{"id":105835,"date":"2026-08-04T16:33:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:33:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pachakamak-zeul-oracol-al-anzilor\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:33:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:33:38","slug":"pachakamak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/pachakamak\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachakamak &#8211; Zeul oracol al Anzilor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105835\" class=\"elementor elementor-105835 elementor-2578\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachakamak, zeu creator \u0219i oracol al coastei pacifice central-andine<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachakamak (quechua <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em>, Animatorul Lumii, P\u0103str\u0103torul Lumii) este zeul suprem al coastei pacifice central-andine \u0219i patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> s\u0103u, situat la sud de actualul Lima, a func\u021bionat timp de secole ca loc de consultare interregional\u0103 a oracolului. Ca zeu creator \u0219i oracol, Pachakamak a definit ordinea religioas\u0103 a coastei pacifice central-andine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu al tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/culturi-andine\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103 oracolar\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103 oracolar\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2681\" alt=\"Pachakamak - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een panteonul andin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachakamak este divinitatea suprem\u0103 central\u0103 a regiunii Lima \u0219i a coastei pacifice central-andine, a c\u0103rei istorie de venerare este mai veche dec\u00e2t Imperiul Inca.<\/p><p>Principalul sanctuar al s\u0103u, complexul monumental din adobe de la Pachacamac (ast\u0103zi zon\u0103 arheologic\u0103 la sud de Lima), exista deja \u00een cultura Lima (aprox. 200-700 d.Hr.), a fost extins \u00een faza Wari (700-1000), l\u0103rgit \u00een faza Ychsma (1100-1470) \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 integrat de inca \u00een imperiu, f\u0103r\u0103 ca specificul s\u0103u independent s\u0103 se piard\u0103.<\/p><p>Cronicarii spanioli, \u00een frunte cu Miguel de Estete, care a vizitat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> \u00een 1533 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Hernando Pizarro, \u00eel descriu pe Pachakamak ca <em>tan grande templo y tan reverenciado<\/em>, cel mai mare \u0219i mai venerat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> din Anzi.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolul<\/span> s\u0103u era renumit \u00een tot Imperiul Inca \u0219i a fost consultat chiar de conduc\u0103torul inca Huayna Capac. \u00cencadrarea din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a lui Pachakamak ca <em>sanctuar oracolar pan-andin<\/em> a fost realizat\u0103 sistematic de Maria Rostworowski \u00een lucrarea sa de referin\u021b\u0103 <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992).<\/p><p>Pachakamak se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o complex\u0103 intersectare teologic\u0103 cu <a href=\"\/ro\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a>: \u00een unele surse cei doi sunt identifica\u021bi, \u00een altele sunt prezenta\u021bi ca \u00eenrudi\u021bi, de exemplu ca tat\u0103 \u0219i fiu sau ca dublu aspect al unei fiin\u021be superioare.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 intersectare reflect\u0103 faptul c\u0103 inca au trebuit s\u0103 integreze mai vechea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> costier\u0103 a lui Pachakamak \u00een propria lor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> montan\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a o desfiin\u021ba complet.<\/p><p>Religia regiunii Lima avea, \u00eenainte de cucerirea incaic\u0103, o identitate proprie, \u00een care Pachakamak nu era singurul, dar cel mai puternic zeu suprem. Al\u0103turi de el erau venerate sanctuare huaca locale \u0219i divinit\u0103\u021bi preincaice precum <em>Vichama<\/em>, un avatar-fiu al lui Pachakamak.<\/p><p>Cucerirea regiunii de c\u0103tre inca Tupac Yupanqui (aprox. 1470) s-a realizat cu pruden\u021b\u0103: spre deosebire de alte provincii, zeul principal local nu a fost \u00eenlocuit cu Inti, ci s-a g\u0103sit o solu\u021bie dublu-teologic\u0103, \u00een care <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> lui Inti au fost ridicate al\u0103turi de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Pachakamak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em> este o forma\u021bie quechua din <em>pacha<\/em> (lume, timp, spa\u021biu, ca \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>) \u0219i <em>kamaq<\/em> (animator, p\u0103str\u0103tor, generator). Diego Gonzalez Holguin traduce <em>kamaq<\/em> \u00een <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608) prin <em>el criador<\/em>, creatorul. Astfel, Pacha Kamaq este structural <em>Animatorul Lumilor<\/em>.