{"id":105761,"date":"2026-08-04T16:25:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:25:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shiva-2\/"},"modified":"2026-09-09T16:44:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T16:44:03","slug":"shiva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/shiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105761\" class=\"elementor elementor-105761 elementor-1994\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, zeul tradi\u021biei hinduiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva este zeul tradi\u021biei hinduiste.<\/p><p><strong>Distrug\u0103torul \u0219i \u00cennoitorul, zeul dansator al medita\u021biei.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumile zeilor, asurelor \u0219i protectorilor hindui\u0219ti, de la perioada vedic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la cea tantric\u0103.\">Hinduism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123485\" alt=\"Shiva \u2013 zeu suprem hindus al distrugerii \u0219i al re\u00eennoirii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva este unul dintre cei trei zei ai Trimurtei, acea treime cosmic\u0103 care creeaz\u0103, sus\u021bine \u0219i distruge universul. Cu al s\u0103u al treilea ochi, care preface lumi \u00een cenu\u0219\u0103, cu tridenta \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i \u0219erpi \u00een jurul g\u00e2tului, Shiva danseaz\u0103 <em>Nataraja<\/em>, Dansul Cosmic, care r\u0103stoarn\u0103 timpul, spa\u021biul \u0219i materia.<\/p><p>Un zeu al extremelor: asketul s\u0103lbatic \u00een pe\u0219tera Himalayei, totodat\u0103 so\u021bul iubitor al Parvatei \u0219i tat\u0103l lui Ganesha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Shiva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 hinduist\u0103, distrug\u0103tor \u0219i transformator (Trimurti), patron al asce\u021bilor<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Hinduism (\u00een special shaivismul, una dintre cele dou\u0103 mari confesiuni hinduse)<br>Func\u021bie: Distrugerea \u0219i reconstruc\u021bia universului, dans cosmic, yoga, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-ritual\u0103 \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism cu o doctrin\u0103 a polarit\u0103\u021bilor energetice.\">Tantra<\/span><br>Atribute principale: Trishula (tridenta), Damaru (toba), al treilea ochi, \u0219erpi, semiluna, fusta din blan\u0103 de tigru<br>Principale centre de cult: Varanasi (Kashi-Vishwanath), Mt. Kailash (Tibet), Kedarnath, Rameswaram, cele 12 Jyotirlinga<br>Principale manifest\u0103ri: Nataraja (dansatorul cosmic), Bhairava (furios), Ardhanarishvara (androgin), Lingam (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> f\u0103r\u0103 form\u0103)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva se dezvolt\u0103 din zeul vedic al furtunii \u0219i al vindec\u0103rii <em>Rudra<\/em> (Rigveda, 1200-900 \u00ee.Hr.); \u00een imnurile vedice, Rudra este \u00eenc\u0103 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> periferic\u0103 \u0219i temut\u0103. Ascensiunea la rangul de divinitate principal\u0103 are loc \u00een <em>Pur\u0101\u1e47e<\/em> (\u00een special <em>\u015aiva Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em> \u0219i <em>Li\u1e45ga Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>, sec. IV-X d.Hr.).<\/p><p>Perioada de \u00eenflorire a tradi\u021biilor shaiva tantrice \u00eencepe din sec. VIII (K\u0101p\u0101lika, K\u0101l\u0101mukha, Shaiva-Siddh\u0101nta, \u0219coala Trikasambandh\u0101 a shaivismului kashmiran cu Abhinavagupta). \u00cen \u021binutul Tamil, importantul corpus de bhakti al <em>N\u0101ya\u1e47\u0101rs<\/em> (sec. VI-IX). Ast\u0103zi una dintre cele trei divinit\u0103\u021bi principale hinduse, al\u0103turi de Vishnu \u0219i Devi; tradi\u021bia shaiv\u0103 cuprinde aproximativ o treime din totalul hindu\u0219ilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principale centre de cult: <strong>Varanasi<\/strong> (Kashi, cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kashi-Vishwanath, unul dintre cele mai sfinte locuri ale hinduismului, unde moartea aduce, potrivit tradi\u021biei, intrarea direct\u0103 \u00een Mok\u1e63a), <strong>Mt. Kailash<\/strong> (\u00een vestul Tibetului, re\u0219edin\u021ba sa mitic\u0103), <strong>Kedarnath<\/strong> (Uttarakhand, Himalaya), <strong>Rameswaram<\/strong> (Tamil Nadu, unul dintre cele patru locuri de pelerinaj Char Dham).