{"id":105845,"date":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/upyr-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:34:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:34:42","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105845\" class=\"elementor elementor-105845 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, demon al tradi\u021biei slave<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> al tradi\u021biei slave.<\/p><p><strong>Strigoiul slav, str\u0103mo\u0219 al vampirului modern.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ Demon\u0103: Fiin\u021b\u0103 supranatural\u0103 cu efecte preponderent d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente. Se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre zei \u0219i oameni, provoac\u0103 boal\u0103, ispit\u0103 sau nenorocire \u0219i este respins\u0103 prin incanta\u021bii, apotropaica \u0219i ritualuri.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-slavi\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologie slav\u0103 \u0219i religie popular\u0103, suprapus\u0103 de cre\u0219tinism \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al X-lea.\">Slav<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123470\" alt=\"Upyr - demoni din tradi\u021bia slav\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr este figura central\u0103 a strigoiului \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorul<\/span> slav \u0219i precursorul istoric nemijlocit al vampirului modern. Un defunct care se ridic\u0103 din morm\u00e2nt, suge s\u00e2ngele celor vii, decim\u00e2nd mai \u00eent\u00e2i propria familie, apoi satul, \u0219i care poate fi \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat definitiv doar prin rituri speciale.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Draugr-ul nordic, Upyr este mai mobil, atac\u0103 noaptea \u0219i se poate deplasa liber \u00een afara cimitirului.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia slav\u0103 a Upyr-ului este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru istoria vampirului european. Prin relat\u0103rile de c\u0103l\u0103torie din Balcani \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, cazul austro-ungar al lui Arnod Paole) fenomenul devine cunoscut \u00een Europa Occidental\u0103.<\/p><p>De aici se dezvolt\u0103, prin Polidori, Le Fanu \u0219i Bram Stoker, literatura modern\u0103 despre vampiri. Variante regionale: slav oriental <em>Upyr<\/em>, polonez <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, rom\u00e2nesc <em>Strigoi<\/em>, slav sudic <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Strigoi slav, precursor al vampirului<br>Origine: Mor\u021bi neboteza\u021bi, sinuciga\u0219i, blest\u0435\u043ca\u021bi, excomunica\u021bi<br>Texte: acte biserice\u0219ti slave (din sec. XI), rapoarte balcanice sec. XVIII, Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Perioad\u0103: medieval p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Ap\u0103rare: \u021b\u0103ru\u0219 de lemn de aspen, decapitare, ardere<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Primele atest\u0103ri scrise \u00een documente biserice\u0219ti slave din secolul al XI-lea. Relat\u0103ri bogate \u00een sec. XVIII (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 privind Arnod Paole; alte anchete habsburgice). Receptare literar\u0103: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Cercetare modern\u0103: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spa\u021biul cultural slav de la Rusia p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Balcani, cu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bie<\/span> deosebit de dens\u0103 \u00een Serbia, Bulgaria, Rom\u00e2nia (Strigoi) \u0219i Polonia. Prin colonizarea habsburgic\u0103 \u0219i receptarea literar\u0103, fenomenul s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een Europa Occidental\u0103 \u0219i \u00een lume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Acte biserice\u0219ti slave, protocoale habsburgice de exhumare (sec. XVIII), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania&#8221; (1926), Paul Barber <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), folcloristic\u0103 balcanic\u0103 \u0219i slav\u0103 modern\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rus\u0103:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polon\u0103: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Ceh\u0103\/Slovac\u0103: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Rom\u00e2n\u0103: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (din lat. <em>strix<\/em>, nu de origine slav\u0103, dar din acela\u0219i c\u00e2mp semantic).