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este apropierea lingvistic\u0103 str\u00e2ns\u0103 de <em>kamay<\/em>, termenul quechua pentru energia animatoare care confer\u0103 unui lucru forma sa specific\u0103.<\/p><p>Antropologul peruan Gerald Taylor a demonstrat \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> quechua (1974, 2001) c\u0103 <em>kamay<\/em> nu desemneaz\u0103 o crea\u021bie substan\u021bial\u0103 \u00een sens iudeo-cre\u0219tin, ci o permanent\u0103 punere \u00een form\u0103, o continu\u0103 animare a lumii prin o for\u021b\u0103 numinoas\u0103. Pacha Kamaq nu este, astfel, un creator unic precum Dumnezeul biblic, ci un animator permanent al lumilor.<\/p><p>Regiunea Pachacamac de pe coasta peruanian\u0103 a Pacificului \u0219i-a preluat numele de la zeu. Numele spaniol al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarului<\/span> era <em>Pachacama<\/em> sau <em>Pachacamac<\/em>, \u00een func\u021bie de cronic\u0103. \u00cen limba local\u0103 a ychsma (un dialect de substrat aymaran al regiunii Lima) era probabil \u00een uz o denumire proprie care nu s-a p\u0103strat.<\/p><p>O etimologizare deosebit de revelatoare din punct de vedere teologic a propus Marco Curatola \u00een <em>Adivinacion y oraculos en el mundo andino antiguo<\/em> (2008): <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em> ca <em>Comprimator al Lumii<\/em> sau <em>Conector al Lumii<\/em>, prin referire la semnifica\u021biile derivate ale lui <em>kamay<\/em> ca <em>a da form\u0103 unui lucru<\/em>, <em>a condensa<\/em>, <em>a comprima<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103, Pachakamak ar fi for\u021ba care confer\u0103 lumii forma sa concret\u0103 \u0219i o men\u021bine coeziv\u0103, o interpretare care corespunde discu\u021biei moderne despre <em>kamay<\/em> ca termen andin al energiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare plastic\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">obiect de cult<\/span> p\u0103strat este celebrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine sau statuie venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span> de lemn cu dubl\u0103 figur\u0103 de la Pachacamac, descoperit \u00een 1938 sub pardoseala zonei superioare a templului \u0219i expus ast\u0103zi \u00een Museo de Sitio din Pachacamac.<\/p><p>Este o stel\u0103 de lemn sculptat\u0103, de aproximativ 2,30 m \u00een\u0103l\u021bime, cu dou\u0103 fe\u021be opuse \u00een treimea superioar\u0103 \u0219i un \u0219ir de figuri antropomorfe stilizate pe ax. Dubla fa\u021b\u0103 a generat \u00een mod repetat specula\u021bii potrivit c\u0103rora Pachakamak ar fi fost o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> de tip ianus, privind \u00een dou\u0103 direc\u021bii.<\/p><p>Datarea arheologic\u0103 a stelei de lemn este controversat\u0103. Cea mai recent\u0103 analiz\u0103 prin radiocarbon (Eeckhout 2018) o dateaz\u0103 aproximativ \u00eentre 760 \u0219i 890 d.Hr., deci \u00een faza Wari.<\/p><p>Prin urmare, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine sau statuie venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">idolul<\/span> nu ar fi de provenien\u021b\u0103 incaic\u0103, ci se afla deja la fa\u021ba locului la momentul integr\u0103rii sanctuarului de c\u0103tre inca \u0219i a fost preluat de ace\u0219tia, un caz remarcabil de toleran\u021b\u0103 a politicii religioase incaice fa\u021b\u0103 de marile sanctuare locale.<\/p><p>Miguel de Estete, care \u00een 1533 a putut p\u0103trunde \u00een sanctuarul interior (ceea ce reprezenta un sacrilegiu religios, deoarece numai preo\u021bii de rang \u00eenalt aveau acces), descrie camera ca \u00eentunecoas\u0103, cu ornamente pictate pe pere\u021bi, \u00een centru o figur\u0103 grosolan\u0103 de lemn cu chip uman. Aceast\u0103 descriere corespunde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn cu inscrip\u021bii sau imagini, a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelei<\/span> cu dubl\u0103 figur\u0103 p\u0103strate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> lui Pachakamak este <em>Manuscrisul Huarochiri<\/em> (aprox. 1608), redactat \u00een quechua, pe care preotul Francisco de Avila l-a adunat \u00een provincia Huarochiri \u0219i care se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai valoroase documente p\u0103strate ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> andine indigene.