{"id":105788,"date":"2026-08-04T16:28:10","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:28:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/proserpina-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:28:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:28:35","slug":"proserpina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/proserpina\/","title":{"rendered":"Proserpina"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105788\" class=\"elementor elementor-105788 elementor-1979\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina, zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei romane<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina este zei\u021ba lumii de dincolo \u0219i a rena\u0219terii \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Este so\u021bia lui Pluto \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor, \u00eens\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne legat\u0103 de ciclurile naturii prin \u00eentoarcerea sa anual\u0103 \u00een lumea de sus. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Proserpina \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 trecerea dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, dintre lumea de sus \u0219i cea de jos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia roman\u0103 de la regat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie, sincretic\u0103 cu straturi grece\u0219ti \u0219i etrusce.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/totengottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeit\u0103\u021bi ale lumii de dincolo \u0219i ale mor\u021bii, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai t\u0103r\u00e2mului de apoi, judec\u0103tori ai mor\u021bilor, c\u0103l\u0103uze ale sufletelor.\">Divinitate funerar\u0103<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1738\" alt=\"Proserpina - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 dualitatea dintre feciorie \u0219i c\u0103s\u0103torie, dintre inocen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i autoritate regal\u0103. Este fiica Cererei (zei\u021ba gr\u00e2nelor), so\u021bia lui Pluto \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> r\u0103pirii sale de c\u0103tre Pluto explic\u0103 alternarea sezonier\u0103 a vegeta\u021biei \u0219i structura anului. Aspectele sale centrale sunt fertilitatea, maturizarea, trecerea \u0219i sanc\u021bionarea vie\u021bilor noi din \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia mor\u021bilor. Misterele eleusine celebrau rolul ei \u00een regenerarea cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse: Metamorfozele lui Ovidiu, cartea a 5-a, Georgicele lui Vergiliu, Cicero De Natura Deorum, Metamorfozele lui Apuleius, imnuri \u00eenchinate Proserpinei, inscrip\u021bii latine \u0219i epitafuri funerare. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte, Walter Burkert (despre fuziunea cu Persefona), Hubert Cancik. Venerarea Proserpinei era puternic\u0103 \u00een cultele eleusine, dar \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een locuin\u021be private din Italia, Galia \u0219i Africa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transmiterea scris\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> despre Proserpina se \u00eentinde pe mai multe secole \u00een trecut, cu mare probabilitate exist\u00e2nd tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i mai vechi, anterioare acesteia. Romanii au p\u0103strat aceast\u0103 entitate sau acest concept pe perioade extraordinar de lungi \u0219i l-au transmis cu grij\u0103 din genera\u021bie \u00een genera\u021bie, ceea ce indic\u0103 o importan\u021b\u0103 religioas\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p><p>Proserpina a r\u0103mas prezent\u0103 \u0219i dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea cultului antic. Descrierea r\u0103pirii realizat\u0103 de Ovidiu \u00een Metamorfoze \u0219i epopeea t\u00e2rzii antice a lui Claudian, De raptu Proserpinae, au men\u021binut viu subiectul; pictori \u0219i sculptori de la Rena\u0219tere p\u00e2n\u0103 la Bernini \u0219i Rossetti l-au preluat. Goethe a scris un monodram\u0103 despre ea. Miezul mitului, anul \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00eentre lumea de sus \u0219i lumea de jos, r\u0103m\u00e2ne p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi cea mai cunoscut\u0103 interpretare antic\u0103 a anotimpurilor.<\/p><h3>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/h3><p>Proserpina este zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a prim\u0103verii \u0219i a lumii infernale, fiica Ceresei. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> ei, r\u0103pirea de c\u0103tre Pluton \u0219i \u00eentoarcerea, este central pentru \u00een\u021belegerea anotimpurilor. Ea nu este o figur\u0103 neputincioas\u0103, ci st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii infernale al\u0103turi de Pluton. Este o figur\u0103 ambivalent\u0103 a transform\u0103rii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era universal cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i venerat\u0103, sau respectuos temut\u0103, \u00een \u00eentreaga lume roman\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi limitat\u0103 la anumite regiuni sau loca\u021bii. Fie \u00een mari centre urbane, fie \u00een zone rurale periferice, fie \u00een r\u00e2ndul elitei sociale, fie \u00een cel al oamenilor de r\u00e2nd, semnifica\u021bia spiritual\u0103 sau cultural\u0103 a acestei entit\u0103\u021bi era recunoscut\u0103 \u0219i universal acceptat\u0103.<\/p><p>Primirea Proserpinei la Roma a fost o decizie de stat: la porunca C\u0103r\u021bilor Sibiline, cultul ei a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat \u00een 249 \u00ee.Hr. \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cel al lui Dis Pater, pentru a \u00eendep\u0103rta nenorocirea de la comunitate. Modelul s\u0103u grec, Persefona, a ajuns la Roma prin intermediul coloniilor din Italia de sud \u0219i din Sicilia; sanctuarul de la Locri \u0219i locurile de cult siciliene arat\u0103 cum comer\u021bul \u0219i colonizarea au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u0219i unificat venerarea \u00een bazinul Mediteranei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse primare: Ovidiu, Metamorfoze, cartea a 5-a (r\u0103pirea Proserpinei), Vergiliu, Georgice \u0219i Eneida, Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Demeter (corespondentul grec), Cicero, De Natura Deorum, tragediile lui Seneca.<\/p><p>Perioad\u0103: secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al VI-lea d.Hr. Cercet\u0103tori: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert (Griechische Religion), Manfred Clauss (Kulte). M\u0103rturii arheologice: sanctuarele eleusine, monumente funerare din epoca roman\u0103, defixiones cu numele Proserpinei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 \u00een diferite surse \u0219i tradi\u021bii artistice cu anumite elemente iconografice recurente, care r\u0103m\u00e2n relativ constante de-a lungul deceniilor \u0219i al diverselor spa\u021bii geografice. Aceste elemente sunt profund codificate simbolic \u0219i poart\u0103 o mare semnifica\u021bie; ele nu pot fi explicate ca simpl\u0103 decora\u021bie sau alegere \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Din imaginile Proserpinei poate fi citit\u0103 natura sa dual\u0103. Spicele, florile \u0219i rodia trimit la fertilitate \u0219i vegeta\u021bie, dar \u0219i la fructul al c\u0103rui consum a legat-o de lumea de dincolo. Tor\u021ba apar\u021bine c\u0103ut\u0103rii mamei sale Ceres; tronul al\u0103turi de Pluto o arat\u0103 ca regin\u0103 a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor. Cel familiarizat cu mitul recuno\u0219tea \u00een fiecare dintre aceste semne o etap\u0103 a istoriei sale: r\u0103pirea, c\u0103utarea, rodia, anul \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit. Atributele nareaz\u0103 mitul anotimpurilor \u00een form\u0103 condensat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era central\u0103 \u00een practica religioas\u0103, \u00een ritualurile cotidiene \u0219i \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea de zi cu zi a romanilor. Oamenii se adresau acestei entit\u0103\u021bi \u00een situa\u021bii de via\u021b\u0103 critice sau determinate, ori \u00een anumite anotimpuri rituale, prin ritualuri structurate, adesea elaborate, rug\u0103ciuni sau ofrande.<\/p><p>Cultul Proserpinei era strict reglementat la Roma. \u00cen 249 \u00ee.Hr., venerarea ei a fost introdus\u0103 oficial \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cea a lui Dis Pater; jertfele la altarul subteran al Tarentumului de pe C\u00e2mpul lui Marte urmau prescrip\u021bii rituale precise. \u00cen misterele de influen\u021b\u0103 greac\u0103 privitoare la modelul s\u0103u, Persefona, func\u021bionari de cult anume desemna\u021bi conduceau ini\u021bierile; participarea \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urarea erau supuse unor reguli stricte.<\/p><p>Riturile pentru Proserpina au \u00eendeplinit de-a lungul secolelor func\u021bii concrete. Ca zei\u021b\u0103 a vegeta\u021biei, era invocat\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Ceres pentru prosperitatea sem\u0103n\u0103turilor, deci pentru baza alimentar\u0103 a comunit\u0103\u021bii. Ca regin\u0103 a lumii de dincolo, primea ofrande menite s\u0103 asigure mor\u021bilor o primire favorabil\u0103. Mitul s\u0103u al ascensiunii \u0219i cobor\u00e2rii anuale explica totodat\u0103 succesiunea anotimpurilor \u0219i conferea trecerii dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte o form\u0103 comprehensibil\u0103.