{"id":105822,"date":"2026-08-04T16:32:05","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/atena\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:32:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:32:48","slug":"atena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/atena\/","title":{"rendered":"Atena"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105822\" class=\"elementor elementor-105822 elementor-2976\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5267971 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5267971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8380ddd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8380ddd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8e551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fc8e551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37bad8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37bad8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atena, zei\u021ba \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i ocrotitoarea Atenei<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c7ec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66c7ec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca zei\u021b\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i ocrotitoare a Atenei, Atena \u00eembin\u0103 judecata cump\u0103tat\u0103 cu sprijinul ap\u0103r\u0103tor pentru comunitatea ora\u0219ului. Atena, \u00een dialectul attic Athena, este una dintre figurile centrale ale panteonului grec \u0219i este considerat\u0103 fiica lui Zeus, n\u0103scut\u0103 din capul acestuia.<\/p><p>Este zei\u021ba protectoare a ora\u0219ului Atena, patroana m\u0103iestriei me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103re\u0219ti, a \u00een\u021belepciunii militare \u0219i a ordinii drepte. Spre deosebire de Ares, ea nu \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 lupta s\u00e2ngeroas\u0103, ci conducerea strategic\u0103 \u0219i protec\u021bia polisului.<\/p><p>Epitetele sale \u201ePolias&#8221; (ocrotitoarea ora\u0219ului), \u201ePromachos&#8221; (combatanta din fa\u021b\u0103) \u0219i \u201eParthenos&#8221; (fecioara) marcheaz\u0103 cele trei axe principale ale cultului s\u0103u. La Homer, ea poart\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un epitet fix care caracterizeaz\u0103 o divinitate sau un personaj.\" tabindex=\"0\">epitetul<\/span> \u201eglaukopis&#8221;, tradus, \u00een func\u021bie de interpretare, prin \u201ecu ochi de bufni\u021b\u0103&#8221; sau \u201ecu privire luminoas\u0103&#8221;, referindu-se la privirea sa ascu\u021bit\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103trunz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Atest\u0103rile din Linearul B din epoca micenian\u0103 men\u021bioneaz\u0103 o \u201eSt\u0103p\u00e2n\u0103 Athana&#8221;, ceea ce sus\u021bine ipoteza unei zei\u021be preelene a cet\u0103\u021buii, care \u00een religia arhaic\u0103 a polisului a dob\u00e2ndit func\u021bia unei zei\u021be protectoare panelenice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e520f96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e520f96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171ee25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"171ee25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare - for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/griechenland\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia \u0219i mitologia Greciei antice din epoca micenian\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie.\">Grecia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b8c7f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b8c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49cf33 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"f49cf33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__f49cf33\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aea15e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8aea15e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4dc559 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4dc559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2982\" alt=\"Athene - G\u00f6tter aus der Griechenland-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_griechenland_athene.