<\/p><p>Acesta con\u021bine mai mul\u021bi mituri ai lui Pachakamak, printre care celebrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> al lui Kuni Raya Wiraqucha, adesea citit ca nara\u021biune despre Pachakamak \u00eensu\u0219i \u0219i fra\u021bii s\u0103i.<\/p><p>Un mit central relateaz\u0103 rivalitatea dintre Pachakamak \u0219i fratele sau dublul s\u0103u <em>Kon<\/em>. Ambii se \u00eenfrunt\u0103 pentru st\u0103p\u00e2nirea lumii; Pachakamak \u00eenvinge \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel exileaz\u0103 pe Kon \u00een de\u0219ert, explic\u00e2nd astfel ariditatea coastei andine.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 nara\u021biune \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Pachakamak ca agresor al unei femei divine, a c\u0103rei fiic\u0103 se transform\u0103 din disperare \u00eentr-un p\u00e2r\u00e2u, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> care ilustreaz\u0103 ambiguitatea tipic\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bilor supreme andine.<\/p><p>Deosebit de interesant\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 etno-religioas\u0103 este nara\u021biunea despre crearea primei umanit\u0103\u021bi: Pachakamak creeaz\u0103 un b\u0103rbat \u0219i o femeie, pe care \u00eei las\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 hran\u0103 \u00een lume. B\u0103rbatul moare; femeia jur\u0103 s\u0103 se r\u0103zbune pe creator ador\u00e2nd soarele.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 adora\u021bie se na\u0219te un copil pe care Pachakamak \u00eel ucide, dar al c\u0103rui trup \u00eel transform\u0103 \u00een plante, aceasta devenind aitiologia cultiv\u0103rii andine a porumbului, a fasolei \u0219i a dovleacului. Gerald Taylor a analizat sistematic complexitatea acestor mituri \u00een <em>Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochiri<\/em> (1987).<\/p><p>Manuscrisul Huarochiri prezint\u0103 interes \u00een special datorit\u0103 dublului s\u0103u caracter: text religios-mitologic \u0219i, totodat\u0103, pretext pentru persecu\u021bie spaniol\u0103. Preotul Francisco de Avila a adunat miturile pentru a le folosi ca baz\u0103 a campaniei sale de <em>extirpacion de idolatrias<\/em>; \u00een acela\u0219i timp, manuscrisul reprezint\u0103 unul dintre pu\u021binele documente p\u0103strate ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> indigene \u00een propria limb\u0103 (quechua).<\/p><p>Frank Salomon \u0219i George Urioste au editat \u0219i adnotat textul integral \u00een edi\u021bia englez\u0103 (<em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em>, 1991).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i pelerinaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachacamac era cel mai important loc de pelerinaj din America de Sud precolumbian\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pelerini<\/span> veneau din tot Imperiul Inca, ba chiar \u0219i din imperiile anterioare precum Chimu, pe coasta Pacificului, pentru a consulta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracolul<\/span>. Pelerinii trebuiau s\u0103 urce piramida templului printr-un ritual de purificare \u00een mai multe etape, s\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103ptuiasc\u0103 posturi din ce \u00een ce mai stricte pe m\u0103sura apropierii de sanctuarul interior \u0219i s\u0103 aduc\u0103 daruri: \u021bes\u0103turi, metale pre\u021bioase, scoici Spondylus, sacrificii de lame.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolul<\/span> era mijlocit de o clas\u0103 sacerdotal\u0103 proprie, care primea \u00eentreb\u0103rile \u0219i transmitea r\u0103spunsul zeului \u00eentr-o form\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> prestabilit\u0103. R\u0103spunsurile aveau adesea forma unui simplu da\/nu sau a unei profe\u021bii cu mai multe sensuri.<\/p><p>Celebr\u0103 este \u00eentrebarea oracular\u0103 a lui Huayna Capac despre deznod\u0103m\u00e2ntul r\u0103zboiului cu quitsenii, la care s-a primit un r\u0103spuns negativ, confirmat retrospectiv de moartea lui Huayna Capac din cauza epidemiei de variol\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen jurul templului principal se afla un complex de temple secundare dedicate altor divinit\u0103\u021bi: <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lunii destinat special acllacuna, precum \u0219i sanctuare mai mici pentru divinit\u0103\u021bi de importan\u021b\u0103 regional\u0103. Maria Rostworowski a descris <em>senioria Pachacamac<\/em> ca re\u021bea spiritual\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103 ce lega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerinii<\/span> de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> prin rela\u021bii de rudenie.