{"id":105751,"date":"2026-08-04T16:24:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:24:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/kali-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:25:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:25:12","slug":"kali","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/kali\/","title":{"rendered":"Kali"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105751\" class=\"elementor elementor-105751 elementor-1996\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei hinduse<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali este zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei hinduse.<\/p><p>Zei\u021ba neagr\u0103 a timpului \u0219i distrugerii, protectoare \u0219i eliberatoare. Kali este una dintre cele mai puternice figuri ale hinduismului, s\u0103lbatic\u0103, nemiloas\u0103 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, obiectul celei mai profunde venera\u021bii.<\/p><p>Cu pielea neagr\u0103, limba ro\u0219ie ca s\u00e2ngele at\u00e2rn\u00e2nd din gur\u0103, o sabie \u0219i un bol plin de cranii de demoni, ea \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 energia distructiv\u0103 necesar\u0103 pentru a nimici r\u0103ul. Este forma cumplit\u0103 a lui Shiva, so\u021bia distrug\u0103torului, iar pentru unii credincio\u0219i chiar zei\u021ba suprem\u0103, <em>Shakti<\/em>, for\u021ba cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumile zeilor, asura \u0219i protec\u021biei \u00een hinduism, de la cel vedic la cel tantric.\">Hinduism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1728\" alt=\"Kali - G\u00f6tter aus der Hinduismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sintez\u0103: Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Zei\u021b\u0103 principal\u0103 hindus\u0103, manifestare wrathful a Devi-Mamei, nimicitoare a r\u0103ului<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Hinduism (\u00een special Shaktism, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-ritual\u0103 \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism cu doctrina polarit\u0103\u021bilor de energie.\">Tantra<\/span>), Budism (\u00een adaptare tibetan-tantric\u0103)<br>Func\u021bie: Nimicirea egoului, protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de puterile demonice, moarte \u0219i rena\u0219tere<br>Atribute principale: Sabie, craniu t\u0103iat, colier din 51 de cranii, \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be retezate, limb\u0103 ro\u0219ie scoas\u0103<br>Principale centre de cult: Kalighat (Kolkata), Dakshineswar (Bengalul de Vest), Kamakhya (Assam), Mt. Kailash<br>Aspect al: Parvati, Durga, Mahakali (form\u0103 cosmic\u0103)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali este atestat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (sec. V\/VI d.Hr., parte din Markandeya-Pur\u0101\u1e47a) ca manifestare plin\u0103 de m\u00e2nie a Devi; \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> central, ea ia na\u0219tere din fruntea \u00eenfuriat\u0103 a Durg\u0103i \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva demonului Raktabija.<\/p><p>Perioada de maxim\u0103 \u00eenflorire a tradi\u021biei tantrice Kali (Vamacara): secolele VIII-XII d.Hr. \u00cen hinduismul modern, este deosebit de popular\u0103 \u00een Bengal; marele festival <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (octombrie\/noiembrie, simultan cu Diwali) este unul dintre cele mai importante s\u0103rb\u0103tori hinduiste regionale.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al XIX-lea a devenit mai cunoscut\u0103 la nivel interna\u021bional prin Sri Ramakrishna (preot la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kali din Dakshineswar) \u0219i prin Misiunea Ramakrishna. \u00cen studiile religioase occidentale, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1960, a fost adesea receptat\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> feminist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult: <strong>Kalighat<\/strong> (Kolkata, Bengalul de Vest, unul dintre cele 51 de <em>Shakti Pithas<\/em>, unde se presupune c\u0103 a c\u0103zut degetul de la picior al lui Sati), <strong>Dakshineswar Kali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templu<\/span><\/strong> (la nord de Kolkata, cunoscut la nivel global prin Sri Ramakrishna), <strong>Kamakhya<\/strong> (Assam, principalul centru de cult al vener\u0103rii menstruale a Devi), <strong>Tarapith<\/strong> (Bengalul de Vest, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> tantric), <strong>Vaitarna<\/strong> (Maharashtra).