<\/p><p>Cele <em>Dou\u0103sprezece Jyotirlinga<\/em> formeaz\u0103 un lan\u021b principal de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerinaj<\/span> care acoper\u0103 geografic India: Somnath, Mallikarjuna, Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Omkareshwar, Kedarnath, Bhimashankar, Kashi-Vishwanath, Trimbakeshwar, Vaidyanath, Nageshwar, Rameshwar, Ghushmeshwar. \u00cen \u021binutul Tamil, <strong>Chidambaram<\/strong> este centrul teologic al tradi\u021biei Tamil-Shaiva, ca centru de cult al lui Nataraja. La nivel interna\u021bional, \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> hindus cu venerare a Lingamului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Rigveda<\/em> (imnurile Rudra, \u00een special Rg.V. 2.33), <em>\u015aiva Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Li\u1e45ga Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Skanda Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>K\u016brma Pur\u0101\u1e47a<\/em>. Texte tantrice: <em>Vij\u00f1\u0101na Bhairava Tantra<\/em>, <em>M\u0101lin\u012bvijayottara Tantra<\/em>, <em>Svacchanda Tantra<\/em>, <em>Netra Tantra<\/em>. Bhakti tamil: <em>T\u0113v\u0101ram<\/em> al celor trei N\u0101ya\u1e47\u0101rs (Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar) \u0219i <em>Tiruv\u0101cakam<\/em> al lui Manikkav\u0101cakar.<\/p><p>Shaivismul kashmiran: <em>Tantr\u0101loka<\/em> al lui Abhinavagupta. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Doniger, <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em> (lucrare clasic\u0103); Sanderson, <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>; Kramrisch, <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva este reprezentat ca zeul cu g\u00e2tul albastru, adesea dezbr\u0103cat sau \u00eembr\u0103cat cu blan\u0103 de tigru, cu p\u0103rul str\u00e2ns \u00eentr-un coc din care coboar\u0103 o semilun\u0103 \u0219i r\u00e2ul Ganga. Al s\u0103u al treilea ochi, plasat vertical pe frunte, devine arm\u0103 \u00een momentele de m\u00e2nie.<\/p><p>\u00cen p\u0103rul lui Shiva locuiesc luna \u0219i Ganga \u00eens\u0103\u0219i. El poart\u0103 o tridenta (Trishula), o tob\u0103 mic\u0103 (Damaru) \u0219i \u0219erpi ca podoab\u0103. Lingamul, o form\u0103 abstract\u0103, falic\u0103, este simbolul s\u0103u principal de venerare. Cenu\u0219a (Vibhuti) de pe pielea sa trimite la renun\u021bare \u0219i la distrugerea cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi de caracter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva reprezint\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba cosmic\u0103 ce distruge creativ pentru a re\u00eennoi. Dansul s\u0103u <em>Nataraja<\/em> nu este crud, ci necesar: f\u0103r\u0103 distrugere nu exist\u0103 rena\u0219tere. \u00cen medita\u021bie, yoghinii \u0219i asce\u021bii sunt asimila\u021bi lui Shiva; <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\">mantra<\/span> central\u0103 a shaivismului.<\/p><p>Shivaratri, \u201eNoaptea lui Shiva&#8221;, este s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 anual prin privegheri nocturne, celebr\u0103ri \u0219i procesiunea \u00een jurul Lingamului. Lingamele din temple precum cel din Varanasi sunt centre ale unei venera\u021bii \u0219i pelerinaje intense.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui \u015aiva \u00eentr-o privire de ansamblu. C\u00e2mpurile de mai jos sintetizeaz\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva provine, \u00eentr-o tradi\u021bie, chiar din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, fiin\u021ba absolut\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 form\u0103 \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 atribute; reflectat\u0103 \u00een Upani\u0219ade ca fundament al tuturor fenomenelor.\">Brahman<\/span> necreat, iar \u00een alta este fiul crea\u021biei lui Brahma. So\u021bul <em>Parvatei<\/em>, venerat \u0219i \u00een aspectele <em>Sati<\/em> (prima so\u021bie), <em>Durga<\/em> (r\u0103zboinica), <em>Kali<\/em> (distrug\u0103toarea \u00eenfuriat\u0103). Tat\u0103l lui <em>Ganesha<\/em>, cu cap de elefant, \u0219i al zeului r\u0103zboiului <em>Skanda\/Murugan\/Kartikeya<\/em>. Re\u0219edin\u021ba: <em>Mt. Kailash<\/em> \u00een Himalaya.<\/p><p>Combina\u021bie de caractere unic\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> lumii: \u00een acela\u0219i timp asket (<em>Mah\u0101yog\u012b<\/em>, medit\u00e2nd de-a lungul eoanelor) \u0219i dansator extatic (<em>Nataraja<\/em>); \u00een acela\u0219i timp zeu furios \u0219i distrug\u0103tor (aspectul Bhairava) \u0219i bl\u00e2nd \u0219i comp\u0103timitor cap de familie (al\u0103turi de Parvati \u0219i fii).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Distrug\u0103tor \u00een concep\u021bia Trimurtei, dar distrugerea ca <em>re-creare necesar\u0103<\/em>: la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul fiec\u0103rui Mah\u0101-Yuga, Shiva distruge universul prin dansul s\u0103u cosmic (T\u0101\u1e47\u1e0dava), iar din cenu\u0219\u0103 se na\u0219te lumea urm\u0103toare. Patron al <em>asce\u021bilor<\/em> (Sannyasi, S\u0101dhus, Aghoris), yoghinilor, tantricilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia bhakti, destinatar al iubirii divine personale (N\u0101ya\u1e47\u0101rs tamilieni ca cei mai renumi\u021bi poe\u021bi bhakti Shaiva). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Lingamului, venerat ca aspect energetic f\u0103r\u0103 form\u0103; <em>Lingamul<\/em> (cu <em>Yoni<\/em> ca baz\u0103) simbolizeaz\u0103 energia creatoare ne\u00eenceput\u0103. \u00cen shaivismul kashmiran, realitatea suprem\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei (<em>Parama\u015biva<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf ca figur\u0103 ascetic\u0103 masculin\u0103 cu pielea albastru-cenu\u0219ie (\u00een tradi\u021bia tantric\u0103: acoperit cu cenu\u0219\u0103, \u201ealb ca z\u0103pada de pe Kailash&#8221;). <em>Al treilea ochi<\/em> pe frunte (ochiul percep\u021biei superioare, cu care \u00eel arde pe Kama, zeul iubirii). <em>Semiluna<\/em> \u00een p\u0103rul \u00eenc\u00e2lcit (<em>jata<\/em>), care prinde cursul Gangelui (mitul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ganga-Avat\u0101ra\u1e47a<\/span>). <em>\u0218erpi<\/em> \u00een jurul g\u00e2tului \u0219i ca podoab\u0103 sacr\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Trishula<\/em> (tridenta) \u0219i <em>Damaru<\/em> (toba clepsidr\u0103, al c\u0103rei sunet creeaz\u0103 universul). <em>Fusta din blan\u0103 de tigru<\/em>. \u00cen forma <strong>Nataraja<\/strong>, figur\u0103 dans\u00e2nd cosmic \u00eentr-un cerc de fl\u0103c\u0103ri (<em>prabh\u0101ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/em>): piciorul drept se ridic\u0103, cel st\u00e2ng calc\u0103 pe demonul pitic Apasm\u0101ra (ignoran\u021ba). \u00cen forma <strong>Ardhanarishvara<\/strong>, androgin, o jum\u0103tate Shiva, cealalt\u0103 Parvati. \u00cen forma <strong>Bhairava<\/strong>, furios, cu podoabe din cranii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitate<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Shiva este invocat zilnic de sute de milioane de hindu\u0219i. Principalele s\u0103rb\u0103tori: <em>Maha-Shivaratri<\/em> (\u201emarea noapte a lui Shiva&#8221;, februarie\/martie, una dintre cele mai mari s\u0103rb\u0103tori hinduiste, petrecut\u0103 \u00een veghe \u00een temple cu ritualuri Lingam-Abhi\u1e63eka), <em>K\u0101rttika P\u016br\u1e47im\u0101<\/em>, <em>Pradosha Vrata<\/em> (post bilunar \u00een a 13-a zi lunar\u0103).<\/p><p>La Varanasi, moartea este considerat\u0103 o intrare direct\u0103 \u00een Mok\u1e63a prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> zilnic\u0103 a lui Shiva \u00een urechea muribundului. Practici tantrice \u00een tradi\u021biile Aghori \u0219i K\u0101p\u0101lika (ascez\u0103 extrem\u0103, rituri funerare).<\/p><p>Venerarea Lingam-ului este central\u0103 \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Shiva; Lingam-ul este sp\u0103lat cu ap\u0103, lapte, miere, lapte de cocos \u0219i ghee (<em>Pa\u00f1c\u0101m\u1e5bta<\/em>-Abhi\u1e63eka). La Chidambaram, brahminii D\u012bk\u1e63itar s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219esc acela\u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> Nataraja de peste 1000 de ani.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trishula (tridenta), Damaru (toba clepsidr\u0103), al treilea ochi, semiluna \u00een p\u0103rul \u00eenc\u00e2lcit, colierul de \u0219erpi (\u00een special Vasuki), fusta din blan\u0103 de tigru, <em>Lingamul<\/em> (cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al lui Shiva \u00een general, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al energiei f\u0103r\u0103 form\u0103), taurul <em>Nandi<\/em> (animalul de c\u0103l\u0103rie, prezent \u00eentotdeauna la intrarea templelor lui Shiva), <em>vibh\u016bti<\/em> (cenu\u0219\u0103 sacr\u0103, aplicat\u0103 \u00een trei dungi pe frunte), siragul de rug\u0103ciune <em>Rudr\u0101k\u1e63a<\/em> (semin\u021be ale arborelui sacru).<\/p><p>Plante sacre: arborele <em>Bilva<\/em> (Aegle marmelos, ale c\u0103rui frunze sunt considerate deosebit de dragi lui Shiva), Datura, arborele Banyan. Cenu\u0219\u0103 sacr\u0103 din locurile de incinerare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Rudra<\/em> (precursorul vedic), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (aspectul m\u00e2nios, pagin\u0103 proprie), <em>Mahakala<\/em> (budism, adaptare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eVehiculul de diamant\u201d; form\u0103 tantric\u0103 a budismului Mahayana, prezent\u0103 mai ales \u00een Tibet, centrat\u0103 pe practica Yidam \u0219i tehnica mantrelor.