{"id":105878,"date":"2026-08-04T16:37:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:37:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yamaduta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:37:52","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:37:52","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105878\" class=\"elementor elementor-105878 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, spirit din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Solii mor\u021bii ai lui Yama, executori ai judec\u0103\u021bilor karmice.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Yamaduta \u00een sistemul Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Yamaduta sunt <strong>solii mor\u021bii lui Yama<\/strong>, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor din tradi\u021bia vedic\u0103, hinduist\u0103 \u0219i budist\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen Garuda Purana \u0219i \u00een sistemul Naraka din Mahabharata, ei culeg sufletul imediat dup\u0103 <strong>momentul decesului<\/strong>. \u00cendatoririle lor cuprind: identificarea sufletului, desprinderea leg\u0103turilor vitale, escortarea peste <strong>r\u00e2ul Vaitarani<\/strong>, predarea la curtea de judecat\u0103 a lui Yama \u00een <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. Acolo c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te scriitorul <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> meritele \u0219i p\u0103catele, iar Yama pronun\u021b\u0103 sentin\u021ba.<\/p><p>Pedepsele conduc spre unul dintre cele <strong>28 de Naraka<\/strong> (infernuri): Raurava (infernul \u021bipetelor), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. Preluarea budist\u0103 (Mahayana, Vajrayana) p\u0103streaz\u0103 schema, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 posibilitatea eliber\u0103rii prin recitarea de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantre<\/span> \u0219i prin practici ale st\u0103rii intermediare (Bardo, Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor). Iconografic, Yamaduta sunt reprezenta\u021bi cu piele \u00eenchis\u0103 la culoare, cu la\u021b, m\u0103ciuc\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103rind bivoli de ap\u0103.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit: Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite fl\u0103m\u00e2nde \u0219i paznici ai infernurilor.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1697\" alt=\"Yamaduta - Geister aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> al tradi\u021biei budiste.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bta sunt solii mor\u021bii \u00een slujba lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii mor\u021bilor din tradi\u021bia indo-budist\u0103. La momentul decesului ei apar pentru a prelua sufletul \u0219i a-l aduce \u00eenaintea tribunalului lui Yama.<\/p><p>Acolo se c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, budism \u0219i jainism, legea consecin\u021belor faptelor: orice ac\u021biune se r\u0103sfr\u00e2nge asupra existen\u021belor ulterioare.\">karma<\/span>; Yama pronun\u021b\u0103 sentin\u021ba; yamad\u016bta o execut\u0103, fie \u00een lumile cere\u0219ti, fie \u00een naraka (infernuri). Figura \u00eembin\u0103 tradi\u021biile cultului mor\u021bilor indian \u0219i budist; \u00een Asia de Est ea se contope\u0219te cu reprezent\u0103rile locale despre lumea mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (\u201eSutta solilor divini&#8221;) din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca autoritar\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> Pali relateaz\u0103 o scen\u0103 spus\u0103 de Buddha: un defunct este adus \u00eenaintea lui Yama; Yama \u00eel \u00eentreab\u0103 dac\u0103 a v\u0103zut \u201esolii divini&#8221;, b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bea, boala, moartea, cadavrele, care ar fi putut s\u0103-l \u00eendemne la poc\u0103in\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Yamad\u016bta nu sunt, prin urmare, doar executori, ci totodat\u0103 indicatori ai vie\u021bii. Acest dublu rol confer\u0103 figurii o bog\u0103\u021bie teologic\u0103 deosebit\u0103.<\/p><div><p><strong>Garuda Purana \u0219i topografia Yamaloka<\/strong><\/p><p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 reprezentare a <em>yamaduta<\/em> se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (secolele VIII-X), unde solii lui Yama sunt clasifica\u021bi dup\u0103 rang \u0219i func\u021bie. Dincolo de rolul unor simpli paznici sau soli, ei \u00eendeplinesc func\u021bia de jura\u021bi \u0219i documentatori ai judec\u0103\u021bii karmice.