{"id":105893,"date":"2026-08-04T16:38:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:38:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/imparatul-de-jad\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:39:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:39:17","slug":"yuhuang-shangdi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yuhuang-shangdi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105893\" class=\"elementor elementor-105893 elementor-2014\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang, zeul tradi\u021biei chineze<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang este zeul tradi\u021biei chineze.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad, St\u0103p\u00e2nul Cerului \u0219i al P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, administrator cosmic.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, Yuhuang Shangdi este \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad \u0219i suprema <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-chineze\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei, spirite \u0219i religie popular\u0103 chinez\u0103: daoist\u0103, budist\u0103, confucianist\u0103.\">China<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeii supremi ai unui panteon, suveranitate cosmic\u0103, aspect creator sau suveran.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1741\" alt=\"Jade Kaiser - G\u00f6tter aus der China-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_jade-kaiser.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Yuhuang<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Principal\u0103 divinitate chinez\u0103, cel mai \u00eenalt st\u0103p\u00e2n al cerului (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, religie popular\u0103)<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoism<\/span>, religie popular\u0103 chinez\u0103<br>Func\u021bie: Suveran suprem al cerului, cel mai \u00eenalt demnitar al cur\u021bii cere\u0219ti, administrator al destinului<br>Atribute principale: Coroana Mian cu \u0219iruri de perle de jad, rob\u0103 imperial\u0103 galben\u0103 cu dragoni, sceptru de jad<br>Principale centre de cult: \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span> chinez, Yuhuang Ge din Pingyao, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> Cerului din Beijing<br>Sinonim: \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad (vezi pagina dedicat\u0103 jade-kaiser)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang (chin. <em>Y\u00f9 Hu\u00e1ng D\u00e0d\u00ec<\/em>, \u201eJade-\u00cemp\u0103rat-Mare-St\u0103p\u00e2nitor&#8221;) s-a dezvoltat \u00een dinastia Tang (sec. VII-X d.Hr.) \u0219i a dob\u00e2ndit statutul canonic sub \u00eemp\u0103ratul Zhenzong al dinastiei Song (\u00eenceputul sec. XI). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> Yuhuang reprezint\u0103 o consolidare teologic\u0103 a panteonului chinez: toate celelalte divinit\u0103\u021bi i se subordoneaz\u0103 ca func\u021bionari cere\u0219ti.<\/p><p>Perioada de maxim\u0103 \u00eenflorire a vener\u0103rii lui Yuhuang: dinastiile Song p\u00e2n\u0103 la Qing. Ast\u0103zi r\u0103m\u00e2ne central \u00een orice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Taoism<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span> \u0219i \u00een religia popular\u0103 chinez\u0103; s\u0103rb\u0103toarea zilei sale de na\u0219tere, \u00een a 9-a zi a Anului Nou Chinezesc, este una dintre cele mai mari festivit\u0103\u021bi taoiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult: Prezent \u00een sens daoist \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> mai important. Sanctuare speciale: <strong>Yuhuang Ge<\/strong> \u00een Pingyao (Shanxi), <strong>Yuhuang Miao<\/strong> pe muntele Tai (unul dintre cele cinci mun\u021bi sacri ai Chinei), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> Yuhuang \u00een Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore.<\/p><p>\u00cen China imperial\u0103, <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> Cerului<\/strong> din Beijing (construit \u00een 1420) era cel mai \u00eenalt loc de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, doar \u00eemp\u0103ratul put\u00e2nd aduce jertfe acolo Cerului suprem. Prezent la nivel interna\u021bional \u00een fiecare comunitate chinez\u0103 din diaspor\u0103 care dispune de un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> daoist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Y\u00f9 Hu\u00e1ng B\u011bny\u00ec J\u012bng<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad, text canonic), colec\u021bia Daozang (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> daoist), edictele imperiale ale dinastiei Song. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Werner, <em>Myths and Legends of China<\/em>; Kohn, <em>Daoism Handbook<\/em>; Schipper, <em>The Taoist Body<\/em>; Bokenkamp, <em>Early Daoist Scriptures<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi este reprezentat ca un b\u0103rbat demn, de v\u00e2rst\u0103 mijlocie sau mai \u00eenaintat\u0103, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een robe imperiale din m\u0103tase ro\u0219ie sau aurie, cu coroan\u0103 de perle \u0219i sceptru. Chipul s\u0103u este drept, nu m\u00e2nios, dar autoritar. El st\u0103 pe un tron \u00een biroul s\u0103u ceresc, \u00eenconjurat de suluri \u0219i instrumente administrative &#8211; nu arme sau opere de art\u0103, ci documente asem\u0103n\u0103toare registrelor, consemn\u00e2nd karma \u0219i destinul.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Simbolul<\/span> jadului trimite la o calitate metafizic\u0103: jadul este \u00een China <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al vie\u021bii, al purit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al indestructibilit\u0103\u021bii. Simbolurile sale sunt dragonul imperial, motivul persan \u0219i \u00eensemnele cere\u0219ti. \u00cen art\u0103 este adesea \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at \u00eenso\u021bit de o suit\u0103 de func\u021bionari &#8211; divinit\u0103\u021bi subordonate, secretari, scribi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi esen\u021biale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi guverneaz\u0103 toate divinit\u0103\u021bile, spiritele \u0219i cerurile administrative. \u00cei sunt subordona\u021bi zei specializa\u021bi &#8211; zeul umidit\u0103\u021bii, zeul p\u0103durii, zeul fiec\u0103rui sat. \u00cemp\u0103ratul p\u0103m\u00e2ntean guverneaz\u0103 prin mandatul s\u0103u (<em>Tianming<\/em>). Oamenii pot adresa rug\u0103ciuni \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad pentru schimbarea destinului, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntare<\/span> pentru recolte sau pentru familie. Spre deosebire de alte divinit\u0103\u021bi, aceasta se face \u00een mod formal, f\u0103r\u0103 apropierea intim\u0103.<\/p><p>Festivalul na\u0219terii \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad, \u00een a opta zi a primei luni lunare, este una dintre cele mai mari s\u0103rb\u0103tori populare ale Chinei: focuri de artificii, procesiuni, altare cu bani de h\u00e2rtie ro\u0219ie. \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este tratat cu respect, similar umilin\u021bei fa\u021b\u0103 de un \u00eemp\u0103rat p\u0103m\u00e2ntean. Hot\u0103r\u00e2rile sale sunt cele mai importante pentru via\u021ba omului: c\u00e2nd te rena\u0219ti, cu ce karma, sub ce constela\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Yuhuang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Yuhuang dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang ia na\u0219tere \u00een dinastia Tang ca o consolidare teologic\u0103 a panteonului chinez. \u00cen tradi\u021bia mitologic\u0103: fiu al spiritului protector al imperiului \u0219i al lui Bao Yue Guang Wang Mu (mama creatoare); s-a \u00eencarnat \u00eentr-o dinastie timpurie ca prin\u021bul Y\u00f9, a renun\u021bat la regatul s\u0103u pentru a deveni ascet \u0219i, dup\u0103 milioane de ani de medita\u021bie, a dob\u00e2ndit cel mai \u00eenalt statut ceresc.<\/p><p>So\u021bie: Wang Mu Niang Niang (Regina-Mam\u0103 a Vestului). Tat\u0103 al lui Yang Jian \u0219i al multor altor semizei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atribu\u021bii<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suveran suprem al Cerului \u0219i administrator \u0219ef al aparatului birocratic cosmic. Toate divinit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i demonii \u00eei sunt subordona\u021bi. El confer\u0103 \u0219i retrage demnit\u0103\u021bi divine, convoac\u0103 adun\u0103ri \u0219i supravegheaz\u0103 lumea oamenilor prin func\u021bionarii s\u0103i. \u00cen cultul popular este destinatarul peti\u021biilor de tot felul, dar de regul\u0103 prin intermediul divinit\u0103\u021bilor locale inferioare (de ex. zeul cet\u0103\u021bii, zeul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului) ca mijlocitori. Este invocat direct doar \u00een cele mai grave situa\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang ca suveran al cur\u021bii imperiale \u00een ve\u0219m\u00e2nt tradi\u021bional chinezesc: <em>Coroana Mian<\/em> (coroan\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103, dreptunghiular\u0103, cu \u0219iraguri de perle de jad at\u00e2rn\u00e2nde), <em>Roba cu dragoni<\/em> galben\u0103 sau auriu-galben\u0103 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> imperial), <em>sceptru de jad<\/em> (gui), barb\u0103, tr\u0103s\u0103turi faciale bland-severe. Troneaz\u0103 pe un m\u0103re\u021b tron de dragoni \u00een sala cerului suprem, \u00eenconjurat de divinit\u0103\u021bi-func\u021bionari. \u00cen reprezent\u0103rile figurative din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>, apare adesea monumental \u00een cella central\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Yuhuang este venerat \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span>. Ziua sa de na\u0219tere, \u00een a noua zi a Anului Nou chinezesc (mijlocul sau sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii ianuarie\/februarie), este una dintre cele mai mari festivit\u0103\u021bi daoiste, cu procesiuni de rug\u0103ciune impresionante \u0219i ofrande.