<br>Slav\u0103 sudic\u0103: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; \u00een s\u00e2rb\u0103 \u0219i <em>Vampir<\/em>, sursa termenului cunoscut interna\u021bional.<br>Ucrainean\u0103: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>Forma s\u00e2rb\u0103 <em>Vampir<\/em> apare \u00een protocoalele habsburgice din sec. XVIII \u0219i este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 de acolo la nivel mondial prin presa austriac\u0103 \u0219i german\u0103. Articolul \u201eVampyr&#8221; din dic\u021bionarul francez Tr\u00e9voux (1721) reprezint\u0103 o atestare timpurie a cuv\u00e2ntului intrat \u00een uz interna\u021bional.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Dup\u0103 exhumare: surprinz\u0103tor de proasp\u0103t, cu fa\u021b\u0103 ro\u0219ie, s\u00e2nge necoagulat \u00een inim\u0103, unghii \u0219i p\u0103r crescute, gura p\u0103tat\u0103 de s\u00e2nge. Explicabil prin procese naturale de descompunere; pentru contemporani, dovad\u0103 a activit\u0103\u021bii vampirice. \u00cen activitatea nocturn\u0103: siluet\u0103 \u00eentunecat\u0103, uneori ca animal (lup, c\u00e2ine), uneori ca cea\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Noaptea \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te morm\u00e2ntul, atac\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i membrii familiei (de aceea \u201emai \u00eent\u00e2i propria familie&#8221;), apoi satul. Suge s\u00e2nge, provoac\u0103 epuizare, boal\u0103, moarte. Cel care moare mu\u0219cat de Upyr devine el \u00eensu\u0219i Upyr. Satele afectate sufer\u0103 serii veritabile de decese.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Propriul sat \u0219i localit\u0103\u021bile din jur. Uneori se poate deplasa mai departe, c\u00e2nd zona devine pustie. Zilele de hotar (Jurjevdan, Cr\u0103ciun, Boboteaz\u0103) sunt perioade de activitate sporit\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Conform tradi\u021biei religioase populare, devine Upyr cel care moare nebotezat, prin sinucidere, excomunicat, blestemat sau ca vr\u0103jitor. \u0218i persoanele n\u0103scute cu \u201edou\u0103 inimi&#8221; sau \u201edou\u0103 suflete&#8221; sunt considerate predispuse. Evolu\u021bia de la strigoiul slav la vampirul modern se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 de-a lungul mai multor secole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale Upyr-ului \u00eentr-o privire de ansamblu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persoane moarte nebotezate, prin sinucidere, blestemate, excomunicate sau ca vr\u0103jitoare. Apare \u00een urma unei \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri necorespunz\u0103toare sau a unui e\u0219ec moral \u00een timpul vie\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vizeaz\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mai \u00eent\u00e2i propria familie, apoi satul. Oricine moare mu\u0219cat de Upyr devine el \u00eensu\u0219i Upyr, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire de tip epidemic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dup\u0103 exhumare: ro\u0219u, umflat, cu s\u00e2nge necoagulat \u0219i unghii crescute. Noaptea: siluet\u0103 \u00eentunecat\u0103, ca animal (lup, c\u00e2ine) sau cea\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suge s\u00e2ngele celor vii, provoac\u0103 epuizare, boal\u0103, moarte. Serii de decese la nivel de sat. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndire prin transmitere prin mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rarea \u00eempotriva Upyr-ului<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumare \u0219i str\u0103pungere cu \u021b\u0103ru\u0219 de lemn de aspen, t\u0103ierea capului, ardere, re\u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare cu fa\u021ba \u00een jos. Usturoi, t\u0103m\u00e2ie, cruci; mod de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare protector.