<\/p><p>La nivel interna\u021bional: \u00een fiecare comunitate mai mare a diasporei indiene, mai ales \u00een SUA \u0219i Marea Britanie. Din 1971, \u00een fiecare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> ISKCON cu pavilion Devi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (surs\u0103 principal\u0103, \u00een Markandeya-Purana), <em>Kalika Purana<\/em>, <em>Mahabhagavata Purana<\/em>, texte tantrice (<em>Mahanirvana Tantra<\/em>, <em>Karpuradi Stotra<\/em>). Lirica bengalez\u0103 Kali-Bhakti din sec. XVIII (Ramprasad Sen). Relat\u0103rile lui Sri Ramakrishna despre experien\u021ba Kali de la Dakshineswar (\u00een <em>Kathamrita<\/em> a lui Mahendra Gupta).<\/p><p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: McDermott, <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams<\/em>; McDaniel, <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls<\/em>; Kinsley, <em>The Sword and the Flute<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali este neagr\u0103 ca noaptea, pielea de o culoare \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u0219i absolut\u0103. Limba sa, ro\u0219ie aprins ca s\u00e2ngele, at\u00e2rn\u0103 din gura deschis\u0103. Poart\u0103 o ghirland\u0103 din capetele retezate ale demonilor \u0219i un \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be t\u0103iate.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00eenv\u00e2rte o sabie, \u00een cealalt\u0103 \u021bine un bol care colecteaz\u0103 s\u00e2ngele. Un tigru sau un leu \u00eei este adesea tovar\u0103\u0219. Cu toat\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are cumplit\u0103, \u00een jurul g\u00e2tului Kali poart\u0103 uneori o atingere duioas\u0103 a lui Shiva, adev\u0103ratul ei so\u021b.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali este zei\u021ba care distruge pentru a purifica. Ea ucide \u00eenclina\u021biile demonice din inim\u0103; aspectul de b\u0103utoare de s\u00e2nge trebuie \u00een\u021beles metafizic: ea bea impuritatea.<\/p><p>Cei care o venereaz\u0103 pe Kali nu sunt sadici, ci v\u0103d \u00een ea iubirea neiert\u0103toare care nimice\u0219te structurile vechi pentru a face loc noului. Puja nocturn\u0103 a lui Kali \u00eei aduce pe credincio\u0219i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> pentru a implora eliberarea (<em>Moksha<\/em>). \u00cen practicile tantrice, Kali este venerat\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> suprem\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Kali dintr-o privire. C\u00e2mpurile de mai jos rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origine<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali apare \u00een <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> din fruntea \u00eencruntat\u0103 de m\u00e2nie a Durgei, \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva demonului <em>Raktabija<\/em> (\u201eS\u0103m\u00e2n\u021ba de S\u00e2nge&#8221;), din fiecare pic\u0103tur\u0103 de s\u00e2nge a c\u0103ruia ia na\u0219tere un nou demon; doar uria\u0219a limb\u0103 a lui Kali, care prinde fiecare pic\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eenainte s\u0103 ating\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, poate \u00eenfr\u00e2nge demonul.<\/p><p>\u00cen consolidarea teologic\u0103, Kali este considerat\u0103 <em>aspectul wrathful al Parvatiei<\/em>, deci so\u021bia lui Shiva. \u00cen schema tantric\u0103, forma suprem\u0103 a energiei creatoare feminine (<em>Mahashakti<\/em>); \u00een Shaivismul din Kashmir, \u00eens\u0103\u0219i mi\u0219carea <em>Spanda<\/em>. Kali este una dintre cele zece <em>Mahavidyas<\/em> (marile zei\u021be ale \u00een\u021belepciunii) \u0219i cea dint\u00e2i dintre ele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniul de ac\u021biune al lui Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nimicitoare a tot ce este fals, a tot ce este demonic \u0219i necontrolat; \u00een tradi\u021bie: nimicitoare a egocentrismului. \u00cen practica tantric\u0103, instrument al auto-eliber\u0103rii prin confruntarea radical\u0103 cu teribilul (Kali ca aspect m\u00e2nios care \u00eei arat\u0103 ini\u021biatului propriile sa mortalitate \u0219i limitare \u00een mod nemijlocit).