<\/p><p>\u00cen cultul domestic personal, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> sa este tipic\u0103 la Anul Nou \u0219i de ziua sa de na\u0219tere. Regii din lumea Chinei tradi\u021bionale (inclusiv din Coreea \u0219i Vietnam) se considerau reprezentan\u021bii s\u0103i pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> exprimat\u0103 politic prin Mandatul Cerului (<em>Tianming<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coroana Mian cu \u0219iraguri de perle de jad, rob\u0103 imperial\u0103 galben\u0103 cu dragoni, sceptru de jad (gui), tron de dragoni, barb\u0103, insigne imperiale. Animale sacre: dragonul (\u00een special dragonul galben), phoenixul. Plante sacre: piersica (piersica nemuririi so\u021biei sale), bujorul. Num\u0103r sacru: 9 (num\u0103rul imperial).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiin\u021be \u00eenrudite<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad<\/em> (chin., pagin\u0103 proprie), <em>Tian \/ Shangdi<\/em> (conceptul anterior de divinitate suprem\u0103 chinez\u0103), <em>Brahman<\/em> (hinduism, fiin\u021ba suprem\u0103), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopotamia, zeul cerului), <em>Uranos<\/em> (Grecia, cerul primordial), <em>Tian-Hou<\/em> (Mazu, \u201eRegina Cerului&#8221;), <em>Mahabrahma<\/em> (budism, cel mai \u00eenalt func\u021bionar al lumilor). Func\u021bional: orice divinitate suprem\u0103 care conduce o ierarhie birocratic\u0103 cosmic\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te aspecte ale lui Yuhuang. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> imperial\u0103 face din Yuhuang o figur\u0103 unic\u0103 &#8211; el este oglinda cereasc\u0103 a sistemului imperial chinez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este considerat \u00een religia popular\u0103 chinez\u0103 drept garantul suprem al ordinii cere\u0219ti &#8211; nu o figur\u0103 de care ar trebui s\u0103 te aperi. Raportul cu el urmeaz\u0103, prin urmare, logica vener\u0103rii: \u00een a noua zi a primei luni lunare, templele \u0219i gospod\u0103riile \u00eei s\u0103rb\u0103toresc ziua de na\u0219tere cu t\u0103m\u00e2ie, ofrande \u0219i rug\u0103ciuni. Cel care respect\u0103 autoritatea sa caut\u0103 totodat\u0103 protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de spiritele inferioare, care se afl\u0103 sub administra\u021bia sa cereasc\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este \u00eent\u00e2lnit mai ales prin altare domestice \u0219i vizite la templu, unde se aprind be\u021bi\u0219oare de t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u0219i se aduc fructe sau ceai ca ofrande. \u00cen p\u0103r\u021bi ale Chinei de Sud \u0219i \u00een tradi\u021bia Hokkien din Taiwan \u0219i Asia de Sud-Est, festivalul zilei sale de na\u0219tere, Bai Tian Gong, este unul dintre cele mai importante momente ale anului ritual. Astfel de rituri servesc mai pu\u021bin respingerii zeului \u00eensu\u0219i, c\u00e2t cultiv\u0103rii unui raport ordonat cu Cerul.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen concep\u021bia daoist\u0103, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad conduce o birocra\u021bie cereasc\u0103 care \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 destinul oamenilor \u0219i \u021bine fiin\u021bele spirituale \u00een fr\u00e2u. Practica religiei populare urm\u0103re\u0219te, prin urmare, s\u0103 fie \u00eenscris favorabil \u00een aceast\u0103 administra\u021bie prin comportament corect \u0219i ofrande. Cunoscut este obiceiul legat de zeul vetrei, Zaojun, care \u00eenainte de Anul Nou \u00eei face \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad un raport despre fiecare gospod\u0103rie \u0219i este, prin urmare, \u00eembuniat cu daruri dulci.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuhuang, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuhuang Shangdi se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu Dumnezeul occidental (autoritate administrativ\u0103 cosmic\u0103), cu Zeus ptolemaic ca ordonator al cosmosului \u0219i cu Brahma indian (creator-administrator, nu cel mai \u00eenalt). Spre deosebire de Dumnezeu sau Brahma, Yuhuang se afl\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 sub Sanqing; el nu este instan\u021ba absolut final\u0103.