<\/p><p>Fiecare defunct este condus de yamaduta s\u0103i personali din lumea muribunzilor spre Maharloka, unde Yama \u021bine curte. Topografia Yamaloka \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, astfel cum este descris\u0103 \u00een diverse Purana, prezint\u0103 o structur\u0103 birocratic\u0103: poarta, drumul, sala drept\u0103\u021bii, diversele zone infernale. Yamaduta sunt administratorii acestei topografii, nu paznicii ei.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> soli ai mor\u021bii, executori ai infernurilor<br>Origine: slujba lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor<br>Texte: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jataka, Abhidharmakosha, Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor<br>Perioad\u0103: de la epoca vedic-budist\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Form\u0103 est-asiatic\u0103: \u00een sistemul subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean chinez, ca soli ai lui Yanluo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Context vedic (Yama \u00een Rigveda), formulare budist\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> Pali \u0219i sutre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eMarele Vehicul\"; una dintre cele trei tradi\u021bii principale ale budismului, cu idealul Bodhisattva \u0219i o reflec\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103.\">Mahayana<\/span>. Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, sec. IV\/V d.Hr.) sistematizeaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span>. Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen budismul tibetan, starea de tranzi\u021bie dintre dou\u0103 existen\u021be; Bardo Th\u00f6dol descrie faza de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, sec. VIII sau mai t\u00e2rziu) cu o scenerie Yamaduta detaliat\u0103. Referin\u021be chineze \u0219i japoneze \u00een literatura budist\u0103 a lumii de dincolo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Subcontinentul indian, \u021b\u0103rile theravada, Asia de Est (\u00een China ca soli ai lui Yanluo, ca Niu Tou \u201eCap de bou&#8221; \u0219i Ma Mian \u201eFa\u021b\u0103 de cal&#8221;), Tibet cu extensia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201aVehiculul de Diamant'; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a budismului Mahayana, cu centrul \u00een Tibet, axat\u0103 pe practica Yidam \u0219i tehnica mantrelor.\">Vajrayana<\/span>, Japonia cu varianta Emma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya \u0219i Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor; ghid ritual pentru st\u0103rile de tranzi\u021bie de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, nara\u021biunile chineze despre lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 (literatura <em>Di Yu<\/em>), japonezele Jigoku-z\u014dshi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanscrit\u0103:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201esolul lui Yama&#8221;; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201epaznicul lui Yama&#8221;; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201eomul lui Yama&#8221;.<br>Chinez\u0103: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201eCap de bou \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de cal&#8221;, form\u0103 pereche popular\u0103).<br>Japonez\u0103: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama ca Emma.<br>Tibetan\u0103: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Specificarea din Asia de Est este remarcabil\u0103: perechea Cap de bou \u0219i Fa\u021b\u0103 de cal reprezint\u0103 o dezvoltare chinez\u0103 autonom\u0103. Ambele sunt prezentate ca func\u021bionari puternici ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene afla\u021bi sub autoritatea lui Yanluo Wang \u0219i sunt figuri proeminente \u00een templele religiei populare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia indian\u0103, adesea cu aur\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri, arme \u0219i lan\u021buri. Pot fi de form\u0103 par\u021bial animal\u0103. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> chinez\u0103 sunt specifica\u021bi ca Cap de bou \u0219i Fa\u021b\u0103 de cal, \u00eenarma\u021bi cu b\u00e2te sau furci. \u00cen tangka-urile tibetane apar plini de m\u00e2nie, dans\u00e2nd, cu simboluri ale craniului.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Apar la momentul decesului, leag\u0103 sufletul \u0219i \u00eel conduc la Yama. \u00cen Naraka execut\u0103 pedepsele karmice nu din cruzime personal\u0103, ci ca \u00eendatorire func\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen interpretarea Devad\u016bta, ei sunt \u0219i simbolici: via\u021ba \u00eens\u0103\u0219i avertizeaz\u0103 prin b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be, boal\u0103, moarte.