\">Vajrayana<\/span> ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> protectoare m\u00e2nioas\u0103), <em>Pashupati<\/em> (posibil precursor din valea Indusului, atestat pe sigilii preistorice de la Mohenjo-Daro), <em>Dionysos<\/em> (Grecia, aspect ecstatic-nimicitor, dans, tradi\u021bia vinului), <em>Hades-Plouton<\/em> (Grecia, dublu aspect <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Care \u021bine de p\u0103m\u00e2nt sau de lumea subteran\u0103; \u00een religia antic\u0103, zeii \u0219i spiritele ad\u00e2ncurilor (Hades, Eriniile, Demeter chthonia).\">ctonic<\/span> \u0219i fertil), <em>Wotan-Odin<\/em> (germanic, regele-yoghin cu un singur ochi), <em>Cernunnos<\/em> (celtic, zeul cornut al p\u0103durii, ascet). Func\u021bional: toate divinit\u0103\u021bile supreme nimicitor-regeneratoare \u0219i toate divinit\u0103\u021bile-\u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor ascetico-tantrice au tr\u0103s\u0103turi comune cu Shiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de venerare<\/strong><\/p><p>Shiva este, al\u0103turi de Vishnu, zeul principal al hinduismului (Trimurti). Venerarea zilnic\u0103 cuprinde <em>abhisheka<\/em> (ungerea Lingamului cu lapte, miere, iaurt, ghee, ap\u0103, <em>panchamrita<\/em>) \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrand\u0103<\/span> de frunze de Bilva la Linga.<\/p><p>Mahashivaratri (\u00een luna Phalguna, februarie\/martie) este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea sa principal\u0103, cu privegheri nocturne \u0219i post (cf. Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>). Cel mai important loc de pelerinaj al s\u0103u este Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath); cele dou\u0103sprezece sanctuare Jyotirlinga (Somnath, Mahakaleshwar, Kedarnath etc.) determin\u0103 practica devo\u021bional\u0103 regional\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Mantre \u0219i invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Mahamrityunjaya-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> (Rigveda 7.59.12), \u201eOm Tryambakam Yajamahe&#8221;, este cea mai renumit\u0103 mantr\u0103 de vindecare \u0219i protec\u021bie din India. Panchakshara-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> \u201eOm Namah Shivaya&#8221; (Yajurveda) este rostit\u0103 \u00een repetare <em>japa<\/em> de 108 ori cu Rudraksha-Mala. Shiva-Stuti din Lingapurana este standard liturgic.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Siragul Rudraksha (semin\u021be ale fructului Eleocarpus, \u201elacrimile lui Shiva&#8221;) \u00een \u0219iruri Mala de 27\/54\/108 m\u0103rgele. Vibhuti (cenu\u0219\u0103 sacr\u0103) se aplic\u0103 pe frunte sub form\u0103 de trei dungi orizontale (<em>tripundra<\/em>). Trishula (tridenta), Damaru (toba clepsidr\u0103) \u0219i Lingamul \u00eensu\u0219i ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural al lui Apotropaikon: obiecte \u0219i semne menite s\u0103 resping\u0103 r\u0103ul.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaice<\/span> iconice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Rolul lui Shiva ca distrug\u0103tor \u0219i \u00eennoitor seam\u0103n\u0103 cu cel al lui Cronos la greci sau al lui Loki \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> nordic\u0103, zei ai dizolv\u0103rii. Asceza sa aminte\u0219te de Hermes Trismegistos din tradi\u021bia alchimic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen mi\u0219c\u0103rile ezoterice moderne, Shiva este adesea \u00een\u021beles ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al transform\u0103rii interioare \u0219i al for\u021bei spirituale. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> este \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat\u0103 la nivel mondial \u00een cercurile de yoga.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4973181 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4973181\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e313a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e313a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva ca Nataraja: dansul lumii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fd70e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6fd70e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc5206b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc5206b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele mai cunoscute \u0219i mai bogate \u00een semnifica\u021bii teologice forme de manifestare ale lui Shiva este <em>Nataraja<\/em>, regele dansului. Aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 s-a conturat \u00een special \u00een India de Sud \u0219i \u0219i-a g\u0103sit forma plastic\u0103 clasic\u0103 \u00een arta bronzului din dinastia Chola, \u00eentre secolele IX \u0219i XIII. Bronzurile Nataraja se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai importante opere ale artei indiene.