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a56661 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9a56661\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099658b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099658b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a9afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74a9afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i genealogie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec0d72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fec0d72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na\u0219terea Atenei din capul lui Zeus se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai cunoscute mituri ale crea\u021biei din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> greac\u0103. Hesiod descrie \u00een &#8222;Teogonia&#8221; (versurile 886 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 900 \u0219i 924 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 926) cum Zeus o \u00eenghite pe Metis, care era \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103, pentru a dejuca o profe\u021bie conform c\u0103reia un fiu al acestei uniri l-ar fi detronat.<\/p><p>Din craniul despicat al lui Zeus, deschis de Hefaistos sau Prometeu cu o secure, Atena sare \u00eenarmat \u00een deplina sa armur\u0103. Episodul \u00eei fundamenteaz\u0103 pozi\u021bia deosebit\u0103 de pur\u0103 crea\u021bie spiritual\u0103 a tat\u0103lui zeilor, f\u0103r\u0103 mediere matern\u0103 \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit.<\/p><p>Metis r\u0103m\u00e2ne integrat\u0103 \u00een Zeus \u0219i devine \u00eentruchiparea inteligen\u021bei viclene pe care tat\u0103l zeilor o poart\u0103 de atunci \u00een sine; Atena mo\u0219tene\u0219te aceast\u0103 \u00eensu\u0219ire vizibil \u00een exterior.<\/p>\n<p>A \u0219aptea od\u0103 olimpic\u0103 a lui Pindar (versurile 35 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 38) ofer\u0103 o variant\u0103 rodiean\u0103, conform c\u0103reia la na\u0219tere o ploaie de aur a c\u0103zut asupra insulei, iar Heliadele, \u00een graba lor, au uitat s\u0103 aprind\u0103 prima <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertf\u0103<\/span>, motiv pentru care au adus focul rhodienilor.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 tradi\u021bie localiza na\u0219terea \u00een Creta, la lacul Tritonis din Libia, motiv pentru care Atena poart\u0103 supranumele &#8222;Tritogeneia&#8221;; Herodot (IV, 180) relateaz\u0103 despre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> libian al Atenei la auseri, legat de o lupt\u0103 anual\u0103 a fetelor \u00een jurul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templului<\/span>.<\/p><p>Interpretarea etimologic\u0103 a supranumele r\u0103m\u00e2ne disputat\u0103 \u00eentre o referire la lacul Tritonis \u0219i grecescul vechi &#8222;trito&#8221; cu sensul de &#8222;n\u0103scut al treilea&#8221; sau &#8222;adev\u0103rat&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Dintr-un episod cu Hefaistos se na\u0219te, \u00eentr-o tradi\u021bie local\u0103 attic\u0103, Erichthonios: Hefaistos \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 o violeze pe Atena; s\u0103m\u00e2n\u021ba sa cade pe piciorul ei, ea o \u0219terge cu l\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i arunc\u0103 p\u00e2nza pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt, din care se na\u0219te Erichthonios (Apollodor III, 14, 6).<\/p><p>Atena cre\u0219te copilul acas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel \u00eencredin\u021beaz\u0103 fiicelor lui Kekrops, Aglauros, Herse \u0219i Pandrosos, \u00eentr-o lad\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103, cu interdic\u021bia de a o deschide.<\/p><p>Aglauros \u0219i Herse deschid lada, v\u0103d copilul \u00eenconjurat de un \u0219arpe \u0219i se arunc\u0103 \u00een nebunie de pe Acropole. Din aceast\u0103 poveste deriv\u0103 reprezentarea autohtoniei atenienilor: primii lor regi sunt &#8222;n\u0103scu\u021bi din p\u0103m\u00e2nt&#8221;, nu imigran\u021bi. Erichthonios \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Panateenelor \u0219i este considerat inventatorul carului de lupt\u0103 cu patru cai.<\/p>\n<p>Atena este \u00eenfr\u0103\u021bit\u0103 cu Apollon, Artemis, Hermes \u0219i Ares; cea mai str\u00e2ns\u0103 rela\u021bie a sa \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> este cu Zeus \u00eensu\u0219i, ale c\u0103rui planuri le \u00eenf\u0103ptuie\u0219te adesea. Nu are copii proprii; fecioria sa este constitutiv\u0103 \u0219i o deosebe\u0219te structural de Hera \u0219i Demetra.<\/p><p>Alegoriile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00e2rzii antice<\/span> vedeau \u00een Atena &#8222;g\u00e2ndirea&#8221; tat\u0103lui zeilor, adic\u0103 un Logos personificat care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eenaintea oric\u0103rei crea\u021bii; aceast\u0103 interpretare a fost dezvoltat\u0103 de Filon din Alexandria \u0219i de autori neoplatonici precum Proclos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c2320c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c2320c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a0957b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a0957b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri, iconografie \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d26a0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d26a0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele atribute ale Atenei sunt coiful, lancea, scutul \u0219i Egida. Egida, o plato\u0219\u0103 din piele de capr\u0103 bordat\u0103 cu \u0219erpi, cu Gorgoneionul \u00een centru, este considerat\u0103 un semn de protec\u021bie preluat de la Zeus. La Homer, ea poart\u0103 Egida \u00een locul tat\u0103lui \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lie.