<\/p><h3>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/h3><p>Proserpina este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 \u00een faze de tranzi\u021bie, uneori t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i prim\u0103v\u0103ratic\u0103, alteori sumbr\u0103. Poart\u0103 coroan\u0103 \u0219i \u021bine adesea chei. Rodia este atributul s\u0103u (semin\u021bele \u00eentoarcerii). Spicele de gr\u00e2u \u0219i florile \u00eei sunt asociate. Ambivalen\u021ba sa \u00eei confer\u0103 for\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fi\u0219a de identificare elucideaz\u0103 natura Proserpinei prin \u0219ase dimensiuni: originea sa mitic\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea, formele vener\u0103rii sale \u00een religie \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, reprezentarea sa caracteristic\u0103 \u00een art\u0103 \u0219i simboluri, semnifica\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoc\u0103rii<\/span> \u0219i a respectului, figuri \u00eenrudite din culturile vecine \u0219i o sintez\u0103 final\u0103 a func\u021biei sale cosmice ca zei\u021b\u0103 a trecerii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea Proserpinei<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina este forma roman\u0103 a grecescului Persefona \u0219i provine din miturile indo-europene ale zei\u021belor fertilit\u0103\u021bii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> r\u0103pirii (\u00een latin\u0103: raptus) era ini\u021bial o explica\u021bie a ciclurilor sezoniere ale vegeta\u021biei. La Roma, Proserpina era venerat\u0103 ca so\u021bie a lui Pluto, autonom\u0103 \u0219i puternic\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele mai timpurii atest\u0103ri dateaz\u0103 din secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., \u00eens\u0103 s-au intensificat sub influen\u021b\u0103 greac\u0103 (secolele II-I \u00ee.Hr.). Cultele Misterelor eleusine au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit-o \u00een \u00eentreaga lume <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Publicul Proserpinei<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era invocat\u0103 de \u021b\u0103rani la sem\u0103nat \u0219i la recolt\u0103, de femeile gravide (ca garant\u0103 a vie\u021bilor noi) \u0219i de cei \u00een doliu (pentru lini\u0219tirea mor\u021bilor).<\/p><p>Misterele eleusine erau strict secrete, dar participan\u021bii lor relatau despre rolul Proserpinei ca purt\u0103toare de speran\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 moarte. \u00cen locuin\u021be private i se adresa rug\u0103ciuni pentru fertilitate \u0219i protec\u021bia copiilor. Anthesteria (S\u0103rb\u0103toarea Florilor) era o s\u0103rb\u0103toare anual\u0103 \u00een cinstea ei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reprezentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 ca t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 femeie sau ca regin\u0103 matur\u0103, \u00een func\u021bie de faza <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span>: t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 \u00een momentul r\u0103pirii, matur\u0103 \u0219i \u00eencoronat\u0103 ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii de dincolo.<\/p><p>Atributele sale sunt capsula de mac (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al somnului \u0219i al mor\u021bii), cornul abunden\u021bei (bel\u0219ugul), sceptrul \u0219i tor\u021ba (lumin\u00e2nd \u00eentunericul lumii de dincolo). Pe monede este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 al\u0103turi de Pluto sau purt\u00e2nd o coroan\u0103. Pe pietre funerare simbolizeaz\u0103 trecerea \u0219i speran\u021ba \u00een continuarea vie\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Proserpina (cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i ca Persefona, \u00een greac\u0103) este zei\u021ba lumii de dincolo a Romei, fiica Cererei (Demeter) \u0219i so\u021bia lui Pluto (Hades).<\/p><p>Simbolizeaz\u0103 trecerea dintre anotimpuri, dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. R\u0103pirea sa \u00een lumea de dincolo \u0219i \u00eentoarcerea sa anual\u0103 la mam\u0103 explic\u0103 alternarea verii \u0219i a iernii. Nu este neputincioas\u0103 sau pasiv\u0103; \u00een numeroase texte apare ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii de dincolo, so\u021bie cu propriul regat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina se afla sub <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> \u0219i venerare protectoare, ca mijlocitoare \u00eentre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, nefiind o divinitate malefic\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Jertfele<\/span> constau \u00een mac, miere, fructe \u0219i animale negre.<\/p><p>La decese i se adresa rug\u0103ciuni pentru a-i aduce pe mor\u021bi sub st\u0103p\u00e2nirea sa \u0219i a le da pace. Femeile gravide purtau amulete cu chipul ei. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">Magia<\/span> implica adesea numele ei pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> sau pentru protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spiritelor malefice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Figuri comparabile<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persefona (greac\u0103) este modelul direct \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne structural identic\u0103. Inanna\/Ishtar din spa\u021biul mesopotamian \u00eei seam\u0103n\u0103 prin c\u0103l\u0103toria \u00een lumea de dincolo, dar nu prin leg\u0103tura sezonier\u0103. \u00cen spa\u021biul egiptean, Osiris (masculin) \u00eendepline\u0219te func\u021bii similare ca judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor \u0219i figur\u0103 a speran\u021bei. Hel, \u00een tradi\u021bia germanic\u0103, este o st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii de dincolo mai pu\u021bin ambivalent\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina este adaptarea roman\u0103 a grecescului Persefona; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> s\u0103u a fost asociat cu calendarul roman al sem\u0103n\u0103turilor \u0219i cu Eleusiniile. \u00cen timp ce Persefona r\u0103m\u00e2ne figura central\u0103 a doliului \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> celor patru anotimpuri, Proserpina preia \u00een practica roman\u0103 \u0219i atribu\u021bii suplimentare de protec\u021bie a c\u0103s\u0103toriei \u0219i a gospod\u0103riei.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103:<\/strong> \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> iudaic\u0103 nu exist\u0103 o zei\u021b\u0103 a lumii de dincolo. Sheol-ul este un t\u0103r\u00e2m al mor\u021bilor pasiv, f\u0103r\u0103 o st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare personalizat\u0103. Abia \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Curent al misticii iudaice cu opere principale precum Sefer Yetzirah \u0219i Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kabbalah<\/span> \u0219i \u00een apocaliptic\u0103 sunt men\u021bionate fiin\u021be \u00eengere\u0219ti, dar nu analogii ale Proserpinei.<\/p><p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103:<\/strong> Persefona este originalul grec al Proserpinei. \u00cen cultele comune (mai ales dup\u0103 secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr.), numele \u0219i func\u021biile s-au contopit, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd totu\u0219i structural identice. Alte divinit\u0103\u021bi ale lumii de dincolo (Hecate) s-au ad\u0103ugat f\u0103r\u0103 a o \u00eenlocui pe Persefona.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Inanna\/Ishtar \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een lumea de dincolo \u0219i este temporar captiv\u0103 acolo, dar se \u00eentoarce; structural similar ciclului sezonier al Proserpinei, \u00eens\u0103 mai dramatic \u0219i mai pu\u021bin regenerativ.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> \u00cen hinduism, Kali \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 distrugerea \u0219i regenerarea, dar nu \u00eemparte cu Proserpina rolul concret de so\u021bie a zeului mor\u021bii. \u00cen budismul timpuriu o astfel de figur\u0103 lipse\u0219te; lumea de dincolo este mai pu\u021bin personalizat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96567ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp96567ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39824e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp39824e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103pirea Proserpinei \u00een detaliu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp625c136 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp625c136\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp57771b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp57771b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nara\u021biunea central\u0103 despre Proserpina este r\u0103pirea sa de c\u0103tre Pluto, st\u0103p\u00e2nitorul lumii de dincolo. Ovidiu o descrie pe larg \u00een cartea a cincea a <em>Metamorfozelor<\/em>; o a doua versiune, divergent\u0103, apare \u00een <em>Fasti<\/em>. Potrivit relat\u0103rii lui Ovidiu, Proserpina culege flori cu tovar\u0103\u0219ele sale \u00eentr-un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O p\u0103dure sacr\u0103 care servea drept loc de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">cr\u00e2ng<\/span> l\u00e2ng\u0103 lacul sicilian Pergus, \u00een apropierea ora\u0219ului Henna.<\/p><p>Pluto, lovit de o s\u0103geat\u0103 a lui Amor, o z\u0103re\u0219te, o r\u0103pe\u0219te \u0219i o duce pe un car \u00een ad\u00e2ncuri. P\u0103m\u00e2ntul se deschide l\u00e2ng\u0103 lacul Cyane, a c\u0103rui nimf\u0103 opune rezisten\u021b\u0103 \u00een zadar.