<\/p><p>Complexul templier al lui Pachakamak cuprindea, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> principal al piramidei, un Acllahuasi propriu (m\u0103n\u0103stire-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> cu claustrare de fecioare solare), o pia\u021b\u0103, mai multe ad\u0103posturi pentru pelerini \u0219i un cimitir care a furnizat din punct de vedere arheologic peste 1300 de mumii.<\/p><p>Aceste mumii arat\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> servea \u0219i ca loc de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerini<\/span>: cine ajunsese la destina\u021bie era \u00eengropat aici dup\u0103 moarte, un echivalent precolumbian al dorin\u021bei de a fi \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat la Ierusalim sau la Mecca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Practica specific\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u00een contextul lui Pachakamak se centra mai ales pe dou\u0103 domenii: protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva cutremurelor \u0219i siguran\u021ba oracular\u0103. Deoarece coasta pacific\u0103 central-andin\u0103 este seismic extrem de activ\u0103, Pachakamak era considerat, \u00een func\u021bia sa de <em>Cutremurator al Lumii<\/em> (una dintre dublele sale func\u021bii ambivalente), at\u00e2t cauza, c\u00e2t \u0219i ocrotitorul fa\u021b\u0103 de cutremure.<\/p><p>Estete relateaz\u0103 rituri de rug\u0103minte ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerinilor<\/span> \u00eempotriva cutremurelor, \u00een care figurine mici din lut erau \u00eengropate \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span> \u00eempotriva r\u0103spunsurilor false ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracolului<\/span> sau \u00eempotriva m\u00e2niei zeului fa\u021b\u0103 de lipsa de puritate serveau scoicile Spondylus, purtate ca podoab\u0103 la g\u00e2t sau ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un obiect purtat c\u0103ruia i se atribuie o func\u021bie protectoare \u0219i de respingere a r\u0103ului.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet\u0103<\/span> pectoral\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceste scoici ro\u0219ii sau portocalii din apele mai calde ale Ecuadorului erau \u00een culturile costiero-andine cel mai important obiect de schimb ritual \u0219i au fost deponiate, conform eviden\u021belor arheologice, \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi mari la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Pachakamak. Maria Rostworowski a descris aceasta drept <em>economia Spondylus<\/em>.<\/p><p>O func\u021bie distributiv\u0103 aparte avea Pachakamak ca <em>tat\u0103 al copiilor trimi\u0219i<\/em>: era invocat de familiile care a\u0219teptau na\u0219terea unui copil, cu rug\u0103mintea de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva avorturilor spontane. Practica de ofrand\u0103 aferent\u0103 consta \u00een at\u00e2rnarea de mici figurine sculptate din lemn la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>, atestat\u0103 arheologic \u00een zona templului femeilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Structural, Pachakamak poate fi comparat cu alte divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme de tip <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracol<\/span> din istoria religiilor. Cel mai apropiat corespondent este grecescul <em>Apollo din Delphi<\/em>, al c\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracol<\/span> a fost consultat interregional timp de secole \u0219i era mijlocit printr-o ierarhie institu\u021bional\u0103 de preo\u021bi.<\/p><p>De asemenea, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracolul<\/span> egiptean al lui Amon de la Siwa, renumit mai ales \u00een epoca elenistic\u0103, se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een acela\u0219i tipar structural.<\/p><p>\u00cen interiorul Americii, cultul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pachakamak<\/span> prezint\u0103 similitudini cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracolul<\/span> aztec al lui Quetzalcoatl de la Cholula \u0219i cu institu\u021bia divinatorie maya a preo\u021bilor <em>chilam balam<\/em>. Compara\u021bia cu sanctuarul de pelerinaj mesoamerican de la Cholula este deosebit de revelatoare, deoarece \u0219i acolo un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> pre-imperial a fost integrat de un imperiu ulterior (aztecii Mexica) f\u0103r\u0103 a-\u0219i pierde identitatea proprie.