<\/p><p>Coiful, adesea cu o sfinx sau Pegas \u00een v\u00e2rf, marcheaz\u0103 func\u021bia r\u0103zboinic\u0103, \u00een timp ce lancea este \u021binut\u0103 de regul\u0103 ridicat\u0103, nu \u00een pozi\u021bie de atac. Faptul c\u0103 arma ridicat\u0103 este men\u021binut\u0103 \u00een retragere o arat\u0103 ca strateg, nu ca furie a c\u00e2mpului de lupt\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Bufni\u021ba, \u00eendeosebi cucuveaua (Athene noctua, care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zoologia modern\u0103), este pas\u0103rea sa din epoca arhaic\u0103. Pe tetradrahmele attice apare ca animal heraldic al\u0103turi de capul zeit\u0103\u021bii; monedele circulau \u00een \u00eentreaga zon\u0103 mediteranean\u0103 sub numele de \u201eglaukes&#8221; (bufni\u021be) \u0219i au dat na\u0219tere proverbului: \u201ea duce bufni\u021be la Atena&#8221;.<\/p><p>M\u0103slinul provine din disputa cu Poseidon: Atena a plantat primul m\u0103slin pe Acropol\u0103, d\u0103ruind atenienilor astfel planta care asigura hran\u0103, lumin\u0103 \u0219i vindecare a r\u0103nilor.<\/p><p>Sf\u00e2ntul m\u0103slin din Pandroseion era considerat indestructibil p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca roman\u0103 t\u00e2rzie; Pausanias (I, 27, 2) relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 dup\u0103 incendiul persan din 480 \u00ee.Hr. a \u00eenmugurit din nou peste noapte.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218arpele este un alt atribut constant, \u00een dou\u0103 func\u021bii: pe de o parte ca Erichthonios, ocrotit de Atena sub form\u0103 de \u0219arpe, pe de alt\u0103 parte ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al leg\u0103turii cu p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i al \u00een\u021belepciunii vindec\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Athena Parthenos crisoelefantin\u0103 a lui Fidias, descris\u0103 de Pausanias (I, 24, 5-7), o arat\u0103 pe zei\u021b\u0103 \u00een chiton, cu Nike pe m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 \u00eentins\u0103, l\u00e2ng\u0103 suli\u021ba sprijinit\u0103 de scut; \u00eentr-un pliu al podelei se \u00eencol\u0103ce\u0219te un \u0219arpe mare, identificat cu Erichthonios.<\/p><p>Scutul purta scena b\u0103t\u0103liei Amazoanelor, interiorul Gigantomachia, sandalele Kentauromachia. Opera m\u0103sura doisprezece metri \u00een\u0103l\u021bime, confec\u021bionat\u0103 din 1140 de kilograme de aur ale c\u0103ror pl\u0103ci erau deta\u0219abile, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t Pericle putea accesa \u00een timp de criz\u0103 o rezerv\u0103 de aur a statului.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, r\u0103zboiul de \u021besut \u0219i furca sunt atribute ale sale. Atena \u201eErgane&#8221;, \u201emuncitoarea&#8221;, proteja \u00eentregul me\u0219te\u0219ug, mai ales \u00eendem\u00e2narea textil\u0103 a femeilor. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> concursului de \u021besut cu Arachne (Ovidiu, Metamorfoze VI, 5-145) apare ca gardian sever al normei, care sf\u00e2\u0219ie opera superioar\u0103 dar critic\u0103 la adresa zeilor a lidienei.<\/p><p>Fidias a conceput pentru Partenon Peplosul Atenei, \u021besut din nou \u00een fiecare an, ca program iconografic: pe p\u00e2nza color \u0219ofran erau mereu \u021besute scene din Gigantomachia, \u00een care Atena l-a surghiunit pe giganticul Enkelados sub insula Sicilia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98b4b8a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"98b4b8a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f302c73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f302c73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c84aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c84aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u0103rb\u0103toarea central\u0103 a Atenei era Panateneia, celebrat\u0103 anual \u00een a 28-a zi a lunii Hekatombaion (iulie\/august), la fiecare patru ani ca \u201eMarea Panatenee&#8221; cu un fast sporit. \u00cencepea cu o procesiune nocturn\u0103 cu tor\u021be din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cr\u00e2ng sf\u00e2nt care servea drept loc de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">cr\u00e2ngul<\/span> Academiei p\u00e2n\u0103 pe Acropol\u0103.