<\/p><p>Ceres, mama, o caut\u0103 pe tot p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. \u00cen m\u00e2nia ei, dup\u0103 Ovidiu, face Sicilia neroduitoare. Abia nimfa Arethusa \u00eei veste\u0219te c\u0103 a v\u0103zut-o pe Proserpina ca regin\u0103 a lumii de dincolo. Ceres se adreseaz\u0103 lui Jupiter.<\/p><p>Restituirea e\u0219ueaz\u0103 totu\u0219i din cauza unei condi\u021bii impuse de Parce: cine a m\u00e2ncat \u00een lumea de dincolo nu se mai poate \u00eentoarce. Proserpina a m\u00e2ncat \u0219apte semin\u021be dintr-o rodie, observat\u0103 de Ascalaphus, pe care \u00eel preface drept pedeaps\u0103 \u00een cucuvea.<\/p><p>Jupiter mijloce\u0219te un compromis. Proserpina petrece o parte a anului \u00een lumea de sus, la mam\u0103, \u0219i o parte \u00een lumea de dincolo, la Pluto. Ovidiu men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een <em>Fasti<\/em> o \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire egal\u0103, iar \u00een <em>Metamorfoze<\/em> un raport de doi la unu \u00een favoarea lumii de sus.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 oscila\u021bie \u00een sursele antice \u00eense\u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 nara\u021biunea nu poseda o form\u0103 canonic\u0103 fix\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> se asociaz\u0103 str\u00e2ns cu materia greac\u0103 a Demetrei \u0219i Persefonei, a c\u0103rei versiune cea mai ampl\u0103 o ofer\u0103 <em>Imnul homeric la Demeter<\/em>. Literatura roman\u0103 a preluat \u00een mare parte aceast\u0103 materie, dar a preferat s\u0103 situeze ac\u021biunea \u00een Sicilia, considerat\u0103 centru de cult al Cererei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c9ee0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c9ee0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f63d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f63d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina \u0219i mitul anotimpurilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39c0a19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp39c0a19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45c5234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp45c5234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nara\u021biunea despre sejurul \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit al Proserpinei a fost citit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span> ca explica\u021bie a schimb\u0103rii anotimpurilor. Sejurul \u00een lumea de dincolo corespunde perioadei s\u0103race \u00een vegeta\u021bie, \u00eentoarcerea la mam\u0103 corespunde cre\u0219terii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 interpretare este sugerat\u0103 de textele antice, de exemplu atunci c\u00e2nd Ovidiu leag\u0103 durerea Cererei de sterilitatea p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Cercetarea din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor din secolul al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, mai ales \u00een jurul lui James Frazer \u0219i al a\u0219a-numi\u021bilor Cambridge Ritualists, a construit din aceasta o teorie cuprinz\u0103toare a zeit\u0103\u021bilor vegeta\u021biei care mor \u0219i revin.<\/p><p>Cercetarea mai nou\u0103 prive\u0219te aceast\u0103 interpretare cu mai mult\u0103 rezerv\u0103. Ea subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 Proserpina este r\u0103pit\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te, \u00een loc s\u0103 moar\u0103, \u0219i c\u0103 ciclul climatic mediteranean, cu vara sa uscat\u0103 \u0219i iarna sa umed\u0103, nu se potrive\u0219te f\u0103r\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi acestei scheme.<\/p><p>Unii cercet\u0103tori citesc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> mai degrab\u0103 ca nara\u021biune de ini\u021biere \u0219i de c\u0103s\u0103torie: Proserpina realizeaz\u0103 trecerea de la fat\u0103 la femeie, din casa mamei \u00een cea a so\u021bului. Rodia, asociat\u0103 \u00een numeroase contexte cu fertilitatea \u0219i c\u0103s\u0103toria, sprijin\u0103 aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele dou\u0103 interpret\u0103ri nu se exclud reciproc. Cultele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span> puteau \u00een\u021belege acela\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> pe mai multe niveluri. Pentru venerarea Cererei \u0219i a Proserpinei la Roma, referin\u021ba agricol\u0103 era oricum central\u0103, dup\u0103 cum o arat\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Cerialia<\/em> din aprilie.