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiin\u021be \u00eenrudite<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germanic), vampirul modern (Stoker), Strigoiul rom\u00e2nesc, Vrykolakas grec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rare \u0219i combaterea vampirilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenmorm\u00e2ntare preventiv\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Cel considerat predispus s\u0103 devin\u0103 Upyr (sinuciga\u0219, nebotezat, excomunicat) este \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat cu deosebit\u0103 grij\u0103: cu fa\u021ba \u00een jos, degetele mari de la picioare legate, gura umplut\u0103 cu o piatr\u0103, morm\u00e2ntul acoperit cu o secer\u0103 (pentru ca strigoiul s\u0103 se decapiteze singur dac\u0103 \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 se ridice).<\/p><p><strong>\u00cen caz de suspiciune<\/strong><\/p><p>O serie de decese \u00een sat declan\u0219eaz\u0103 v\u00e2n\u0103toarea de vampiri. Comunitatea s\u0103puie\u0219ti mormintele suspecte. Semnele activit\u0103\u021bii vampirice: cadavru proasp\u0103t, gur\u0103 ro\u0219ie, s\u00e2nge necoagulat, unghii crescute. Apoi: str\u0103pungere cu \u021b\u0103ru\u0219 de lemn de aspen, t\u0103ierea capului, ardere \u00een flac\u0103r\u0103 deschis\u0103, cenu\u0219a aruncat\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2u. \u00cen unele regiuni, inima era ars\u0103 separat.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i protec\u021bia casei<\/strong><\/p><p>Usturoi la ferestre \u0219i u\u0219i. T\u0103m\u00e2ie \u00een casa. Cruce de argint la pat. Protejarea copiilor cu fire ro\u0219ii la \u00eencheieturile m\u00e2inilor. \u00cen perioade deosebit de periculoase (dup\u0103 o serie de decese \u00een sat): membrii familiei dorm \u00eempreun\u0103, cu amulete de protec\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la Upyr la vampir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rapoartele habsburgice din sec. XVIII<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen 1732, Johann Fl\u00fcckinger ancheteaz\u0103, din \u00eens\u0103rcinarea armatei austriece, cazul Arnod Paole \u00een Serbia \u0219i redacteaz\u0103 raportul <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. Documentul face fenomenul vampiric cunoscut la Viena, Paris \u0219i Londra. O dezbatere despre vampiri zguduie lumea savant\u0103 a Iluminismului.<\/p><p><strong>Na\u0219terea literar\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori, <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819), aduce figura \u00een literatura de salon. <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) de Sheridan Le Fanu consacr\u0103 vampira feminin\u0103. <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) de Bram Stoker devine figura central\u0103 a literaturii moderne despre vampiri, situat\u0103 explicit la marginea slavo-rom\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Continuitate modern\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> Upyr-ului r\u0103m\u00e2ne activ \u00een literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103, polon\u0103 \u0219i slav\u0103 (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>C\u0103r\u021bile lui Iacob<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows \u0219i nenum\u0103rate alte adapt\u0103ri se bazeaz\u0103 direct sau indirect pe figura slav\u0103 originar\u0103, adesea f\u0103r\u0103 a recunoa\u0219te aceast\u0103 provenien\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr \u00een cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri scrise<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul <em>upyr<\/em> face parte dintre cele mai timpuriu atestate cuvinte ale credin\u021bei slave \u00een vampiri. O atestare frecvent citat\u0103 se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00eentr-un manuscris vechi rusesc, \u00een care un copist poart\u0103 ca supranume sau porecl\u0103 <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, adic\u0103 aproximativ \u201eUpir-ul cel r\u0103u&#8221;.<\/p><p>Datarea acestei atest\u0103ri \u00een secolul al XI-lea este discutat\u0103 \u00een cercetare, \u00eens\u0103 ea este considerat\u0103 una dintre cele mai vechi indicii c\u0103 termenul era deja uzitat timpuriu \u00een spa\u021biul slav oriental.