<\/p><p>Punctul culminant era cortegiul festiv, la care participau cet\u0103\u021beni, meteci \u0219i fete alese; ele duceau Peplosul nou \u021besut pentru vechea statuie de lemn a Atenei Polias pe un car \u00een form\u0103 de corabie. Friza Partenonului \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 acest cortej pe o lungime de 160 de metri, cu aproximativ 380 de figuri umane \u0219i animale.<\/p>\n<p>La Marea Panatenee concurau atle\u021bi, rapsozi \u0219i muzicieni; c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torii primeau drept premiu amfore cu ulei de m\u0103sline presat din sf\u00e2ntul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cr\u00e2ng sf\u00e2nt care servea drept loc de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">cr\u00e2ng<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aceste amfore panatenaice cu premii, cu Atena Promachos pe o fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i sportul respectiv pe cealalt\u0103, constituie ast\u0103zi una dintre cele mai bogate surse pentru pictura pe vase attic\u0103 din secolele VI \u0219i V.<\/p><p>Atlotetul, cel care organiza jocurile, ocupa una dintre cele mai \u00eenalte demnit\u0103\u021bi ale democra\u021biei attice. De asemenea, operele lui Homer au fost recitate rapsodic la Panatenee \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu Peisistratos, contribuind la canonizarea epopeilor homerice.<\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Panateneia existau \u0219i alte s\u0103rb\u0103tori ale Atenei. La Arrhephoria din Skirophorion, patru fete de rang \u00eenalt purtau un co\u0219 ascuns \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Chalkeia din Pyanopsion era s\u0103rb\u0103toarea fierarilor pentru Atena Ergane \u0219i Hefaistos. Skira din Skirophorion \u00eensemna retragerea femeilor \u0219i \u00eenceputul noului \u021besut al Peplosului. La Plynteria, vechea statuie de cult era dezbr\u0103cat\u0103 \u0219i sp\u0103lat\u0103 \u00een mare.<\/p><p>\u00cen acea zi, ora\u0219ul era considerat ritual impur, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> erau \u00eenchise cu funii \u0219i tratativele politice erau suspendate. Aceste rituri o arat\u0103 pe Atena mai pu\u021bin ca zei\u021b\u0103 r\u0103zboinic\u0103 \u0219i mai mult ca zei\u021b\u0103 fondatoare a culturii, care protejeaz\u0103 me\u0219te\u0219ugul, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trecere ritual\u0103 prin care cineva este primit \u00eentr-un nou statut sau \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">ini\u021bierea<\/span> \u0219i comunitatea urban\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen afara Atenei, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> s\u0103u era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een \u00eentreaga lume greac\u0103. La Sparta era numit\u0103 Athena Chalkioikos, \u201ecea din casa de bronz&#8221;, dup\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> cu pl\u0103ci de bronz; la Tegea, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei Alea era considerat unul dintre cele mai mari sanctuare ale Peloponezului, ridicat de Skopas.<\/p><p>La Pergam, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> Athena Polias se afla pe Acropol\u0103, l\u00e2ng\u0103 renumita bibliotec\u0103 a Atalizilor. Atena Nikephoros din Pergam a devenit punctul de referin\u021b\u0103 al unui program cultural panelenic al Atalizilor, care invoca Atena drept patrie spiritual\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f5de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2f5de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4126cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4126cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Principalele sanctuare \u0219i temple<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faa4da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"faa4da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Partenonul de pe Acropola atenian\u0103, construit \u00eentre 447 \u0219i 432 \u00ee.Hr. sub Pericle, este cel mai celebru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al zei\u021bei.<\/p><p>Iktinos \u0219i Kallikrates au proiectat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> doric, Fidias a creat statuia din aur \u0219i filde\u0219 a Atenei Parthenos, \u00eenalt\u0103 de doisprezece metri. Construc\u021bia nu a servit drept centru principal de cult, ci ca tezaur \u0219i templu onorific; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare figurativ\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imaginea de cult<\/span> propriu-zis\u0103 a Atenei Polias se afla \u00een Erecteionul vecin.<\/p><p>Acolo erau \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219ate \u0219i marea cu ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103 legat\u0103 de disputa dintre Atena \u0219i Poseidon, precum \u0219i m\u0103slinul sacru. Partenonul purta pe frontoanele sale na\u0219terea Atenei (frontonul estic) \u0219i disputa cu Poseidon (frontonul vestic); metopele reprezentau Gigantomachia, Amazonomachia, Kentauromachia \u0219i c\u0103derea Troiei.