<\/p><p>Iconografia cu fa\u021b\u0103 dubl\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn a\u0219ezat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelei<\/span> lui Pachakamak a condus \u00een mod repetat \u00een literatura de specialitate din domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor la ipoteza c\u0103 Pachakamak ar fi o variant\u0103 andin\u0103 a tipului Ianus, o divinitate suprem\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 priveasc\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 direc\u021bii sau spre dou\u0103 planuri temporale. Dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 paralel\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te o simpl\u0103 similitudine de form\u0103 iconografic\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne o chestiune disputat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Complexul arheologic de la Pachacamac (Ministerul Culturii din Peru, cca. 465 ha) este ast\u0103zi unul dintre cele mai importante situri arheologice din America de Sud. Misiunea belgian\u0103 condus\u0103 de Peter Eeckhout a efectuat, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1990, s\u0103p\u0103turi sistematice \u00een mari p\u0103r\u021bi ale complexului de temple.<\/p><p>Descoperirile, printre care mumii, \u021bes\u0103turi, celebrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine sau statuie venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span> din lemn, depozite de scoici Spondylus, o clausur\u0103 Acllahuasi complet\u0103, sunt accesibile par\u021bial \u00een muzeul de sit, par\u021bial \u00een Museo de Antropologia din Lima.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Maria Rostworowski a demonstrat \u00een lucrarea <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992) continuitatea remarcabil\u0103 dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> prehispanic Pachakamak \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> modern <em>Senor de los Milagros<\/em> din Lima.<\/p><p>Acesta din urm\u0103, care atrage anual, \u00een luna octombrie, sute de mii de pelerini la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiunea<\/span> lui Christos din Lima, reprezint\u0103, conform lui Rostworowski, un succesor structural \u0219i topografic al cultului Pachakamak: acela\u0219i flux de pelerini interregionali, acelea\u0219i cerin\u021be de puritate, aceea\u0219i func\u021bie de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva cutremurelor, doar sub o nou\u0103 \u00eenveli\u0219 cre\u0219tin.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 continuitate func\u021bional\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile unei re\u00eencadr\u0103ri teologice face parte dintre cele mai impresionante exemple de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretism<\/span> religios din America \u0219i este dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een continuare \u00een lucr\u0103rile recente ale lui Peter Eeckhout, Krzysztof Makowski \u0219i Marco Curatola. Observa\u021bia religios-etnologic\u0103 nu formuleaz\u0103 nicio aser\u021biune despre efecte spirituale, ci descrie o constatare cultural\u0103 pe termen lung.<\/p><p>O direc\u021bie de cercetare actual\u0103 se ocup\u0103 de secven\u021ba fazelor de construc\u021bie ale complexului de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. Eeckhout a identificat \u0219apte mari faze de construc\u021bie, care se \u00eentind de la cultura Lima p\u00e2n\u0103 la Wari, Ychsma \u0219i Inca, ajung\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een faza colonial\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 istorie a fazelor de construc\u021bie reprezint\u0103 un microcosmos al istoriei culturale central-andine \u0219i permite urm\u0103rirea continuit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i a rupturilor religioase \u00een plan material. \u00cen special faza inca\u0219\u0103 (cca. 1470, 1533) demonstreaz\u0103 o integrare respectuoas\u0103 a sanctuarului mai vechi, care contrasteaz\u0103 cu politica violent\u0103 a inca\u0219ilor \u00een alte regiuni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos enumer\u0103 lucr\u0103rile centrale de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 culturile trecute pe baza descoperirilor materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologie<\/span> \u0219i istoria religiilor privind sanctuarul Pachakamak \u0219i fenomenul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarului<\/span> oracolar andin costier <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2298d666 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2298d666\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp294b2814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp294b2814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oracolul de la Pachacamac \u0219i influen\u021ba sa supraregional\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21cb3e89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21cb3e89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e1748b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27e1748b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Locul