<\/p><p>Cu Amaterasu japonez, Yuhuang \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te rolul de legitimare imperial\u0103 \u0219i centralitatea. Cu Iupiter roman, domnia cereasc\u0103. Unic este caracterul s\u0103u administrativ: el este \u00eenainte de toate zeul birocra\u021biei cosmice, mai pu\u021bin zeul tunetului sau al iubirii. Aceasta este tipic daoist\u0103: spiritualitate prin ordine, nu prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent religios axat pe experien\u021ba nemijlocit\u0103 a divinului.\" tabindex=\"0\">mistic\u0103<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c25837 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c25837\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp642e179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp642e179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ascensiunea la rangul de \u00cemp\u0103rat de Jad: o carier\u0103 t\u00e2rzie \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7175be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa7175be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33693d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33693d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad (<em>Yuhuang Dadi<\/em>, \u201eAugustul \u00cemp\u0103rat de Jad&#8221;) face parte, \u00een ciuda pozi\u021biei sale de prim rang din zilele noastre, dintre figurile relativ tinere ale cerului divin chinezesc.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele clasice din epoca Han el lipse\u0219te \u00eenc\u0103; stratul mai vechi al zeilor supremi daoi\u0219ti este format din figuri precum <em>Yuanshi Tianzun<\/em> (\u201eCel Venerat al Cerului din Originea Primordial\u0103&#8221;) \u0219i trinitatea <em>Sanqing<\/em>. \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad apare cu claritate abia \u00een epoca Tang \u0219i mai ales \u00een epoca Song.<\/p><p>Decisiv\u0103 a fost sprijinul imperial. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Zhenzong al dinastiei Song i-a conferit \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad titluri oficiale \u00een 1012 \u0219i din nou \u00een 1015, integr\u00e2ndu-l astfel \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> de stat. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Huizong a continuat aceast\u0103 politic\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un proces prin care curtea imperial\u0103 terestr\u0103 \u0219i-a creat o imagine cereasc\u0103 a propriei sale ordini: \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad guverneaz\u0103 cosmosul astfel cum Fiul Cerului trebuie s\u0103 guverneze imperiul, cu aparat de func\u021bionari, audien\u021be \u0219i peti\u021bii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 fuziune de religie popular\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> daoist\u0103 \u0219i cult de stat explic\u0103 natura dual\u0103 a figurii. Pentru \u0219colile daoiste, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad a r\u0103mas subordonat supremului <em>Sanqing<\/em>, un zeu desigur august, dar nu primordial.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia popular\u0103<\/span> \u00eens\u0103 el a devenit adev\u0103ratul st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al cerului, p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i lumii de dincolo, c\u0103ruia toate celelalte divinit\u0103\u021bi \u00eei datoreaz\u0103 socoteal\u0103. Aceast\u0103 tensiune dintre \u00eencadrarea savant\u0103 \u0219i cea popular\u0103 se \u00eentinde p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent \u0219i reprezint\u0103 unul dintre motivele pentru care descrierile pozi\u021biei sale difer\u0103 considerabil \u00een func\u021bie de surs\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43a3714 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43a3714\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd85b912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd85b912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Statul de func\u021bionari cere\u0219ti: cosmologie \u0219i model administrativ<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3056a25 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3056a25\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp95b9f42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp95b9f42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Universul conceptual din jurul \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad este p\u0103truns de ordinea birocratic\u0103 a Imperiului Chinez. Cerul apare ca o administra\u021bie cu ministere, registre \u0219i cariere &#8211; nu ca un loc abstract. \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad st\u0103 \u00een v\u00e2rf, \u00eenconjurat de func\u021bionari de curte, \u0219i prime\u0219te la date fixe rapoartele divinit\u0103\u021bilor subordonate.