<\/p><p>Al\u0103turi de aceasta s-a manifestat o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietate<\/span> mai personal\u0103, orientat\u0103 spre via\u021ba de dincolo, care \u00ee\u0219i afla locul \u00een cultele misterice \u0219i viza speran\u021ba individual\u0103 dincolo de moarte. M\u0103sura \u00een care aceste filoane erau \u00eempletite \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> roman se poate reconstitui doar par\u021bial din sursele lacunare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa45d7ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa45d7ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26d5ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26d5ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultul \u0219i misterele Cererei \u0219i Proserpinei la Roma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09178ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09178ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp875fb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp875fb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Roma, Proserpina era rareori obiectul exclusiv al unui cult. Ea apare cel mai adesea al\u0103turi de Ceres. Cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al celor dou\u0103 zei\u021be se afla pe Aventin, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenchinat<\/span>, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, la \u00eenceputul secolului al cincilea \u00eenainte de era noastr\u0103, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Liber.<\/p><p>Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> aventinian era considerat echivalentul plebeian al triadei patriciene de pe Capitoliu \u0219i poseda astfel \u0219i o dimensiune social\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103.<\/p><p>O form\u0103 proprie o aveau <em>sacra Cereris<\/em>, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> de factur\u0103 greceasc\u0103, administrat, potrivit lui Cicero, de preotese grece\u0219ti din sudul Italiei \u0219i deschis exclusiv femeilor. Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> era legat de concep\u021biile eleusiniene, transpun\u00e2ndu-le \u00eens\u0103 pe sol roman.<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, \u00een Roma republican\u0103 se celebra \u00een perioadele de criz\u0103 un ritual funerar pentru Ceres \u0219i Proserpina, care, potrivit lui Livius, putea fi suspendat \u00een momente de dificultate public\u0103 grav\u0103, deoarece doliul era considerat nepotrivit \u00een astfel de \u00eemprejur\u0103ri.<\/p><p>Din epoca imperial\u0103 este atestat\u0103 de asemenea o s\u0103rb\u0103toare nocturn\u0103, <em>Saecularfeier<\/em>, celebrat\u0103 la intervale neregulate, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfele<\/span> aduse Proserpinei \u00een calitate de zei\u021b\u0103 a lumii subterane jucau un rol important. Situa\u021bia surselor privind detaliile acestor rituri este limitat\u0103, deoarece cultele misterice nu consemnau \u00een mod deliberat con\u021binuturile lor \u00een scris.<\/p><p>Ceea ce \u0219tim provine \u00een cea mai mare parte din aluziile lui Cicero, din polemica cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i din m\u0103rturiile epigrafice \u0219i arheologice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00e2nduiala fixat\u0103 a serviciului divin al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Liturghia<\/span> exact\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 necunoscut\u0103. Structuri comparabile se reg\u0103sesc la <a href=\"\/ro\/persephone\/\">Persefona<\/a> greac\u0103, al c\u0103rei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> eleusinian este ceva mai bine documentat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f2b3a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3f2b3a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b5008f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b5008f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina \u00een artele plastice \u0219i pe sarcofage<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9688396 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9688396\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c2e52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1c2e52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R\u0103pirea Proserpinei se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai frecvent reprezentate mituri ale artei romane. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> este deosebit de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit pe sarcofagele din epoca imperial\u0103 mijlocie \u0219i t\u00e2rzie. Scena \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00een mod tipic pe Pluto smulg\u00e2nd-o pe Proserpina pe carul tras de cai, \u00eenso\u021bit de Minerva, Diana \u0219i de rezistenta nimf\u0103 Cyane.