<\/p><p>Reprezentarea este o imagine teologic\u0103 elaborat\u0103 cu precizie. Shiva danseaz\u0103 \u00een interiorul unui cerc de fl\u0103c\u0103ri care desemneaz\u0103 universul. Sub piciorul drept calc\u0103 un pitic ce \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 ignoran\u021ba. Una dintre m\u00e2inile sale \u021bine o tob\u0103 mic\u0103, al c\u0103rei ritm marcheaz\u0103 ritmul crea\u021biei.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 \u021bine o flac\u0103r\u0103, semnul dizolv\u0103rii \u0219i al distrugerii. O alt\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 face gestul netemerii, iar o a patra arat\u0103 spre piciorul ridicat, care veste\u0219te eliberarea.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 unic\u0103 imagine sunt rezumate cele cinci activit\u0103\u021bi ale lui Shiva pe care <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> hinduist\u0103 i le atribuie: crea\u021bie, sus\u021binere, dizolvare, voalare \u0219i eliberare. Dansul nu este, prin urmare, o simpl\u0103 mi\u0219care, ci expresia procesului cosmic continuu \u00een care na\u0219terea \u0219i pieirea sunt indisolubil legate.<\/p><p>Istoricul de art\u0103 Ananda Coomaraswamy a dezvoltat aceast\u0103 interpretare \u00een detaliu \u00eentr-un eseu mult comentat din \u00eenceputul secolului XX. Cel mai important centru de cult al acestei forme de manifestare este marele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> din Chidambaram, \u00een Tamil Nadu, considerat locul \u00een care Shiva a executat acest dans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaeb46c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaeb46c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f80a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f80a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lingamul: cel mai important simbol de cult al lui Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp746bbf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp746bbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e69fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e69fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spre deosebire de multe alte divinit\u0103\u021bi hinduiste, Shiva este venerat \u00een cultul templului preponderent nu \u00een form\u0103 antropomorf\u0103, ci \u00een forma <em>Lingamului<\/em>, o piatr\u0103 de obicei cilindric\u0103, rotunjit\u0103 la v\u00e2rf.<\/p><p>Lingamul se afl\u0103 de regul\u0103 pe o baz\u0103 numit\u0103 <em>yoni<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 \u00eembinare este interpretat\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bie ca interac\u021biunea principiului masculin \u0219i a celui feminin, a lui Shiva \u0219i a zei\u021bei.<\/p><p>Interpretarea Lingamului a f\u0103cut obiectul multor dezbateri. Cercetarea occidental\u0103 mai veche l-a \u00een\u021beles preponderent ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> falic. Tradi\u021bia hinduist\u0103 \u00eens\u0103\u0219i \u0219i o parte a cercet\u0103rii mai recente subliniaz\u0103, \u00een schimb, un strat suplimentar de semnifica\u021bie: cuv\u00e2ntul <em>linga<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een sanscrit\u0103 \u0219i semn sau caracteristic\u0103.<\/p><p>Lingamul este, prin urmare, semnul lui Shiva, o form\u0103 deliberat non-figurativ\u0103 care exprim\u0103 tocmai prin aceasta nelimitatul \u0219i transcenderea oric\u0103rei forme a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bii<\/span>. O nara\u021biune din <em>Lingapurana<\/em> relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 Shiva a ap\u0103rut ca o coloan\u0103 de lumin\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 de sf\u00e2r\u0219it, al c\u0103rei \u00eenceput \u0219i al c\u0103rei cap\u0103t nici Brahma, nici Vishnu nu le-au putut g\u0103si. Lingamul aminte\u0219te de aceast\u0103 coloan\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 limite.<\/p><p>Lingamele exist\u0103 \u00een nenum\u0103rate forme, de la Lingamele de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> fin lucrate p\u00e2n\u0103 la pietrele naturale, nesculptate de m\u00e2na omului, considerate deosebit de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacre<\/span>, \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la cele dou\u0103sprezece <em>Jyotirlinga<\/em>, Lingamele de lumin\u0103, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een India \u0219i considerate cele mai importante sanctuare ale lui Shiva.