de cult Pachacamac de pe coasta central-peruanian\u0103, la sud de actualul Lima, era un important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerinaj<\/span> \u0219i sanctuar oracolar cu mult \u00eenainte de epoca incaic\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103rile arheologice, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Max Uhle \u00een jurul anului 1896 \u0219i continuate prin proiecte ulterioare, au demonstrat c\u0103 locul a fost utilizat timp de mai bine de un mileniu \u0219i prezint\u0103 straturi de construc\u021bie ale culturii Lima, ale Wari \u0219i, \u00een final, ale inca\u0219ilor. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolul<\/span> lui <em>Pachakamak<\/em> era considerat at\u00e2t de puternic \u00eenc\u00e2t autoritatea sa dep\u0103\u0219ea cu mult regiunea.<\/p><p>Sursele spaniole, mai ales relat\u0103rile din anturajul expedi\u021biei lui Pizarro, descriu cum Hernando Pizarro a vizitat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> \u00een 1533, \u00een a\u0219teptarea unor mari comori de aur.<\/p><p>Raportul lui Miguel de Estete descrie cum spaniolii au p\u0103truns \u00een sanctuarul interior \u0219i au g\u0103sit acolo un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare plastic\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">obiect de cult<\/span> din lemn, pe care l-au perceput ca nesemnificativ. Aceast\u0103 relatare este colorat\u0103 de dezam\u0103gire \u0219i respingere religioas\u0103, document\u00e2nd totu\u0219i c\u0103 exista un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine sau statuie venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">idol<\/span> central, protejat, la care numai preo\u021bii aveau acces.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracolul<\/span> func\u021biona aparent printr-o re\u021bea de sanctuare filiale, numite rude sau copii ale lui <em>Pachakamak<\/em>, ridicate \u00een regiuni \u00eendep\u0103rtate \u0219i care tributau sanctuarului principal. Acest sistem lega <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u0219i economic mari p\u0103r\u021bi ale coastei \u0219i ale Podi\u0219ului Andin de Pachacamac.<\/p><p>Inca\u0219ii au preluat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> f\u0103r\u0103 a-l distruge \u0219i au ad\u0103ugat un templu al soarelui, o strategie tipic\u0103 de integrare a cultelor str\u0103ine. Cercetarea arheologic\u0103 a sitului continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u0219i furnizeaz\u0103 \u00een permanen\u021b\u0103 noi date despre \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri \u0219i faze de construc\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ab2728 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp28ab2728\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp240c0555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp240c0555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biunea crea\u021biei la cronicari \u0219i problema originii sale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b51a292 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b51a292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e4798d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24e4798d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mai multe surse coloniale transmit mituri ale crea\u021biei \u00een care <em>Pachakamak<\/em> apare ca creator al lumii sau al oamenilor.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o versiune accesibil\u0103 la cronicarul Pedro Cieza de Le\u00f3n \u0219i mai detaliat la Antonio de la Calancha \u00een secolul al XVII-lea, <em>Pachakamak<\/em> creeaz\u0103 o prim\u0103 pereche de oameni care sufer\u0103 de foame; dup\u0103 moartea b\u0103rbatului, din trupul \u00eengropat al unei figuri ucise de <em>Pachakamak<\/em> iau na\u0219tere plantele alimentare.<\/p><p>Astfel de nara\u021biuni \u00eel conecteaz\u0103 pe zeu cu moartea, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i originea roadelor c\u00e2mpului.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere al criticii surselor, se impune aici o pruden\u021b\u0103 deosebit\u0103. Calancha era c\u0103lug\u0103r augustinian \u0219i scria cu scopul de a documenta istoria misiunii; redarea sa a miturilor andine este marcat\u0103 de tipare de interpretare cre\u0219tine, de exemplu prin c\u0103utarea de paralele cu nara\u021biunile biblice ale crea\u021biei \u0219i ale c\u0103derii \u00een p\u0103cat.<\/p><p>Nu este \u00eentotdeauna posibil s\u0103 se determine c\u00e2t din versiunea transmis\u0103 reprezint\u0103 tradi\u021bie precolonial\u0103 \u0219i c\u00e2t au ad\u0103ugat cronicarii \u00een mod armonizator sau comparativ.