<\/p><p>Alegerea tocmai a acestui motiv pentru contextul funerar este revelatoare: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> trecerii involuntare \u00een lumea de dincolo \u0219i al \u00eentoarcerii par\u021biale oferea un limbaj vizual pentru moarte care exprima, al\u0103turi de pierdere, \u0219i speran\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Exist\u0103 de asemenea picturi murale, de exemplu la Pompei, \u0219i mozaicuri care \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 r\u0103pirea sau Proserpina tron\u00e2nd ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii de dincolo. Ca regin\u0103 a lumii de dincolo, poart\u0103 frecvent diadem sau polos, uneori spice sau rodia ca atribut.<\/p><p>\u00cen func\u021bia sa de st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare, st\u0103 al\u0103turi de Pluto pe tron, adesea cu c\u00e2inele tricefal Cerberus la picioare.<\/p><p>Receptarea continu\u0103 cu mult dincolo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>. Cea mai faimoas\u0103 prelucrare modern\u0103 este grupul de marmur\u0103 <em>Ratto di Proserpina<\/em> al lui Gianlorenzo Bernini, realizat \u00een jurul anilor 1621-1622, care surprinde cu mare vitalitate momentul captur\u0103rii.<\/p><p>\u00cen pictur\u0103, au abordat tema, printre al\u021bii, Rembrandt \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu prerafaeli\u021bii, ca Dante Gabriel Rossetti cu <em>Proserpine<\/em>. Subiectul a fost valorificat \u0219i \u00een muzic\u0103, de exemplu \u00een opere baroce. M\u0103rturiile arheologice \u0219i istoricoartistice \u00eel fac pe Proserpina una dintre figurile cel mai bine documentate vizual ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> roman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d56957 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1d56957\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp521bb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp521bb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologie \u0219i rela\u021bia cu Persefona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp47a25ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp47a25ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp88c9301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp88c9301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Proserpina nu este clarificat \u00een \u00eentregime din punct de vedere lingvistic. Etimologia popular\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> \u00eel asocia cu verbul latin <em>proserpere<\/em>, a se furi\u0219a, a mijloci, \u0219i \u00eel interpreta prin referire la \u00eencol\u021birea semin\u021belor. Aceast\u0103 explica\u021bie apare la Cicero \u0219i la Varro. Lingvistica modern\u0103 o consider\u0103 o interpretare secundar\u0103.<\/p><p>Mai probabil este c\u0103 <em>Proserpina<\/em> reprezint\u0103 o transformare fonetic\u0103 a numelui grecesc <em>Persephone<\/em>, posibil mediat\u0103 printr-o etap\u0103 intermediar\u0103 etrusc\u0103. Pe oglinzile etrusce, figura apare sub numele <em>Phersipnai<\/em> sau forme similare, ceea ce face plauzibil\u0103 o mediere prin limba etrusc\u0103.<\/p><p>Numele grecesc <em>Persephone<\/em> \u00eensu\u0219i este considerat opac \u0219i provine probabil din epoca pregreac\u0103. Chiar grecii cuno\u0219teau numeroase variante precum <em>Persephatta<\/em> sau <em>Pherrephatta<\/em>, ceea ce indic\u0103 un nume vechi, dificil de interpretat. Numeroasele variante arat\u0103 c\u0103 figura nu a fost niciodat\u0103 fixat\u0103 \u00een \u00eentregime \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bie<\/span> din punct de vedere lingvistic.<\/p><p>\u00cen religia roman\u0103, Proserpina a fost asimilat\u0103 timpuriu cu reprezent\u0103rile locale despre lumea de dincolo, dar \u0219i identificat\u0103 cu zei\u021ba italic\u0103 Libera, corespondentul feminin al lui Liber. Aceast\u0103 identificare nu este consecvent\u0103 \u0219i arat\u0103 cum diverse filoane tradi\u021bionale au confluiat \u00een aceast\u0103 figur\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, Proserpina este astfel un bun exemplu al modului \u00een care un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> grecesc a fost inserat prin culturi intermediare \u00een sistemul roman \u0219i asociat cu elemente indigene preexistente. O separare complet\u0103 a figurii romane de cea greac\u0103 este cu greu posibil\u0103 \u00een sursele p\u0103strate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b2c61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b2c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1225fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1225fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a lumii de dincolo \u0219i \u00een practica blestemelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d58d11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3d58d11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a4fb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a4fb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 rolul s\u0103u \u00een mitul anotimpurilor, Proserpina de\u021binea o func\u021bie autonom\u0103 ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen acest rol apare \u00eentr-un gen de surse deosebit de revelator pentru via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 roman\u0103: t\u0103bli\u021bele de blestem, \u00een latin\u0103 <em>defixiones<\/em>. Aceste texte, gravate de obicei pe pl\u0103cu\u021be de plumb, erau depuse \u00een morminte, f\u00e2nt\u00e2ni sau izvoare \u0219i invocau puteri ale lumii de dincolo pentru a d\u0103una unui adversar, a influen\u021ba un proces sau a recupera bunuri furate.