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Lumea intermediar\u0103 \u00een procesul mor\u021bii, curtea de judecat\u0103 a lui Yama, Naraka (infernurile). \u00cen tradi\u021bia est-asiatic\u0103 sunt repartiza\u021bi \u00een func\u021bii concrete ale lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene; fiecare dintre cele zece infernuri are propriii s\u0103i func\u021bionari.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama este \u00een tradi\u021bia vedic\u0103 primul muritor care a cobor\u00e2t \u00een lumea de dincolo, devenind astfel st\u0103p\u00e2nul ei. Solii s\u0103i sunt func\u021bionari ai unui sistem cosmic, nu demoni autonomi. Preluarea budist\u0103 p\u0103streaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie func\u021bional\u0103.<\/p><div><p><strong>Semne corporale \u0219i func\u021bia de intimidare<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen pasajele din Mahabharata \u0219i \u00een Purana ulterioare, Yamaduta sunt descri\u0219i cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi fizice specifice: piele neagr\u0103, ochi ro\u0219ii, p\u0103r de \u0219arpe sau fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u00een loc de p\u0103r, arme de fier. Aceste tr\u0103s\u0103turi sunt func\u021bionale, nicidecum arbitrare: menirea lor este s\u0103-i \u0219ocheze pe muritori \u0219i s\u0103-i \u00eendemne la reflec\u021bie asupra propriei vie\u021bi.<\/p><p>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area este totodat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\">apotropaic\u0103<\/span> \u0219i meditativ\u0103. Vederea unui Yamaduta marcheaz\u0103 trecerea de la via\u021b\u0103 la responsabilitate. \u00cen comentariile tantrice, func\u021bia de intimidare este \u0219i mai explicit\u0103: Yamaduta este o \u00eentruchipare con\u0219tient\u0103 a consecin\u021belor karmice, nu o entitate biologic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale Yamad\u016bta, privire de ansamblu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen slujba lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor. Fundament vedic-budist. \u00cen Asia de Est articulat sub Yanluo\/Emma, cu o ierarhie proprie de func\u021bionari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatari<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Muribunzii la momentul decesului, defunc\u021bii \u00een starea intermediar\u0103, fiin\u021bele infernale pentru executarea pedepselor. Indirect, to\u021bi cei vii, ca soma\u021bie moral\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia indian\u0103 cu aur\u0103 de fl\u0103c\u0103ri \u0219i arme. \u00cen tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 specifica\u021bi ca Cap de bou \u0219i Fa\u021b\u0103 de cal. \u00cen tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 plini de m\u00e2nie, dans\u00e2nd, cu podoabe din cranii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efectul Yamaduta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Culeg sufletele muribunzilor, le conduc la curtea de judecat\u0103 a lui Yama, execut\u0103 sentin\u021bele karmice. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 func\u021bional, nu din cruzime personal\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forme de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nu respingere, ci via\u021b\u0103 dreapt\u0103: conduit\u0103 etic\u0103, refugiu \u00een cele Trei Bijuterii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> lui Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen budismul Mahayana, un iluminat care am\u00e2n\u0103 propria sa eliberare \u00een favoarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii pentru celelalte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> al fiin\u021belor infernale). \u00cen tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103: practica Phowa (transferul con\u0219tiin\u021bei \u00een momentul mor\u021bii).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/dirae\/\">Dirae<\/a>, \u00eenso\u021bitorii din Amduat-ul egiptean, \u00eengerii mor\u021bii din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rituri ale mor\u021bii \u0219i ale muribunzilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Preg\u0103tirea pentru moarte<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia theravada: recitarea Paritta \u0219i a suttelor Metta l\u00e2ng\u0103 muribunzi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Marele Vehicul; una dintre cele trei tradi\u021bii principale ale budismului, cu idealul bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>: recitarea mantrelor lui Amitabha, pentru a rena\u0219te \u00een \u021aara Pur\u0103 a acestuia, nu \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul lui Yama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vehiculul de Diamant; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a budismului Mahayana, cu centrul \u00een Tibet, axat\u0103 pe practica Yidam.