<\/p><p>Deosebit de str\u00e2ns\u0103 este leg\u0103tura cu <a href=\"\/ro\/zeul-bucatariei-zao-jun\/\">zeul vetrei<\/a> (<em>Zaojun<\/em>), care rezid\u0103 \u00een fiecare gospod\u0103rie \u0219i urc\u0103 o dat\u0103 pe an, cu pu\u021bin timp \u00eenainte de Anul Nou, la \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad pentru a raporta despre comportamentul familiei.<\/p><p>Zeul cet\u0103\u021bii (<em>Chenghuang<\/em>) \u0219i divinit\u0103\u021bile p\u0103m\u00e2ntului (<em>Tudigong<\/em>) sunt \u0219i ele integrate \u00een aceast\u0103 ierarhie: func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca func\u021bionari locali care raporteaz\u0103 \u00een sus \u0219i primesc instruc\u021biuni de sus.<\/p><p>Durata vie\u021bii \u0219i destinul oamenilor sunt consemnate \u00een registre cere\u0219ti. Divinit\u0103\u021bi precum St\u0103p\u00e2nul Stelelor de Sud \u0219i cel de Nord administreaz\u0103 na\u0219terea \u0219i moartea. Cine dob\u00e2nde\u0219te merite poate, potrivit unor texte, avansa \u00een aparatul lumii de dincolo; oamenii diviniza\u021bi primesc demnit\u0103\u021bi. Acest model al carierei religioase oglinde\u0219te realitatea social\u0103 a examenului mandarinal.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, acest complex denumit \u201ebirocra\u021bie celest\u0103&#8221; a fost mult studiat, printre altele \u00een lucr\u0103rile lui C. K. Yang \u0219i, ulterior, ale lui Stephan Feuchtwang. Concluzia central\u0103: cerul divin chinez nu este un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> arbitrar, ci un sistem ordonat dup\u0103 atribu\u021bii, \u00een care \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad ocup\u0103 rolul de suveran suprem, f\u0103r\u0103 a interveni \u00een fiecare detaliu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa42b1fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa42b1fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8af1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c8af1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Temple, reprezent\u0103ri plastice \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea din a noua zi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp467d4b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp467d4b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc06af4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc06af4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span>, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este reprezentat aproape \u00eentotdeauna ca un suveran \u00eensc\u0103unat pe tron, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een ve\u0219minte imperiale. El poart\u0103 <em>mianfu<\/em>, ve\u0219m\u00e2ntul ceremonial, \u0219i pe cap <em>mianguan<\/em>, coroana plat\u0103 cu \u0219iruri de perle at\u00e2rn\u00e2nde, rezervat\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103ratului chinez.<\/p><p>\u00cen m\u00e2ini \u021bine adesea o t\u0103bli\u021b\u0103 de audien\u021b\u0103 (<em>hu<\/em>). Aceast\u0103 reprezentare subliniaz\u0103 vizual identificarea sa cu suveranul p\u0103m\u00e2ntesc.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templele<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrate<\/span> \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad poart\u0103 adesea denumiri precum <em>Yuhuang Gong<\/em> sau <em>Tiangong<\/em> (\u201ePalatul Ceresc&#8221;). Ansambluri cunoscute se g\u0103sesc \u00een Taiwan, precum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> Tiangong din Tainan, \u0219i pe continentul chinez.<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad dispune \u00een multe ansambluri templiere mai mari de propriul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un mic loc sacru de p\u0103strare sau un spa\u021biu de rug\u0103ciune.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> sau de propria sal\u0103, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> este dedicat altor divinit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p><p>Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare este a noua zi a primei luni lunare, considerat\u0103 ziua de na\u0219tere a \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad. \u00cen comunit\u0103\u021bile hokkien, mai ales din Taiwan \u0219i Asia de Sud-Est, este celebrat\u0103 ca <em>Pai Ti Kong<\/em>.<\/p><p>Venerarea \u00eencepe \u00een noaptea precedent\u0103: familiile ridic\u0103 altare, aduc ofrande din trestie de zah\u0103r, care potrivit unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legende<\/span> i-a ocrotit c\u00e2ndva pe hokkieni de urm\u0103ritori, \u0219i depun ceai, fructe \u0219i t\u0103m\u00e2ie. Deoarece \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este considerat prea sublim pentru a fi cinstit direct cu carne, ofrandele vegetariene \u0219i jertfele simbolice din h\u00e2rtie sunt predominante.