<\/p><p>\u00cen cultul zilnic al templului, Lingamul este venerat cu ap\u0103, lapte, frunze de arborar Bilva \u0219i alte ofrande. El nu este, prin urmare, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> abstract, ci centrul concret al unei practici rituale vii, cotidiene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda063b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda063b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbaddc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbaddc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asketul de pe Kailash: tr\u0103s\u0103turile lui Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8eba809 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8eba809\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7a7d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7a7d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva reune\u0219te \u00een figura sa tr\u0103s\u0103turi care la prima vedere par ireconciliabile. El este marele asket, <em>Mahayogi<\/em>, care r\u0103m\u00e2ne nemi\u0219cat \u00een medita\u021bie pe muntele Kailash din Himalaya, cu trupul uns cu cenu\u0219\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103rul ridicat \u00een zulufuri \u00eenc\u00e2lcite.<\/p><p>Totodat\u0103, el este tat\u0103 de familie, c\u0103s\u0103torit cu zei\u021ba Parvati \u0219i tat\u0103l fiilor Ganesha \u0219i Skanda. Este st\u0103p\u00e2nul animalelor s\u0103lbatice \u0219i al pustiei, poart\u0103 un \u0219arpe ca podoab\u0103 \u0219i o blan\u0103 de tigru, dar tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i \u00een s\u00e2nul familiei sale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tensiune nu este o contradic\u021bie a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, ci apar\u021bine nucleului teologic al figurii. Shiva reprezint\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219irea contrariilor obi\u0219nuite.<\/p><p>El este cel care bea otrav\u0103 \u0219i totu\u0219i nu moare: \u00een nara\u021biunea despre sf\u00e2rtecarea oceanului de lapte, Shiva \u00eenghite otrava lumii, care amenin\u021ba s\u0103 distrug\u0103 crea\u021bia, \u0219i o re\u021bine \u00een g\u00e2tlejul s\u0103u, care se alb\u0103stre\u0219te de aceea, de unde vine epitetul s\u0103u <em>Nilakantha<\/em>, cel cu g\u00e2tul albastru.<\/p><p>Printre atributele sale statornice se num\u0103r\u0103 tridenta, semnul semilunii \u00een p\u0103r, al treilea ochi pe frunte, a c\u0103rui privire poate mistui, \u0219i r\u00e2ul sacru Gange, care, potrivit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, coboar\u0103 spre p\u0103m\u00e2nt trec\u00e2nd peste capul s\u0103u, fr\u00e2nat de p\u0103rul s\u0103u, pentru ca for\u021ba apelor s\u0103 nu distrug\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>Animalul s\u0103u de c\u0103l\u0103rie este taurul Nandi. \u00cen aceast\u0103 bog\u0103\u021bie de tr\u0103s\u0103turi, Shiva se arat\u0103 ca o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> care reune\u0219te \u00een o singur\u0103 figur\u0103 pericolul \u0219i protec\u021bia, s\u0103lb\u0103ticia \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nirea de sine, moartea \u0219i eliberarea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3deafac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3deafac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0713c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0713c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shaivismul: Shiva ca realitate suprem\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3d59a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe3d59a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cacd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9cacd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cadrul hinduismului exist\u0103 un curent religios cuprinz\u0103tor care venereaz\u0103 Shiva nu ca pe o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> printre altele, ci ca pe realitatea suprem\u0103: shaivismul. Acest curent nu este o entitate unitar\u0103, ci cuprinde numeroase \u0219coli diferen\u021biate regional \u0219i filozofic, care s-au conturat de-a lungul secole.<\/p><p>O \u0219coal\u0103 important\u0103 este shaivismul kashmiran, o tradi\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103 \u00een nordul Indiei \u00eentre secolele IX \u0219i XI, al c\u0103rei cel mai important g\u00e2nditor a fost Abhinavagupta. Ea \u00een\u021belege \u00eentreaga realitate ca desf\u0103\u0219urare a unei singure con\u0219tiin\u021be, identificat\u0103 cu Shiva.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 direc\u021bie important\u0103 este Shaiva Siddh\u0101nta, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit mai ales \u00een India de Sud, care a elaborat o doctrin\u0103 proprie despre rela\u021bia dintre Dumnezeu, suflet \u0219i lume. Al\u0103turi de acestea au existat grupuri ascetice \u0219i par\u021bial izolate social, cele mai vechi dintre ele atestate \u00eenc\u0103 din primele secole ale erei noastre.