadrat \u00een tipul &#8222;zeului care moare \u0219i rena\u0219te&#8221;, al\u0103turi de Adonis, Tammuz, Osiris \u0219i Christos.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aceast\u0103 \u00eencadrare tipologic\u0103 a fost popularizat\u0103 de Frazer \u0219i sistematizat\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori ulteriori precum Mircea Eliade (&#8222;Le mythe de l&#8217;eternel retour&#8221;, 1949). Critica a venit din partea lui Jonathan Z. Smith (&#8222;Drudgery Divine&#8221;, 1990), care a criticat identificarea tipologic\u0103 drept excesiv de schematic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Georges Dum\u00e9zil a \u00eencercat, \u00een &#8222;Loki&#8221; (1948) \u0219i &#8222;Mythe et \u00e9pop\u00e9e&#8221; (1968-73), s\u0103 \u00eencadreze figura lui Baldur \u00een modelul indo-european al celor trei func\u021bii. Baldur ar fi suveranul pur \u0219i nedivizat, a c\u0103rui moarte zguduie ordinea.<\/span><\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 a fost preluat\u0103 \u0219i rafinat\u0103 de Edgar Polom\u00e9 \u0219i Jens Peter Schj\u00f8dt. Polom\u00e9 vede \u00een Baldur aspectul perfec\u021biunii corporale al suveranit\u0103\u021bii, \u00een contrast cu Odin (magico-spiritual) \u0219i Tyr (juridic).<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Simbolismul v\u00e2scului a fost comparat cu paralele celtice de cercet\u0103tori din domeniile celtologiei \u0219i indo-europeanisticii, precum Marie-Louise Sj\u00f6stedt \u00een &#8222;Dieux et h\u00e9ros des Celtes&#8221; (1940). \u00cen ambele tradi\u021bii, v\u00e2scul apare ca plant\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacru<\/span>-paradoxal\u0103, capabil\u0103 s\u0103 aduc\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 vindecare \u0219i moarte.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Teza lui Frazer despre zeul care moare \u0219i rena\u0219te a cunoscut nuan\u021b\u0103ri \u00een cercetarea mai recent\u0103. Jonathan Z. Smith a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Drudgery Divine&#8221; (1990) c\u0103 identificarea tipologic\u0103 dintre Baldur, Christos, Adonis, Osiris \u0219i Tammuz ascunde mai multe diferen\u021be dec\u00e2t asem\u0103n\u0103ri.<\/span><\/p><p>Christos este o figur\u0103 mesianic\u0103 a m\u00e2ntuirii, Adonis un element vegetal al misterelor iubirii, Osiris un rege cosmogonic, Tammuz un demon al vegeta\u021biei agrare. Baldur nu se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 cu claritate \u00een aceste serii. Specificitatea sa rezid\u0103 \u00een combinarea calit\u0103\u021bii de precursor cosmologic al Ragnar\u00f6kului cu cea de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al speran\u021bei pentru re\u00eennoirea de dup\u0103 cataclism.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cercetarea indo-european\u0103 comparat\u0103, Baldur a fost comparat \u00een mai multe r\u00e2nduri cu indianul Tva\u0219tar, cu celticul Lug \u0219i cu lituanianul Velinas. Aceste compara\u021bii sunt tipologice \u0219i nu genetic obligatorii. Provenien\u021ba indo-european\u0103 exact\u0103 a figurii lui Baldur r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis\u0103.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Edgar Polom\u00e9 a sus\u021binut, \u00een &#8222;Old Norse Religious Terminology&#8221; (1969) \u0219i \u00een studii ulterioare, teza c\u0103 Baldur ar fi o crea\u021bie genuin\u0103 nordic\u0103 a fazei t\u00e2rzii a epocii vikinge, care ofer\u0103 rezonan\u021b\u0103 unor elemente indo-europene mai vechi, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi mo\u0219tenitorul lor direct.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229bf7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229bf7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59ec109 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59ec109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3147572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3147572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Surse primare: &#8222;Edda \u00een proz\u0103&#8221; (Snorri Sturluson, circa 1220), &#8222;Voluspa&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Grimnismal&#8221; (Edda \u00een versuri, Codex Regius), &#8222;Baldrs draumar&#8221; (Edda \u00een versuri), &#8222;Gesta Danorum&#8221; cartea 3 (Saxo Grammaticus, circa 1200). Poezii scaldice la Finnur Jonsson &#8222;Den norsk-islandske Skjaldedigtning&#8221; (1912-15).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jan de Vries &#8222;Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte&#8221; (1956\/57).<\/span><\/li><li>Georges Dumezil &#8222;Loki&#8221; (1948).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>James George Frazer &#8222;The Golden Bough&#8221; (1890-1915).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sophus Bugge &#8222;Studien \u00fcber die Entstehung der nordischen G\u00f6tter- und Heldensagen&#8221; (1881-89).<\/span><\/li><li>Karl Helm &#8222;Wodan&#8221; (1946).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Regis Boyer &#8222;La religion des anciens Scandinaves&#8221; (1981).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Margaret Clunies Ross &#8222;Prolonged Echoes&#8221; (1994\/98).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baldur, zeul luminii \u0219i fiul lui Odin Baldur, \u00een forma nordic\u0103 veche Baldr, este zeul luminos al mitologiei germanice, fiu al lui Odin \u0219i al Friggei. Moartea sa prin intermediul crengii de v\u00e2sc, m\u00e2nuit\u0103 de m\u00e2na orbului Hodr prin viclenia lui Loki, este una dintre cele mai tulbur\u0103toare nara\u021biuni ale tradi\u021biei nordice. Baldur este considerat [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3218,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baldur","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baldur - Zeul Luminii \u0219i Fiul lui Odin | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baldur este zeul germano-nordic al luminii \u0219i al purit\u0103\u021bii, fiu al lui Odin \u0219i al Friggei. 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