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Phowa ca medita\u021bie specific\u0103 a mor\u021bii pentru ie\u0219irea din ciclu.<\/p><p><strong>Rituri post-mortem<\/strong><\/p><p>Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor ofer\u0103 instruc\u021biuni defunctului pentru cele 49 de zile ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen budismul tibetan, starea de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre dou\u0103 existen\u021be; Bardo Th\u00f6dol descrie faza de dup\u0103 moarte.\">Bardo<\/span>, inclusiv \u00eent\u00e2lniri explicite cu Yamad\u016bta. Tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 cu ritualul funerar \u201e\u0219apte ori \u0219apte&#8221; (49 de zile cu ceremonii s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nale). Obon-ul japonez \u0219i ritualuri similare pentru u\u0219urarea st\u0103rii celor deceda\u021bi.<\/p><p><strong>Dimensiunea etic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Devad\u016bta arat\u0103 c\u0103 via\u021ba \u00eens\u0103\u0219i trimite solii: b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bea, boala, priveli\u0219tea mor\u021bilor. Cine le ascult\u0103 nu are prea mult de temut la curtea lui Yama. Cine le ignor\u0103 se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een rena\u0219teri corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span> \u0219i din spa\u021biul mesopotamian<\/strong><\/p><p>Mesopotamianul <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> ca organ de execu\u021bie al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, grecescele <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> ca demone ale mor\u021bii, figurile \u00eenso\u021bitoare din Amduat-ul egiptean de pe c\u0103l\u0103toria soarelui prin lumea de dincolo.<\/p><p><strong>Dezvoltarea est-asiatic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Niu Tou Ma Mian chinezi, func\u021bionarii lui Emma din Japonia au \u00een credin\u021ba popular\u0103 o ierarhie concret\u0103 de func\u021bionari cu coresponden\u021be \u0219i examene. Sistemul Di Yu (\u201e\u00eenchisoarea p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;) este una dintre cele mai elaborate administra\u021bii ale lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene din \u00eentreaga lume.<\/p><p><strong>Receptarea modern\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Filmele Bollywood cu figuri Yamraj, anime-urile japoneze cu motive Shinigami, serialele K-Drama coreene cu figuri de tip Grim Reaper, toate variaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> Yamad\u016bta \u00een form\u0103 contemporan\u0103.<\/p><div><p><strong>Yamaduta \u0219i Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt islamici<\/strong><\/p><p>O paralel\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00eentre Yamaduta hindui\u0219ti \u0219i \u00eengerii mor\u021bii din tradi\u021bia islamic\u0103, <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Ambele tradi\u021bii descriu fiin\u021be cere\u0219ti care apar \u00een momentul mor\u021bii. Ambele judec\u0103 faptele defunctului pe baza \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor lor religioase sau karmice.<\/p><p>Ambele sunt \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare ca \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are exterioar\u0103, dar drepte \u00een func\u021bia lor. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Arab\u0103 \u201a\u00eengerii'; \u00een Coran, clas\u0103 cosmologic\u0103 a \u00eengerilor, dintre care Gavriil, Mihail \u0219i Israfil sunt cei mai importan\u021bi.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> islamici sunt \u00eens\u0103 agen\u021bi morali ai lui Dumnezeu, \u00een timp ce Yamaduta reprezint\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 for\u021be administrative neutre. Aceast\u0103 distinc\u021bie relev\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teologic\u0103 a compatibilit\u0103\u021bii dintre atotputernicia \u0219i bun\u0103tatea lui Dumnezeu cu existen\u021ba r\u0103ului \u00een lume.\">teodicee<\/span>: \u00een hinduism, karma se execut\u0103 prin sine, \u00een islam este gra\u021bia lui Dumnezeu cea care decide asupra drept\u0103\u021bii.