<\/p><p>Patroana tantricilor Vamacara (calea st\u00e2ng\u0103, practic\u0103 tantric\u0103 extrem\u0103). Protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de atacurile demonice \u0219i influen\u021bele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> negre. \u00cen tradi\u021bia bengalez\u0103 Bhakti (Ramprasad, Ramakrishna), \u0219i o bl\u00e2nd\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103-mam\u0103 \u00een ciuda iconografiei \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figur\u0103 feminin\u0103 \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, de culoare albastru-\u00eenchis sau neagr\u0103 (<em>kali<\/em> = \u201ecea Neagr\u0103&#8221;), goal\u0103 sau purt\u00e2nd doar un \u0219or\u021b din blan\u0103 de tigru. Trei ochi (al treilea pe frunte). Patru sau mai mul\u021bi bra\u021be: \u00een m\u00e2ini <em>sabie<\/em> (adesea Khadga curb\u0103), <em>craniu retezat<\/em> (de obicei al generalului demon), una \u00een <em>varada-mudra<\/em> (gest de d\u0103ruire), una \u00een <em>abhaya-mudra<\/em> (gest de alungare a fricii).<\/p><p>Colier din <em>51 de cranii<\/em> (corespund celor 51 de litere din alfabetul sanscrit), \u0219or\u021b din <em>bra\u021be retezate<\/em>. <em>Limb\u0103 ro\u0219ie scoas\u0103<\/em> (detaliul cel mai cunoscut). P\u0103r lung \u0219i dezordonat.<\/p><p>St\u0103 \u00een picioare sau danseaz\u0103 pe corpul neputincios al lui <em>Shiva<\/em> (\u00eentr-o tradi\u021bie: observ\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219i-a c\u0103lcat so\u021bul \u00een picioare \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i mu\u0219c\u0103 limba de ru\u0219ine, de unde \u0219i limba scoas\u0103). \u00cenconjurat\u0103 de cranii \u0219i fiin\u021be demonice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Kali este invocat\u0103 \u00een situa\u021bii acute de protec\u021bie, \u00eempotriva bolii, a vr\u0103jilor \u0219i a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> negre. \u00cen tradi\u021bia bengalez\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> familial\u0103 central\u0103 (<em>Kuldevi<\/em>). S\u0103rb\u0103toarea principal\u0103: <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (octombrie\/noiembrie, \u00een Bengal la fel de important\u0103 ca Diwali \u00een nordul Indiei).<\/p><p>Puja zilnic\u0103 \u00een mii de temple. Practicienii tantri\u0219ti efectueaz\u0103 rituri nocturne \u00een locuri de incinerare (<em>shmashana sadhana<\/em>). \u00cen tradi\u021biile ISKCON moderne \u0219i yogice, este adesea invocat\u0103 ca \u201eMam\u0103 Universal\u0103&#8221;. \u00cen recept\u0103rile feministe occidentale, ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al puterii feminine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mijloace de protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sabie (Khadga), craniu retezat, colier din 51 de cranii, \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be retezate, limb\u0103 ro\u0219ie scoas\u0103, blan\u0103 de tigru, al treilea ochi, p\u0103r lung \u0219i dezordonat, cup\u0103 din craniu (Kapala), Trishula. Plant\u0103 sacr\u0103: hibiscus (ro\u0219u, floarea sa preferat\u0103). Animale sacre: \u0219acal, cioar\u0103 (\u00een locuri de incinerare). Culori sacre: negru, ro\u0219u-s\u00e2nge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Durga<\/em> (hinduism, ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i ca \u201emam\u0103&#8221; mai veche), <em>Parvati<\/em> (form\u0103 mai bl\u00e2nd\u0103), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (hinduism, paralel\u0103 masculin\u0103 wrathful), <em>Mahakala<\/em> \u0219i <em>Yamantaka<\/em> (budism, adapt\u0103ri masculine tantrice), <em>Sekhmet<\/em> (Egipt, zei\u021ba-leu \u00eensetat\u0103 de s\u00e2nge), <em>Ereshkigal<\/em> (Mesopotamia, zei\u021ba lumii de jos), <em>Hekate<\/em> (Grecia, r\u0103sp\u00e2ntii, moarte, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>), <em>Hel<\/em> (germanic, st\u0103p\u00e2na lumii de jos pe jum\u0103tate moart\u0103). Unicitate func\u021bional\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> universal\u0103: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> feminin\u0103 cumplit\u0103 \u0219i matern\u0103 \u00een aceea\u0219i persoan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rare practic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de venerare<\/strong><\/p><p>Kali (sanscrit \u201eCea Neagr\u0103&#8221;) este forma \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare a Devi\/Mahadevi. Principalul centru de cult este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kalighat din Kolkata (unul dintre cele 51 de Shakti Pithas). Kali Puja anual\u0103 (luna Kartik, octombrie\/noiembrie, \u00een Bengal) dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te regional ca importan\u021b\u0103 chiar \u0219i Diwali. Venerarea tantric\u0103 cuprindea