<\/p><p>O mi\u0219care important\u0103 \u00een cadrul shaivismului din India de Sud au fost Nayanar, un grup de sfin\u021bi poe\u021bi din evul mediu timpuriu, ale c\u0103ror imnuri \u00een limba tamil\u0103 \u00eel c\u00e2nt\u0103 pe Shiva pe tonul unei devo\u021biuni personale.<\/p><p>C\u00e2ntecele lor au fost str\u00e2nse \u00een colec\u021bii \u0219i apar\u021bin \u0219i ast\u0103zi repertoriului liturgic al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templelor<\/span> shaiva din India de Sud. Shaivismul arat\u0103 c\u0103 Shiva nu este doar o figur\u0103 mitologic\u0103, ci obiectul unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> \u0219i filozofii elaborate.<\/p><p>Pentru adep\u021bii s\u0103i, el este temeiul \u0219i scopul a tot ce exist\u0103, iar diversitatea \u0219colilor atest\u0103 c\u00e2t de diferit a fost interpretat\u0103 de-a lungul istoriei aceast\u0103 unic\u0103 convingere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4286f88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4286f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aa6d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3aa6d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sursele: de la Rudra vedic la epoca Puranelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b6167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3b6167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfade2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfade2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura lui Shiva are o \u00eendelungat\u0103 preistorie care poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 \u00een surse. \u00cen cele mai vechi scrieri, Vedele, numele Shiva ca nume de zeu nu apare \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een sensul ulterior. Cuv\u00e2ntul <em>shiva<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 ini\u021bial favorabil, milostiv, \u0219i apare ca adjectiv.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> vedic\u0103 poart\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 \u00een mod evident tr\u0103s\u0103turi care vor deveni mai t\u00e2rziu caracteristice pentru Shiva: zeul Rudra, o figur\u0103 \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, asociat\u0103 cu furtuna, boala \u0219i s\u0103lb\u0103ticia, pe care se c\u0103uta s\u0103 o \u00eembl\u00e2nzeasc\u0103 prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoca\u021bii<\/span>. Tocmai \u00een astfel de invoca\u021bii de lini\u0219tire, Rudra a primit epitetul <em>shiva<\/em>.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 vedic\u0103 \u0219i probabil din alte tradi\u021bii non-vedice s-a dezvoltat de-a lungul mai multor secole figura clasic\u0103 a lui Shiva. O etap\u0103 intermediar\u0103 important\u0103 o constituie <em>Shvetashvatara-Upanishad<\/em>, \u00een care Rudra-Shiva apare deja ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> suprem\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele mai ample nara\u021biuni mitologice se reg\u0103sesc apoi \u00een epopei, mai ales \u00een <em>Mahabharata<\/em>, \u0219i \u00een Purane, o literatur\u0103 vast\u0103 ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00eentre evul mediu timpuriu \u0219i cel \u00eenalt. Texte precum <em>Shivapurana<\/em> \u0219i <em>Lingapurana<\/em> concentreaz\u0103 materialul mitologic.<\/p><p>Unii cercet\u0103tori au presupus, de asemenea, c\u0103 exist\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cini care coboar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een civiliza\u021bia Indusului \u0219i au invocat anumite descoperiri de sigilii care prezint\u0103 o figur\u0103 a\u0219ezat\u0103, \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de animale. Aceast\u0103 interpretare este \u00eens\u0103 foarte controversat\u0103 \u0219i nu poate fi dovedit\u0103.<\/p><p>Este cert c\u0103 figura lui Shiva este rezultatul unui lung proces \u00een care divinit\u0103\u021bi mai vechi, tradi\u021bii regionale \u0219i reflec\u021bie teologic\u0103 au confluiat. Cine dore\u0219te s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 istoric pe Shiva trebuie s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare aceast\u0103 stratificare \u0219i s\u0103 nu proiecteze f\u0103r\u0103 rezerve figura pe deplin conturat\u0103 din Purane \u00eenapoi \u00een epoca timpurie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/ganesha\/\">Ganesha, fiul (cap de elefant)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, aspectul furios propriu<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, adaptarea tantric-budist\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/kali\/\">Kali, corespondentul feminin furios (aspectul Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/durga\/\">Durga, corespondentul feminin r\u0103zboinic (aspectul Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\">Hinduism, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-supreme\/\">Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zeita\u021bi, prezentare general\u0103 a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em>. London 1973 (lucrare de referin\u021b\u0103).