<\/p>\n<p>Erecteionul cu Porticul Cariatidelor, ridicat \u00eentre 421 \u0219i 406, era centrul de cult propriu-zis. \u00cen interior se p\u0103stra imaginea arhaic\u0103 din lemn a Atenei, un &#8222;xoanon&#8221;, care, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendei<\/span>, c\u0103zuse din cer.<\/p><p>De Plynteria, aceast\u0103 imagine era dezbr\u0103cat\u0103 anual \u0219i sp\u0103lat\u0103 \u00een mare, similar cu Tonaia samian\u0103 a Herei. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> reune\u0219te sub acela\u0219i acoperi\u0219 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Atenei, al lui Poseidon-Erehteu \u0219i al regelui Kecrops \u0219i este considerat astfel cea mai complex\u0103 construc\u021bie sacral\u0103 a epocii clasice.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen afara Atenei se afl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei de la Sunion, la extremitatea sud-estic\u0103 a Aticii, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei Afaia de pe Egina (dedicat propriu-zis Afaiei, dar str\u00e2ns legat de iconografia Atenei), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> Atenei Pronaia de la Delphi \u0219i cel al Atenei Itonia din Tesalia.<\/p><p>\u00cen Asia Mic\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei de la Priene, ridicat de Pytheos \u00een secolul al patrulea \u00ee.Hr., \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei Lindia de pe Rodos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prin o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 dat sacrului \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat<\/span> se num\u0103rau printre marile locuri de pelerinaj ale epocii elenistice. Templul lindiotic al Atenei ad\u0103postea Cronicul Lindic, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> care enumera cele mai valoroase ofrande ale sanctuarului, din epoca arhaic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 99 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcb85f0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcb85f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146581b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"146581b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d591b2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d591b2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disputa cu Poseidon pentru Attica face parte din nara\u021biunile de \u00eentemeiere ateniene. Apollodor (III, 14, 1) relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 ambii zei \u0219i-au revendicat dreptul asupra p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i \u0219i-au prezentat darurile \u00een fa\u021ba adun\u0103rii zeilor. Poseidon \u0219i-a \u00eenfipt tridentul \u00een solul Acropolei \u0219i a f\u0103cut s\u0103 \u021b\u00e2\u0219neasc\u0103 ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103 (sau s\u0103 apar\u0103 un cal, \u00een func\u021bie de variant\u0103); Atena a plantat m\u0103slinul.<\/p><p>Adunarea zeilor sau regele Kekrops a decis \u00een favoarea Atenei, dup\u0103 care Poseidon a pedepsit p\u0103m\u00e2ntul cu un potop. Fidias a \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at aceast\u0103 disput\u0103 pe frontonul vestic al Partenonului. Pausanias (I, 26, 5) atest\u0103 \u00een Erechteion o cr\u0103p\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een st\u00e2nc\u0103 provenit\u0103 din lovitura tridentului \u0219i f\u00e2nt\u00e2na cu ap\u0103 s\u0103rat\u0103 care la v\u00e2nt de sud miroase a mare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen R\u0103zboiul Troian, Atena st\u0103 consecvent de partea grecilor. O conduce pe Odiseu \u00een \u201eOdiseea&#8221;, \u00eel sprijin\u0103 pe Diomede \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva lui Ares \u0219i Afrodita (Iliada V) \u0219i concepe \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Epeios calul de lemn cu care troienii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i deschid ora\u0219ul.<\/p><p>M\u00e2nia sa se \u00eendreapt\u0103 dup\u0103 victorie \u00eempotriva grecilor, deoarece Aiax Locrul a profanat-o pe Cassandra \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> zei\u021bei (Euripide, Troienele 48-97); furtuna \u0219i nenorocirile \u00eentoarcerii sunt urmarea.<\/p><p>Disputa pentru Palladion, statuia de lemn a Atenei salvat\u0103 din Troia, r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> un argument politic al ora\u0219elor care \u00eei revendic\u0103 p\u0103strarea; Argos, Atena \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 Roma (prin Aeneas) reclam\u0103 statuia drept legitimare divin\u0103 a statului lor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> Meduzei, Atena \u00eel ajut\u0103 pe Perseu s\u0103 reteze capul Gorgonei, oferindu-i scutul lustruit drept oglind\u0103. Gorgoneionul \u00eel prime\u0219te ea ca pies\u0103 central\u0103 a Egidei.