<\/p><p>Pe numeroase t\u0103bli\u021be p\u0103strate, Proserpina este invocat\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Pluto sau Dis Pater. Apare acolo sub diverse epithete, uneori \u0219i \u00een fuziune cu alte figuri ale lumii de dincolo.<\/p><p>Limbajul acestor texte este formular \u0219i urmeaz\u0103 tipare recognoscibile, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 existen\u021ba unor modele sau a unor autori specializa\u021bi. Pentru cercetare, <em>defixiones<\/em> sunt valoroase deoarece documenteaz\u0103 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietate<\/span> dincolo de cultele oficiale de stat \u0219i arat\u0103 cum oamenii se adresau concret zeilor.<\/p><p>Proserpina era de asemenea asociat\u0103 cu r\u0103splata \u0219i pedeapsa \u00een lumea de dincolo. \u00cen reprezent\u0103rile misterice, recognoscibile printre altele \u00een a\u0219a-numitele t\u0103bli\u021be de aur orfic-bacchice, o regin\u0103 a lumii de dincolo joac\u0103 rolul de instan\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba c\u0103reia sufletul defunct reu\u0219e\u0219te sau e\u0219ueaz\u0103.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 aceste t\u0103bli\u021be se refer\u0103 la Proserpina \u00een sens roman strict sau la o zei\u021b\u0103 a lumii de dincolo de influen\u021b\u0103 greac\u0103 mai general\u0103 este greu de stabilit de la caz la caz. Per ansamblu, aceast\u0103 grup\u0103 de surse arat\u0103 c\u0103 Proserpina, dincolo de figura mitologic\u0103 literar\u0103, era destinatara unei practici rituale efective, care se \u00eentindea de la magia amoroas\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la speran\u021ba \u00een via\u021ba de dincolo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/rom\/\">Roma, cultur\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/pluto\/\">Pluto, so\u021b \u0219i rege al lumii de dincolo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/persephone\/\">Persefona, forma greac\u0103 originar\u0103<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foley, Helene P. (Hrsg.): <em>The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation and Commentary<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Caldwell, Richard S.: <em>The Psychology of Religion. A Jungian Perspective<\/em>. Routledge, 1991.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ca <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span><\/em> a tradi\u021biei romane, Proserpina corespunde grecescului Persefona \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i \u00eemparte anul \u00eentre lumea de sus \u0219i cea de jos; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> s\u0103u a marcat s\u0103rb\u0103torile sem\u0103n\u0103turilor \u0219i <em>libri Sibyllini<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Proserpina, zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei romane Proserpina este zei\u021ba lumii de dincolo \u0219i a rena\u0219terii \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Este so\u021bia lui Pluto \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nitoare a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor, \u00eens\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne legat\u0103 de ciclurile naturii prin \u00eentoarcerea sa anual\u0103 \u00een lumea de sus. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Proserpina \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 trecerea dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, dintre lumea de sus \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1738,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Proserpina","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Proserpina - zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a lumii de dincolo","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tradi\u021bia scris\u0103 despre Proserpina se \u00eentinde cu mai multe secole \u00een urm\u0103, sus\u021binut\u0103 de tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i mai vechi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105788","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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