<\/p><p>Rogojinile de paie pe care se \u00eengenuncheaz\u0103 \u0219i ordinea ritual\u0103 a plec\u0103ciunilor sunt codificate diferit de la o regiune la alta. Studiile etnografice consacrate acestor s\u0103rb\u0103tori, provenind de exemplu din Singapore \u0219i Penang, arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns este legat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> de istoriile concrete ale migra\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33506fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp33506fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp008cad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp008cad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad \u00een roman, oper\u0103 \u0219i divertismentul modern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfbc1a9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfbc1a9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd86d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdd86d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dincolo de practica religioas\u0103, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad este o figur\u0103 literar\u0103 consacrat\u0103. \u00cen romanul <em>C\u0103l\u0103torie spre Vest<\/em> (<em>Xiyou ji<\/em>, sec. XVI), el apare ca suveran suprem al Cerului, a c\u0103rui curte este pus\u0103 \u00een dezordine de Regele-Maimu\u021b\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/sun-wukong\/\">Sun Wukong<\/a>.<\/p><p>Remarcabil este c\u0103 romanul nu \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad ca atotputernic: el trebuie s\u0103 apeleze la Buddha pentru a potoli maimu\u021ba. Aceast\u0103 reprezentare pe jum\u0103tate satiric\u0103 modeleaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi imaginea sa popular\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen teatrul clasic chinez \u0219i \u00een Opera de Beijing, \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad apare regulat \u00een piese care dramatizeaz\u0103 episoade din <em>Xiyou ji<\/em> sau din <em>Investitura Zeilor<\/em> (<em>Fengshen yanyi<\/em>). Rolul s\u0103u scenic este cel al suveranului demn, oarecum distant.<\/p><p>\u00cen epoca modern\u0103, aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie s-a perpetuat. \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad apare \u00een filme de anima\u021bie, seriale de televiziune, benzi desenate \u0219i jocuri video &#8211; at\u00e2t \u00een Republica Popular\u0103 Chinez\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een cultura popular\u0103 occidental\u0103 care valorific\u0103 <em>C\u0103l\u0103toria spre Vest<\/em>. Figura este adesea redus\u0103 la birocratul neputincios care se afl\u0103 \u00een calea eroului rebel.<\/p><p>Pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span>, acest fapt este revelator: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> literar\u0103 \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> viu coexist\u0103 \u00een paralel. Cel care aduce ofrande Palatului Ceresc \u00een a noua zi a primei luni venereaz\u0103 un suveran sublim; cel care cite\u0219te romanul \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te o figur\u0103 fr\u00e2nt\u0103 ironic. Ambele imagini fac parte din istoria recept\u0103rii \u0219i nu trebuie opuse una alteia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf23c7e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf23c7e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp38c99b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp38c99b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor: de unde provine cunoa\u0219terea noastr\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0970a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0970a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ce3203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6ce3203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cine dore\u0219te s\u0103 surprind\u0103 \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad din perspectiv\u0103 istoric\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 disting\u0103 \u00eentre mai multe straturi de texte. Cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri ale unui august st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al cerurilor cu acest nume provin din scrierile daoiste din epoca Tang. Impulsul decisiv vine din documentele de curte din epoca Song, care consemneaz\u0103 conferirile de titluri ale \u00eemp\u0103ratului Zhenzong; acestea sunt transmise \u00een operele istorice dinastice.