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 atestare important\u0103 este o predic\u0103 \u00een slavon\u0103 bisericeasc\u0103 \u00eempotriva obiceiurilor p\u0103g\u00e2ne, care mustr\u0103 aducerea de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> <em>upyri<\/em>-lor \u0219i <em>beregini<\/em>-lor. Acest text \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Upyr al\u0103turi de alte fiin\u021be spirituale c\u0103rora poporul de r\u00e2nd le aducea ofrande.<\/p><p>De aici se poate concluziona c\u0103 Upyr-ul nu era ini\u021bial exclusiv strigoiul s\u00e2ngevreditor din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> ulterioar\u0103, ci f\u0103cea parte dintr-un spectru mai larg de fiin\u021be spirituale c\u0103rora li se aduceau cinstiri de cult.<\/p><p>Aceste atest\u0103ri timpurii sunt instructive din punct de vedere lingvistic, dar s\u0103race \u00een con\u021binut. Ele men\u021bioneaz\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul, f\u0103r\u0103 a descrie \u00eens\u0103 fiin\u021ba \u00een detaliu. Imaginea elaborat\u0103 a Upyr-ului ca strigoi care \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te noaptea morm\u00e2ntul provine din surse considerabil mai recente, mai ales din epoca modern\u0103 timpurie \u0219i din \u00eenregistr\u0103rile folcloristice ale secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p><p>Cercetarea atrage astfel aten\u021bia asupra pruden\u021bei necesare: nu este permis s\u0103 se retroproiecteze necritical imaginea de mai t\u00e2rziu, pe deplin format\u0103, a vampirului \u00een atest\u0103rile medievale. Cert este doar c\u0103 termenul este vechi \u0219i c\u0103 a desemnat de la bun \u00eenceput o fiin\u021b\u0103 temut\u0103, legat\u0103 de cultul mor\u021bilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia unui cuv\u00e2nt controversat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Originea cuv\u00e2ntului <em>upyr<\/em> se num\u0103r\u0103 printre \u00eentreb\u0103rile nerezolvate ale lingvisticii slave. Mai multe interpret\u0103ri coexist\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ca vreuna s\u0103 se fi impus definitiv.<\/p><p>O propunere r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 descompune cuv\u00e2ntul \u00eentr-un prefix negativ sau intensificator \u0219i un radical legat de zbor sau pene, ceea ce ar interpreta Upyr-ul ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 zboare sau s\u0103 f\u00e2lf\u00e2ie.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 propunere leag\u0103 radicalul de un cuv\u00e2nt pentru umfl\u0103tur\u0103 sau balonare, ceea ce s-ar potrivi cu imaginea folcloric\u0103 bine atestat\u0103 a cadavrului de vampir bine umplut \u0219i neputrezit.<\/p><p>Clarificarea este \u00eengreunat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 termenul apare \u00een aproape toate limbile slave, de fiecare dat\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 fonetic modificat\u0103.<\/p><p>Forma slav\u0103 sudic\u0103 <em>vampir<\/em> este aceea care a p\u0103truns, prin intermediul germanei \u0219i francezei, \u00een limbile vest-europene \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea, devenind acolo termenul interna\u021bional pentru \u00eentreaga clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be. Polonezul <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, ucraineul <em>upyr<\/em>, rusul <em>upyr<\/em> \u0219i alte forme apar\u021bin aceluia\u0219i radical.<\/p><p>Cercetarea lingvistic\u0103 vede \u00een aceast\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire larg\u0103 un argument c\u0103 termenul \u0219i conceptul desemnat de el existau deja \u00een epoca proto-slav\u0103. Care dintre etimologiile propuse este corect\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis, unii cercet\u0103tori consider\u00e2nd chiar c\u0103 termenul este un \u00eemprumut dintr-o limb\u0103 neslav\u0103, ceea ce complic\u0103 \u0219i mai mult situa\u021bia.<\/p><p>Important pentru perspectiva \u0219tiintei religiilor este \u00een\u021belegerea c\u0103 \u00eensu\u0219i numele reprezint\u0103 o mo\u0219tenire veche \u0219i greu de descifrat, nu o crea\u021bie a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorului<\/span> modern timpuriu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr \u0219i dezbaterea european\u0103 despre vampiri din secolul al XVIII-lea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Credin\u021ba slav\u0103 \u00een vampiri a intrat \u00een aten\u021bia erudi\u021bilor din Europa de Vest \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea, iar upyr-ul \u0219i rudele sale slave de sud se aflau \u00een centrul acestui interes. Factorul declan\u0219ator l-au constituit mai multe cazuri r\u0103sun\u0103toare din teritoriile de frontier\u0103 habsburgice de pe Balcani.