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sanderson, Alexis: <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>. In: <em>Genesis and Development of Tantrism<\/em>. Tokyo 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kramrisch, Stella: <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>. Princeton 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lorenzen, David N.: <em>The K\u0101p\u0101likas and K\u0101l\u0101mukhas<\/em>. Berkeley 1972.<\/span><\/li><li>Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar: <em>T\u0113v\u0101ram<\/em>; Manikkav\u0101cakar: <em>Tiruv\u0101cakam<\/em> (bhakti tamil, traduceri disponibile).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma \u201e\u015aiva&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a9727 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52a9727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea6358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Shiva<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este zeul Shiva \u00een hinduism?<\/h3><p>Shiva este unul dintre cei trei zei principali ai hinduismului, al\u0103turi de Brahma (creatorul) \u0219i Vishnu (sus\u021bin\u0103torul). Shiva este distrug\u0103torul, dar \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea hinduist\u0103 distrugerea este necesar\u0103 pentru re\u00eennoire: el dizolv\u0103 universul la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul unei epoci cosmice, pentru ca acesta s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi creat din nou.<\/p><p>Principalele atribute ale lui Shiva: tridenta (Trishul), toba (Damaru), al treilea ochi (ochiul cunoa\u0219terii), \u0219arpele \u00een jurul g\u00e2tului (Vasuki) \u0219i semiluna \u00een p\u0103r. El mediteaz\u0103 pe muntele Kailash.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce este dansul lui Shiva (Nataraja)?<\/h3><p>Shiva Nataraja (St\u0103p\u00e2nul Dansului) este una dintre cele mai importante forme ale lui Shiva, dansatorul cosmic care prin dansul s\u0103u Tandava creeaz\u0103, sus\u021bine \u0219i distruge totodat\u0103 universul.<\/p><p>Renumitele sculpturi \u00een bronz din epoca Chola (sec. X-XII) \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 cu patru bra\u021be \u00een cercul de fl\u0103c\u0103ri, dans\u00e2nd pe piticul Apasmara (ignoran\u021ba). Fiecare gest are semnifica\u021bie: piciorul ridicat \u00eenseamn\u0103 eliberare, piticul strivit \u00eenseamn\u0103 ignoran\u021ba distrus\u0103. Dansul este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al ritmului cosmic.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este zeul Shiva \u00een hinduism?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva este unul dintre cei trei zei principali ai hinduismului, al\u0103turi de Brahma (creatorul) \u0219i Vishnu (sus\u021bin\u0103torul). 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X-XII) \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 cu patru bra\u021be \u00een cercul de fl\u0103c\u0103ri, dans\u00e2nd pe piticul Apasmara (ignoran\u021ba). Fiecare gest are semnifica\u021bie: piciorul ridicat \u00eenseamn\u0103 eliberare, piticul strivit \u00eenseamn\u0103 ignoran\u021ba distrus\u0103. Dansul este simbol al ritmului cosmic.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shiva, zeul tradi\u021biei hinduiste Shiva este zeul tradi\u021biei hinduiste. Distrug\u0103torul \u0219i \u00cennoitorul, zeul dansator al medita\u021biei. ZeuHinduism Cuprins Shiva Shiva este unul dintre cei trei zei ai Trimurtei, acea treime cosmic\u0103 care creeaz\u0103, sus\u021bine \u0219i distruge universul. Cu al s\u0103u al treilea ochi, care preface lumi \u00een cenu\u0219\u0103, cu tridenta \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i \u0219erpi \u00een [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1730,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shiva","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shiva - Distrug\u0103torul \u0219i \u00cennoitorul Trimurtei","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shiva, distrug\u0103torul \u0219i \u00eennoitorul Trimurtei hinduiste. 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