<\/p><p>Se adaug\u0103 \u0219i o problem\u0103 lingvistic\u0103. Numele <em>Pachakamak<\/em>, adesea interpretat ca cel care anim\u0103 sau ordoneaz\u0103 lumea, seam\u0103n\u0103 cu un termen teologic pe care misionarii cre\u0219tini l-au preluat inten\u021bionat pentru a g\u0103si un echivalent indigen al Dumnezeului cre\u0219tin. Literatura misionar-colonial\u0103 a \u00eenc\u0103rcat astfel suplimentar numele.<\/p><p>Cercetarea actual\u0103, de exemplu lucr\u0103rile Sabinei MacCormack despre percep\u021bia colonial\u0103 a religiei andine, avertizeaz\u0103 de aceea s\u0103 nu se citeasc\u0103 nara\u021biunile creatoare necritic ca mo\u0219tenire pur precolonial\u0103, ci ca texte ap\u0103rute \u00een tensiunea dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> autohton\u0103 \u0219i interesul misionar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Maria Rostworowski: <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Gerald Taylor: <em>Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochiri<\/em> (1987)<\/li><li>Peter Eeckhout: <em>Pachacamac et le Projet Ychsma<\/em> (2003)<\/li><li>Miguel de Estete: <em>Relacion del viaje<\/em> (1533\/1534)<\/li><li>Krzysztof Makowski: <em>Senores de los Imperios del Sol<\/em> (2010)<\/li><li>Marco Curatola: <em>Adivinacion y oraculos en el mundo andino antiguo<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachakamak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachakamak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachakamak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachakamak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca <em>zeu oracol<\/em> al coastei pacifice central-andine, Pachakamak era, \u00eenc\u0103 dinainte de epoca incaic\u0103, destina\u021bia unor mari pelerinaje; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> s\u0103u de la sud de Lima era considerat unul dintre cele mai importante <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracole<\/span> ale lumii andine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Pachakamak Pacha Kamaq Pachacamac Ychsma Wari Huarochiri Spondylus Kuni Raya <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sau o institu\u021bie unde se ob\u021bine un r\u0103spuns divin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracol<\/span>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachakamak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/culturi-andine\/\">Anzilor \/ Inca<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pachakamak, zeu creator \u0219i oracol al coastei pacifice central-andine Pachakamak (quechua Pacha Kamaq, Animatorul Lumii, P\u0103str\u0103torul Lumii) este zeul suprem al coastei pacifice central-andine \u0219i patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi. Templul s\u0103u, situat la sud de actualul Lima, a func\u021bionat timp de secole ca loc de consultare interregional\u0103 a oracolului. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachakamak zeu oracol Anzi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachakamak - Zeul oracol al Anzilor","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachakamak, zeul oracol al coastei pacifice andine, patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi, cu un complex templier monumental.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105835","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pachakamak - Zeul oracol al Anzilor<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pachakamak, zeul oracol al coastei pacifice andine, patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi, cu un complex templier monumental.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/pachakamak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pachakamak - Zeul oracol al Anzilor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pachakamak, zeul oracol al coastei pacifice andine, patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi, cu un complex templier monumental.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/pachakamak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T16:33:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"16 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/\",\"name\":\"Pachakamak - Zeul oracol al Anzilor\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T16:33:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T16:33:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"Pachakamak, zeul oracol al coastei pacifice andine, patronul celui mai important loc de pelerinaj precolumbian din Anzi, cu un complex templier monumental.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/pachakamak\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pachakamak &#8211; 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