<\/p><p>La Apollodor (II, 4, 3) \u0219i Ovidiu (Metamorfoze IV, 798-803) sunt oferite dou\u0103 preistorii diferite ale Gorgonei; \u00een versiunea lui Ovidiu, Meduza era ini\u021bial o muritoare frumoas\u0103, care dup\u0103 o profanare de c\u0103tre Poseidon \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Atenei a fost transformat\u0103 chiar de zei\u021b\u0103 \u00een fiin\u021ba \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia greac\u0103 mai veche o cunoa\u0219te pe Meduza \u00eens\u0103 ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare primordial\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 preistorie uman\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> Arachnei (Ovidiu, Metamorfoze VI) o arat\u0103 pe Atena ca protectoare ne\u00eenduplecat\u0103 a ordinii divine: \u021bes\u0103toarea lidian\u0103 Arachne o provoac\u0103 pe zei\u021b\u0103 la \u00eentrecere \u0219i \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00een \u021bes\u0103tura sa faptele rele ale zeilor.<\/p><p>Atena sf\u00e2\u0219ie lucrarea, o love\u0219te pe Arachne cu suveica \u0219i o transform\u0103 \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00eentr-un p\u0103ianjen. Episodul a devenit \u00een tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103 o fabul\u0103 moralizatoare paradigmatic\u0103 \u00eempotriva trufiei. Totodat\u0103, cercetarea feminist\u0103 a miturilor cite\u0219te subiectul ca o reflec\u021bie asupra limitelor criticii artistice legitime fa\u021b\u0103 de putere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07f94f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"07f94f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b8164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6b8164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c6d57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43c6d57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atena este considerat\u0103 fiica preferat\u0103 a lui Zeus; \u00een &#8222;Iliada&#8221; ea este singura care poart\u0103 \u00een locul s\u0103u scutul Aigis. Loialitatea sa fa\u021b\u0103 de tat\u0103 este absolut\u0103 \u0219i doar \u00eentr-un singur episod (Iliada I, 396-406) ea este men\u021bionat\u0103 ca parte a conspira\u021biei olimpice \u00eempotriva lui.<\/p><p>Cu fra\u021bii s\u0103i Apollon \u0219i Artemis exist\u0103 o rela\u021bie lini\u0219tit\u0103, de egalitate; to\u021bi trei \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 genera\u021bia mai t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i mai iscusit\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de vechiul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>. Cu Hermes \u00eemparte func\u021bia de protector \u00een\u021belept, motiv pentru care ambii stau al\u0103turi de Perseu, Herakles \u0219i Odiseu.<\/p>\n<p>Rivalitatea cu Poseidon marcheaz\u0103 mai mul\u021bi mituri locale, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Atena \u0219i \u00een Troizen \u0219i Argos. Cu Ares exist\u0103 o du\u0219m\u0103nie deschis\u0103: Atena reprezint\u0103 conducerea strategic\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului, Ares frenezia dezl\u0103n\u021buit\u0103 a b\u0103t\u0103liei.<\/p><p>La Homer, Atena \u00eel r\u0103ne\u0219te pe Ares prin m\u00e2na lui Diomede (Iliada V, 855-859), iar ambii se \u00eenfrunt\u0103 din nou \u00een Teomahia din Iliada XX \u0219i XXI. Cu Afrodita se manifest\u0103 o rela\u021bie de ostilitate re\u021binut\u0103, declan\u0219at\u0103 de judecata lui Paris; Atena \u00eei promisese lui Paris \u00een\u021belepciune \u0219i victorie \u00een r\u0103zboi, Afrodita \u00eei promisese pe Elena.<\/p>\n<p>Hefaistos este tovar\u0103\u0219ul ei me\u0219te\u0219ugar; \u00eempreun\u0103 erau considera\u021bi patronii artizanilor attici. Hefaistionul din Agora, adesea numit \u00een mod eronat &#8222;Theseion&#8221;, era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenchinat<\/span> am\u00e2ndurora \u0219i este cel mai bine conservat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> doric din Grecia.