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta ca soli ai zeului mor\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Yamaduta<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 literal \u201esolul lui Yama&#8221;. Yama este st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor, o figur\u0103 care provine din religia vedic\u0103 \u0219i s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit prin budism \u0219i hinduism \u00een toat\u0103 Asia de Sud \u0219i de Est.<\/p><p>Yamaduta sunt subordona\u021bii s\u0103i, trimi\u0219i s\u0103 culeag\u0103 sufletele defunc\u021bilor \u0219i s\u0103 le aduc\u0103 \u00eenaintea judec\u0103\u021bii st\u0103p\u00e2nului mor\u021bilor. Prin urmare, nu sunt puteri autonome, ci func\u021bionari \u00een cadrul unei ordini cosmice.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele budiste, Yamaduta apar \u00een mai multe roluri. Un loc important \u00eel ocup\u0103 <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> din canonul Pali, \u00een care \u201esolii divini&#8221; sunt \u00een prim-plan, anume b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bea, boala \u0219i moartea ca semne de avertizare care ar fi trebuit s\u0103 \u00eendemne pe fiecare om la reflec\u021bie.<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceasta, exist\u0103 descrieri mai concrete ale solilor infernali care prind defunctul \u0219i \u00eel conduc \u00eenaintea lui Yama. Yama \u00eei repro\u0219eaz\u0103 atunci mortului c\u0103 a v\u0103zut \u00een via\u021b\u0103 semnele de avertizare ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii, bolii \u0219i mor\u021bii, dar nu le-a luat \u00een seam\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 \u00eempletire \u00eentre descrierea \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare \u0219i \u00eendemnul etic este caracteristic\u0103 pentru tratarea Yamaduta \u00een budism. Sunt figuri terifiante, dar teama pe care o inspir\u0103 are un scop didactic. Cercetarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> budiste subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 descrierile infernului din budism au fost concepute ca ilustrare pregnant\u0103 a legii karmei \u0219i nu serveau unui scop \u00een sine.<\/p><p>Yamaduta nu execut\u0103 o pedeaps\u0103 arbitrar\u0103; ei \u00eenf\u0103ptuiesc ceea ce faptele defunctului \u00eensu\u0219i au atras dup\u0103 sine. Adev\u0103ratul judec\u0103tor este, \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103, legea faptei \u0219i a consecin\u021belor sale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta \u00een reprezent\u0103rile infernului \u0219i \u00een arta templelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arta budist\u0103 asiatic\u0103 i-a \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at pe Yamaduta \u00een numeroase r\u00e2nduri, mai ales \u00een marile reprezent\u0103ri ale infernului care se g\u0103sesc \u00een temple, pe picturi murale \u0219i pe suluri pictate. Aceste programe iconografice prezint\u0103 curtea de judecat\u0103 a lui Yama \u0219i pedepsele diferitelor infernuri cu un realism adesea drastic.<\/p><p>Yamaduta apar pe acestea ca paznici \u0219i tortionari executori, frecvent cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi animalice, precum capete de taur sau de cal, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> deosebit de pronun\u021bat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia est-asiatic\u0103.<\/p><p>Astfel de reprezent\u0103ri ale infernului aveau o clar\u0103 func\u021bie didactic\u0103. Erau amplasate \u00een locuri unde laicii le puteau vedea \u0219i ilustrau consecin\u021bele faptelor nocive \u00eentr-un mod inteligibil chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 cunoa\u0219terea textelor.<\/p><p>\u00cen Thailanda, \u00een tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103, \u00een China, Coreea \u0219i Japonia exist\u0103 fiecare c\u00e2te o form\u0103 proprie a acestei tradi\u021bii iconografice, care completeaz\u0103 schema de baz\u0103 comun\u0103 cu particularit\u0103\u021bi regionale.<\/p><p>\u00cen varianta est-asiatic\u0103, mo\u0219tenirea indian\u0103 se \u00eemplete\u0219te cu concep\u021bia celor zece regi ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, astfel c\u0103 Yama apare acolo ca unul dintre zece judec\u0103tori, comparabil cu coreeanul <a href=\"\/ro\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra<\/a>.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 reprezint\u0103 o surs\u0103 important\u0103, deoarece arat\u0103 cum a fost transmis\u0103 laicilor \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura despre karma \u0219i judecata mor\u021bilor. Yamaduta apar \u00een aceste imagini ca figuri vizuale \u0219i \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, nu ca no\u021biuni teologice abstracte.