<\/p><p>Au devenit deosebit de cunoscute cazul lui Arnold Paole \u0219i cazul lui Petar Blagojevi\u0107 \u00een anii 1720 \u0219i 1730, \u00een care autorit\u0103\u021bile austriece \u0219i medicii militari au \u00eentocmit rapoarte oficiale de anchet\u0103 privind presupu\u0219i vampiri.<\/p><p>Aceste rapoarte au fost tip\u0103rite \u00een Europa \u0219i au declan\u0219at o larg\u0103 dezbatere erudit\u0103. Medici, teologi \u0219i filozofi au discutat dac\u0103 exist\u0103 vampiri, cum pot fi explicate fenomenele relatate \u0219i ce pozi\u021bie ar trebui s\u0103 adopte biserica \u0219i statul.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Benedictinul Augustin Calmet a publicat \u00een 1746 un tratat mult citit, \u00een care a adunat materialul \u0219i l-a examinat critic, f\u0103r\u0103 a ajunge la o concluzie clar\u0103. Filozofia Iluminismului a reac\u021bionat mai tran\u0219ant \u0219i a folosit credin\u021ba \u00een vampiri ca exemplu de supersti\u021bie \u0219i credulitate ecleziastic\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p>Pentru perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, acest episod este semnificativ din dou\u0103 puncte de vedere. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, a furnizat unele dintre cele mai detaliate \u0219i mai vechi descrieri ale reprezent\u0103rii slave despre vampiri, incluz\u00e2nd practicile de dezgropare \u0219i de \u00eempalare.<\/p><p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, ilustreaz\u0103 momentul \u00een care o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezent\u0103ri \u0219i obiceiuri religioase r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">credin\u021b\u0103 popular\u0103<\/span> regional\u0103 a devenit subiect de dezbatere la nivelul \u00eentregii Europe, deschiz\u00e2nd astfel calea spre literatur\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, spre cultura popular\u0103 modern\u0103. Vampirul literar al secolului al XIX-lea, de la povestirea lui John Polidori p\u00e2n\u0103 la <em>Dracula<\/em> al lui Bram Stoker, nu ar fi fost de conceput f\u0103r\u0103 aceast\u0103 dezbatere din secolul al XVIII-lea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/zeitati-slavi\/\">Slav<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/baba-jaga\/\">Baba Iaga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/rusalka\/\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/leshy\/\">Leshy<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/kikimora\/\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (precursori)<\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a> (strigoi germanic)<\/li><li>Modern: Bram Stoker, literatura despre vampiri<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale privind Upyr-ul\/vampirul:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania.&#8221; In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Wien 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Wien 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/iwell-guard-detalii\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Upyr, demon al tradi\u021biei slave Upyr este demon al tradi\u021biei slave. Strigoiul slav, str\u0103mo\u0219 al vampirului modern. DemonSlav Cuprins Upyr Upyr este figura central\u0103 a strigoiului \u00een folclorul slav \u0219i precursorul istoric nemijlocit al vampirului modern. Un defunct care se ridic\u0103 din morm\u00e2nt, suge s\u00e2ngele celor vii, decim\u00e2nd mai \u00eent\u00e2i propria familie, apoi satul, \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr - Demon al tradi\u021biei slave | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, strigoi slav \u0219i str\u0103mo\u0219 al vampirului modern: ritualuri funerare, m\u0103suri de protec\u021bie \u0219i istoria ideii de vampir.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"slawisch","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105845","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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