<\/p><p>O rela\u021bie special\u0103 o leag\u0103 pe Atena de eroi: Odiseu, Perseu, Bellerofon (c\u0103ruia \u00eei d\u0103ruie\u0219te fr\u00e2ul de aur pentru Pegas), Diomede, Iason \u0219i mai ales Herakles primesc sprijinul ei \u00eentr-o form\u0103 care, potrivit eticii homerice, reprezint\u0103 cel mai \u00eenalt raport de distinc\u021bie divin\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen Scutul lui Herakles al lui Hesiod, Atena apare ca patroan\u0103 care \u00eel \u00eenarmeaz\u0103 pe erou, \u00eenzestr\u00e2ndu-l cu \u00een\u021belepciune divin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4341ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4341ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a0e01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60a0e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94523b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94523b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Identificarea roman\u0103 cu Minerva aduce o accentuare modificat\u0103: Minerva era ini\u021bial o zei\u021b\u0103 etrusc\u0103, Menrva, ale c\u0103rei func\u021bii de patroan\u0103 a me\u0219te\u0219ugurilor \u0219i a \u0219colilor erau \u00een prim-plan; dimensiunea r\u0103zboinic\u0103 a Atenei grece\u0219ti era acoperit\u0103 la Roma de Marte \u0219i Bellona.<\/p><p>\u00cen triada capitolin\u0103 cu Jupiter \u0219i Iunona, Minerva a r\u0103mas totu\u0219i o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> central\u0103 de stat, iar Domi\u021bian i-a ridicat un important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> pe C\u00e2mpul lui Marte. Quinquatrus, s\u0103rb\u0103tori de cinci zile \u00een martie, o cinsteau pe Minerva mai ales ca patroan\u0103 a profesorilor \u0219i elevilor; Ovidiu le dedic\u0103 \u00een \u201eFasti&#8221; (III, 809-848) o descriere ampl\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span>, Athena Parthenos a devenit un cifru cultural: Procopios relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 statuia Atenei Promachos mai era \u00eenc\u0103 expus\u0103 \u00een secolul VI la Constantinopol, \u00eenainte de a fi distrus\u0103 \u00een revolta din 1203.<\/p><p>Evul Mediu o cuno\u0219tea pe Pallas mai ales ca figur\u0103 alegoric\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii; \u00een \u201eRoman de la Rose&#8221; \u0219i \u00een \u201eCit\u00e9 des Dames&#8221; a Christinei de Pizan devine ocrotitoarea femeilor instruite. \u201eDe claris mulieribus&#8221; al lui Boccaccio o plaseaz\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul figurilor feminine antice exemplare, iar Petrarca o trateaz\u0103 \u00een \u201eAfrica&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Rena\u0219terea a adus, prin \u201ePallas \u0219i Centaurul&#8221; lui Sandro Botticelli \u0219i \u201ePallas alung\u00e2nd Viciile&#8221; al lui Andrea Mantegna, o nou\u0103 apropiere umanist\u0103. Secolul al XVIII-lea vedea \u00een Pallas Atena imaginea Iluminismului, pe care Schiller l-a celebrat \u00een celebrul s\u0103u distih \u201eDie sch\u00f6nste Wissenschaft&#8221;.<\/p><p>Secolul al XIX-lea a f\u0103cut din ea emblema academiilor \u0219i universit\u0103\u021bilor, precum Academia de \u0218tiin\u021be din Berlin \u0219i Universitatea din Atena, \u00een al c\u0103rei foaier st\u0103 statuia zei\u021bei dup\u0103 modelul lui Fidias.<\/p><p>Studiile fundamentale ale lui Klaus Vierneisel \u0219i Peter Zanker privind iconografia Atenei au analizat sistematic semnifica\u021bia politico-cultural\u0103 a figurii \u00een clasicism \u0219i \u00een secolul al XIX-lea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64df9ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64df9ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eb67d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4eb67d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c1d6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17c1d6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimologia numelui Atena r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat\u0103. O derivare indo-european\u0103 este considerat\u0103 improbabil\u0103; majoritatea cercet\u0103torilor, printre care Robert Beekes, admit o origine pregreac\u0103, egeean\u0103. Linearul B cunoa\u0219te o denumire \u201ea-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja&#8221; (\u201eSt\u0103p\u00e2n\u0103 Athana&#8221;) \u00eentr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> din Knossos, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 o zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare bronzier\u0103 a unei cet\u0103\u021bi sau a unui ora\u0219-palat.<\/p><p>Martin P. Nilsson vedea \u00een Atena o personificare a st\u0103p\u00e2nei palatului micenian, care \u00een tranzi\u021bia de la regalitatea epocii palatiale la religia polisului \u0219i-a p\u0103strat func\u021bia militar\u0103 \u0219i me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103reasc\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Din perspectiva comparatismului indo-european, Atena prezint\u0103 similarit\u0103\u021bi structurale cu romana Minerva (prin intermediere etrusc\u0103) \u0219i cu indo-ariana Sarasvati, care protejeaz\u0103 de asemenea \u00een\u021belepciunea, limbajul \u0219i arta. Dar asocierea specific\u0103 dintre r\u0103zboinic\u0103, patroan\u0103 a me\u0219te\u0219ugurilor \u0219i ocrotitoare a ora\u0219ului este rar\u0103 \u00een materialul comparativ indo-european \u0219i sus\u021bine ipoteza unei zei\u021be-substrat egeene.