<\/p><p>Al\u0103turi de acestea se afl\u0103 scrierile daoiste, reunite \u00een <em>Daozang<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie a scripturilor sacre ale unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> daoistului. Aici se reg\u0103sesc liturghii, invoca\u021bii \u0219i \u00eencadr\u0103ri teologice care integreaz\u0103 \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad \u00een sistemul zeilor supremi. Aceste texte sunt adesea dificil de datat \u0219i presupun cuno\u0219tin\u021be liturgice specializate.<\/p><p>Un al treilea strat \u00eel constituie literatura narativ\u0103 din epoca Ming, \u00een special <em>Xiyou ji<\/em> \u0219i <em>Fengshen yanyi<\/em>, care au modelat puternic imaginea popular\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a reprezenta \u00eens\u0103 surse teologice \u00een sens strict. \u00cen fine, etnografia modern\u0103, precum cercet\u0103rile de teren privind daoismul popular din Taiwan \u0219i Asia de Sud-Est, furnizeaz\u0103 material despre practica tr\u0103it\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea \u00eendeamn\u0103 la pruden\u021b\u0103: multe dintre cele prezentate \u00een expunerile populare drept <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> veche, precum legendele detaliate despre na\u0219terea \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad, sunt t\u00e2rzii din punct de vedere literar sau au o r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire regional\u0103 limitat\u0103.<\/p><p>Concluzia sobr\u0103 este c\u0103 \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad reprezint\u0103 o figur\u0103 consolidat\u0103 \u00een cursul Evului Mediu, al c\u0103rei profil rezult\u0103 din interac\u021biunea dintre cultul de stat, erudi\u021bia daoist\u0103 \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozitatea tr\u0103it\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea \u00een paralel cu doctrina oficial\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietatea popular\u0103<\/span>. Acolo unde sunt invocate mituri mai vechi, baza surselor trebuie examinat\u0103 critic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yanluo-wang\/\">Yanluo, func\u021bionar al mor\u021bilor subordonat lui<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zhong-kui\/\">Zhong Kui, uciga\u0219ul de demoni aflat sub comanda sa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mazu\/\">Mazu, divinitate popular\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-chineze\/\">China, prezentare de ansamblu a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zei, prezentare de ansamblu a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Kohn, Livia (Hg.): <em>Daoism Handbook<\/em>. Leiden 2000.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schipper, Kristofer: <em>The Taoist Body<\/em>. Berkeley 1993.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bokenkamp, Stephen R.: <em>Early Daoist Scriptures<\/em>. Berkeley 1997.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma \u201eYu Huang&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yuhuang, zeul tradi\u021biei chineze Yuhuang este zeul tradi\u021biei chineze. \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad, St\u0103p\u00e2nul Cerului \u0219i al P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, administrator cosmic. \u00cen Daoism, Yuhuang Shangdi este \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad \u0219i suprema divinitate. ZeuChinaDivinitate suprem\u0103 Cuprins Yuhuang Profil succint: Yuhuang Tip: Principal\u0103 divinitate chinez\u0103, cel mai \u00eenalt st\u0103p\u00e2n al cerului (Daoism, religie popular\u0103)Panteon: Daoism, religie popular\u0103 chinez\u0103Func\u021bie: Suveran [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1741,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yuhuang Shangdi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yuhuang Shangdi - \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad al Daoismului","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Administrator cosmic, reglator al destinului \u0219i putere suprem\u0103 activ\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 daoist\u0103 a Chinei.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"china","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105893","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yuhuang Shangdi - \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad al Daoismului<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Administrator cosmic, reglator al destinului \u0219i putere suprem\u0103 activ\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 daoist\u0103 a Chinei.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yuhuang-shangdi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta 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