<\/p><p>Cercetarea de istorie a artei folose\u0219te imaginile infernului p\u0103strate \u0219i pentru a urm\u0103ri r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea anumitor reprezent\u0103ri \u00een timp \u0219i spa\u021biu, deoarece ele permit identificarea c\u0103ilor de transmitere a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> budiste \u00eentre regiuni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta \u0219i Yamadut \u00een hinduism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reprezentarea solilor lui Yama este ferm ancorat\u0103, dincolo de budism, \u0219i \u00een hinduism, unde solii sunt numi\u021bi frecvent <em>Yamadut<\/em>. O nara\u021biune deosebit de cunoscut\u0103, transmis\u0103 \u00een mai multe Purana, \u00eel are \u00een centru pe Ajamila.<\/p><p>Ajamila este un om care a dus o via\u021b\u0103 deviant\u0103 \u0219i care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie luat de solii lui Yama \u00een ceasul mor\u021bii. \u00cen clipa agoniei, el strig\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 numele fiului s\u0103u, care \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor este unul dintre numele zeului Vishnu. Atunci apar solii lui Vishnu, <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, se opun solilor lui Yama \u0219i \u00eel elibereaz\u0103 pe Ajamila.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este teologic revelatoare. Ea este invocat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia vener\u0103rii lui Vishnu ca dovad\u0103 a puterii salvatoare a numelui divin: chiar \u0219i strig\u0103tul involuntar al numelui ar produce efect benefic.<\/p><p>Solii lui Yama \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune logica strict\u0103 a faptei \u0219i a retribu\u021biei, \u00een timp ce solii lui Vishnu \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 gra\u021bia care poate rupe aceast\u0103 logic\u0103. Disputa dintre cele dou\u0103 grupuri de soli este expus\u0103 \u00een texte ca o adev\u0103rat\u0103 dezbatere despre drept \u0219i gra\u021bie.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, acest episod arat\u0103 c\u0103 Yamaduta au primit o ponderare diferit\u0103 \u00een diversele curente religioase ale Indiei, \u00een func\u021bie de pozi\u021bia teologic\u0103. \u00centr-un cadru strict orientat spre karma, ei sunt executori inevitabili.<\/p><p>\u00cen curentele orientate spre devo\u021biune \u0219i gra\u021bie, ei devin o instan\u021b\u0103 ce poate fi dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103 prin apropierea de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span> salvatoare. Yamaduta sunt astfel un bun indicator al modului \u00een care o reprezentare mitologic\u0103 comun\u0103 este \u00eencadrat\u0103 \u0219i evaluat\u0103 diferit \u00een sisteme religioase distincte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/zei-budisti\/\">Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/pazitori-naraka\/\">Paznicii Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> (paralele)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/yama\/\">Yama<\/a> ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al mor\u021bilor (hinduism)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol \u0219i Cartea tibetan\u0103 a mor\u021bilor<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale privind Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yamaduta, spirit din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 Solii mor\u021bii ai lui Yama, executori ai judec\u0103\u021bilor karmice. Yamaduta \u00een sistemul Naraka Yamaduta sunt solii mor\u021bii lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor din tradi\u021bia vedic\u0103, hinduist\u0103 \u0219i budist\u0103. \u00cen Garuda Purana \u0219i \u00een sistemul Naraka din Mahabharata, ei culeg sufletul imediat dup\u0103 momentul decesului. \u00cendatoririle lor cuprind: identificarea sufletului, desprinderea leg\u0103turilor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta sol al mor\u021bii Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta - Spirit din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yamad\u016bta sunt solii mor\u021bii \u00een slujba lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor din tradi\u021bia indo-budist\u0103. La momentul decesului apar pentru a conduce sufletul","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105878","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta - Spirit din tradi\u021bia budist\u0103<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yamad\u016bta sunt solii mor\u021bii \u00een slujba lui Yama, st\u0103p\u00e2nul mor\u021bilor din tradi\u021bia indo-budist\u0103. 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