<\/p><p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil nu a \u00eencadrat Atena \u00een mod univoc \u00een cadrul teoriei sale a celor trei func\u021bii: ea prezint\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale tuturor celor trei func\u021bii, ceea ce ar fi neobi\u0219nuit pentru o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> indo-european\u0103, dar a\u0219teptabil pentru o divinitate-substrat.<\/p>\n<p>Walter Burkert \u0219i Jean-Pierre Vernant au elaborat opozi\u021bia structural\u0103 dintre Atena \u0219i Ares ca model al clasific\u0103rii grece\u0219ti a r\u0103zboiului: Atena reprezint\u0103 violen\u021ba militar\u0103 controlat\u0103, referit\u0103 la polis \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 reconciliabil\u0103, Ares furia de c\u00e2mp de lupt\u0103, extatic\u0103 \u0219i dizolvant\u0103 pentru comunitate. Aceast\u0103 polaritate este o cheie pentru \u00een\u021belegerea eticii militare grece\u0219ti.<\/p><p>Teza lui Joan Connelly (2014), conform c\u0103reia friza Partenonului nu ar \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cortegiu religios solemn.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiunea<\/span> panatenaic\u0103, ci sacrificiul mitic al fiicelor lui Erechtheus, a declan\u0219at o nou\u0103 dezbatere despre programul religios al cultului de stat atenian. Cercetarea mai recent\u0103 din ultimele decenii subliniaz\u0103 \u00een ansamblu func\u021bia politic\u0103 a Atenei ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al autoconfirm\u0103rii democratice a Atenei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3162f43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3162f43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb06698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb06698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c02019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c02019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Homer, &#8222;Iliada&#8221; (\u00een special V, XV, XX p\u00e2n\u0103 la XXII) \u0219i &#8222;Odiseea&#8221; (\u00een special I, V, XIII). Hesiod, &#8222;Theogonia&#8221; 886 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 900 \u0219i 924 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 926. Apollodor, &#8222;Bibliotheca&#8221;, III, 14 (disputa pentru Attica, Erichthonios).<\/p><p>Pausanias, &#8222;Descrierea Greciei&#8221;, I, 24 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 28 (Acropola); Herodot, &#8222;Istorii&#8221;, IV, 180 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> libian al Atenei). Ovidiu, &#8222;Metamorfoze&#8221;, VI, 5 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 145 (Arachne) \u0219i IV, 798 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 803 (Meduza).<\/p><p>Ovidiu, &#8222;Fasti&#8221; III, 809 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 848 (Quinquatrus). Pindar, Odele Olimpice VII. Euripide, &#8222;Ion&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Troienele&#8221;.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert, &#8222;Religia greac\u0103 a epocii arhaice \u0219i clasice&#8221;, Stuttgart 1977. Karl Ker\u00e9nyi, &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span> grecilor&#8221;, Z\u00fcrich 1951. Jean-Pierre Vernant, &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mit<\/span> \u0219i societate \u00een Grecia antic\u0103&#8221;, Frankfurt am Main 1987. Joan Breton Connelly, &#8222;The Parthenon Enigma&#8221;, New York 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atena, zei\u021ba \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i ocrotitoarea Atenei Ca zei\u021b\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i ocrotitoare a Atenei, Atena \u00eembin\u0103 judecata cump\u0103tat\u0103 cu sprijinul ap\u0103r\u0103tor pentru comunitatea ora\u0219ului. Atena, \u00een dialectul attic Athena, este una dintre figurile centrale ale panteonului grec \u0219i este considerat\u0103 fiica lui Zeus, n\u0103scut\u0103 din capul acestuia. Este zei\u021ba protectoare a ora\u0219ului Atena, patroana m\u0103iestriei [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2982,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atena","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atena - zei\u021ba \u00een\u021belepciunii, ocrotitoarea Atenei | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atena este zei\u021ba \u00een\u021belepciunii, strategiei \u0219i me\u0219te\u0219ugului, n\u0103scut\u0103 din capul lui Zeus - ocrotitoarea Atenei, cu bufni\u021ba \u0219i Egida.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105822","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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