istoric sacrificii de animale (capr\u0103\/bivol de ap\u0103), ast\u0103zi adesea \u00eenlocuite simbolic cu dovleac (cf. Kinsley, <em>Hindu Goddesses<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Mantre \u0219i invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Bija-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> Kali \u201eKr\u012bm&#8221;, precum \u0219i formula mai lung\u0103 \u201eOm Kr\u012bm K\u0101lik\u0101yai Nama\u1e25&#8221; sunt formule tantrice centrale. <em>Devi-Mahatmya<\/em> (\u00een Markandeya Purana, aprox. sec. VI), \u00eendeosebi capitolele 7-8 (apari\u021bia lui Kali din fruntea Durgei, victoria asupra lui Raktabija), este recitat\u0103 la Navaratri. C\u00e2ntecele devo\u021bionale bengaleze ale lui Ramprasad (sec. XVIII) constituie repertoriul popular standard.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Onix negru sau carneol negru ca piatr\u0103 a lui Kali. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Trikona<\/span>-Yantra (triunghi inversat cu Bindu) ca simbol geometric de protec\u021bie pe pl\u0103ci de cupru. Coliere de cranii (Mundamala, interpretate simbolic adesea ca 50 de litere sanscrite) ca pandantive. Hibiscusul ro\u0219u (japa) este floarea sa sacr\u0103, oferit\u0103 \u00een cadrul pujelor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>For\u021ba s\u0103lbatic\u0103 a lui Kali seam\u0103n\u0103 cu cea a Hekatei din Grecia antic\u0103 sau cu Morrigan din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> celtic\u0103, zei\u021be ale b\u0103t\u0103liei \u0219i ale trecerii. \u00cen ocultismul european, Kali este uneori comparat\u0103 cu Lilith sau cu figuri mariane \u00eentunecate.<\/p><p>Nemilosenia ei aminte\u0219te de Meduza sau de Furii, for\u021b\u0103 feminin\u0103 care refuz\u0103 s\u0103 fie \u00eembl\u00e2nzit\u0103. Ea nu este \u00eens\u0103 o fiin\u021b\u0103 malefic\u0103, ci m\u00e2nia just\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> \u00eense\u0219i.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpad78138 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpad78138\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaec404b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpaec404b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitul lui Kali \u0219i al demonului Raktabija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91585cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp91585cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd54d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcd54d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 mitologic\u0103 pentru Kali este <em>Devi Mahatmya<\/em>, un text din sfera <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, ap\u0103rut aproximativ \u00een secolul al VI-lea al erei noastre \u0219i considerat scriere fundamental\u0103 a venera\u021biei zei\u021belor. \u00cen el, Kali apare \u00een b\u0103t\u0103lia zei\u021belor \u00eempotriva armatelor demonice. Episodul decisiv \u00eel prive\u0219te pe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demonul<\/span> Raktabija.<\/p><p>Raktabija poseda darul ca din fiecare pic\u0103tur\u0103 a s\u00e2ngelui s\u0103u care atingea p\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103 ia na\u0219tere un nou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> asemenea lui. \u00cen lupta \u00eempotriva zei\u021belor Durga \u0219i a ajutoarelor ei, se \u00eenmul\u021bea astfel la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it: fiecare ran\u0103 ce i se pricinuia aducea noi adversari.<\/p><p>C\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103 se umplea cu nenum\u0103ra\u021bi Raktabija. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie f\u0103r\u0103 ie\u0219ire, Kali p\u0103\u0219e\u0219te \u00eenainte, ap\u0103r\u00e2nd, \u00eentr-o variant\u0103, din fruntea \u00eencruntat\u0103 de m\u00e2nie a Durgei.<\/p><p>Kali rezolv\u0103 problema \u00een singurul mod eficace: prinde s\u00e2ngele lui Raktabija cu limba \u00eentins\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenghite demonii n\u0103scu\u021bi din s\u00e2nge \u00eenainte ca ace\u0219tia s\u0103 se \u00eenmul\u021beasc\u0103. Astfel, \u00eensu\u0219i Raktabija poate fi ucis f\u0103r\u0103 ca noi demoni s\u0103 creasc\u0103 \u00een locul lui.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune explic\u0103 mai multe tr\u0103s\u0103turi iconografice ale lui Kali, \u00eenainte de toate limba scoas\u0103. Ea relev\u0103 totodat\u0103 func\u021bia teologic\u0103 a figurii: Kali este puterea care intervine acolo unde mijloacele or\u00e2nduite dau gre\u0219. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu o radicalitate care elimin\u0103 problema de la r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, nu prin m\u0103sur\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7989371 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7989371\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7fc47f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf7fc47f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia lui Kali \u0219i interpretarea ei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1aa7ece e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1aa7ece\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d87502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3d87502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali posed\u0103 una dintre cele mai conturate \u0219i mai minu\u021bios interpretate iconografii din hinduism. Este reprezentat\u0103 cu pielea \u00eenchis\u0103 la culoare, adesea neagr\u0103 sau albastru-intens, de unde \u00eei deriv\u0103 \u0219i numele, legat de cuv\u00e2ntul sanscrit <em>kala<\/em>, care poate \u00eensemna at\u00e2t negru c\u00e2t \u0219i timp.<\/p><p>Este de obicei goal\u0103 sau purt\u00e2nd doar un \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be retezate \u0219i poart\u0103 un colier din capete t\u0103iate. \u00cen cei patru bra\u021be ai ei \u021bine de regul\u0103 o sabie \u0219i un cap retezat, \u00een timp ce celelalte dou\u0103 m\u00e2ini arat\u0103 gesturile de \u00eendr\u0103zneal\u0103 \u0219i de d\u0103ruire.<\/p><p>Cel mai cunoscut motiv iconografic o arat\u0103 pe Kali st\u00e2nd \u00een picioare sau dans\u00e2nd pe corpul \u00eentins al zeului Shiva, cu limba scoas\u0103. Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> este explicat \u00een tradi\u021bie \u00een moduri diferite.<\/p><p>O interpretare r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 poveste\u0219te c\u0103 Kali, \u00een frenezia b\u0103t\u0103liei, nu se putuse opri \u0219i amenin\u021ba \u00eentregul univers. Shiva s-ar fi culcat atunci sub picioarele ei, iar c\u00e2nd Kali a c\u0103lcat pe so\u021bul ei, s-a \u00een\u021bepenit de ru\u0219ine \u0219i a scos limba.<\/p><p>\u00cen interpretarea filozofic\u0103 a tradi\u021biei tantrice, imaginea cap\u0103t\u0103 o alt\u0103 semnifica\u021bie. Kali reprezint\u0103 energia activ\u0103, <em>shakti<\/em>, Shiva con\u0219tiin\u021ba pur\u0103 \u0219i odihnitoare. Prezen\u021ba lor \u00eempreun\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 ambele sunt cu adev\u0103rat reale doar \u00eempreun\u0103: con\u0219tiin\u021ba f\u0103r\u0103 energie este inactiv\u0103, energia f\u0103r\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 este extaz orb.<\/p><p>Capetele retezate sunt interpretate ca egourile abandonate ale adoratorilor, sabia ca instrumentul care taie ignoran\u021ba. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> nu este, prin urmare, un simplu tablou al groazei, ci un sistem dens de semnifica\u021bii, expus \u0219i explicat \u00een doctrin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc75ca4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbc75ca4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe074dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe074dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali \u00een Tantra \u0219i \u00een venerarea matern\u0103 din Bengal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp997156a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp997156a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf043442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf043442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali posed\u0103 dou\u0103 contexte religioase clar distincte, dar interconectate. Unul este Tantra, un curent esoteric \u00een care Kali se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai \u00eenalte divinit\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen tradi\u021bia tantric\u0103, \u00eendeosebi \u00een \u0219coala celor zece <em>Mahavidyas<\/em>, marile zei\u021be ale \u00een\u021belepciunii, Kali ocup\u0103 primul loc.<\/p><p>Practica tantric\u0103 caut\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span> tocmai \u00een ceea ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia<\/span> obi\u0219nuit\u0103 evit\u0103 \u0219i se apropie de Kali prin rituri s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ite \u00een locuri precum locurile de incinerare. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 necesit\u0103 ini\u021biere \u0219i \u00eendrumarea unui maestru \u0219i nu este destinat\u0103 publicului larg.<\/p><p>Al doilea context este venerarea popular\u0103 \u0219i devo\u021bional\u0103, mai ales \u00een Bengal, Assam \u0219i estul Indiei. Aici, Kali este invocat\u0103 ca <em>Ma Kali<\/em>, Mama Kali. Acest curent \u0219i-a g\u0103sit expresia mai ales prin poetul \u0219i c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bul Ramprasad Sen \u00een secolul al XVIII-lea.<\/p><p>C\u00e2ntecele sale se adreseaz\u0103 lui Kali pe un ton care nu neag\u0103 aspectul \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103tor, dar pune \u00een prim-plan duio\u0219ia matern\u0103. \u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, misticul Ramakrishna, preot la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kali din Dakshineswar l\u00e2ng\u0103 Kolkata, a marcat decisiv aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavie<\/span>.<\/p><p>Punctul culminant al cultului bengalez al lui Kali este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Kali Puja<\/em>, celebrat\u0103 \u00een noaptea de lun\u0103 nou\u0103 a lunii Kartik, adesea aproape de s\u0103rb\u0103toarea luminilor. Centre de cult renumite sunt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kalighat din Kolkata \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Dakshineswar.<\/p><p>Faptul c\u0103 aceea\u0219i zei\u021b\u0103 este venerat\u0103 at\u00e2t ca putere tantric\u0103 \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare c\u00e2t \u0219i ca mam\u0103 invocat\u0103 cu duio\u0219ie nu este o contradic\u021bie, ci expresia convingerii c\u0103 realitatea ultim\u0103 cuprinde ambele fe\u021be.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp812a6de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp812a6de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdfb273f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdfb273f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Timp, moarte \u0219i eliberare: teologia lui Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07c4971 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp07c4971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd63a1fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd63a1fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali este teologic str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de reprezentarea timpului. Cuv\u00e2ntul <em>kala<\/em>, din care \u00eei deriv\u0103 numele, \u00eenseamn\u0103 timp, iar Kali este considerat\u0103 puterea care consum\u0103 tot ceea ce ia na\u0219tere \u00een timp.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 interpretare, ea este mai pu\u021bin o fiin\u021b\u0103 printre altele \u0219i mai mult o realitate fundamental\u0103: for\u021ba care guverneaz\u0103 devenirea \u0219i pieirea. Culoarea sa \u00eentunecat\u0103 este interpretat\u0103 \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, c\u0103ci, la fel cum toate culorile se dizolv\u0103 \u00een negru, tot astfel tot ceea ce este creat se dizolv\u0103 \u00een Kali.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu timpul \u0219i moartea explic\u0103 de ce Kali nu trebuie \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca o simpl\u0103 figur\u0103 a groazei. \u00cen doctrina hindus\u0103, ata\u0219amentul fa\u021b\u0103 de ceea ce este trec\u0103tor, fa\u021b\u0103 de eu \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de lumea aparen\u021belor, este r\u0103d\u0103cina suferin\u021bei.<\/p><p>Kali, care dizolv\u0103 totul, este de aceea, \u00een interpretarea teologic\u0103, totodat\u0103 eliberatoarea: distrugerea ei nu izvor\u0103\u0219te din r\u0103utate, ci elibereaz\u0103 de ceea ce \u00eel leag\u0103 pe om. Vederea ei ar trebui s\u0103-l confrunte pe adorator cu realitatea trec\u0103torului, \u00een loc s\u0103 o refule.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura cu locul de incinerare, care \u00een multe reprezent\u0103ri este locul ei de \u0219edere, se \u00eenscrie \u00een acela\u0219i cadru. Locul unde ard trupurile este locul \u00een care adev\u0103rul despre trec\u0103toritate devine imediat vizibil. Practica tantric\u0103 o caut\u0103 pe Kali tocmai acolo, pentru c\u0103 acolo se pr\u0103bu\u0219esc certitudinile obi\u0219nuite.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Kali este astfel un exemplu pregnant al modului \u00een care o figur\u0103 care la prima vedere \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 doar groaza are, \u00een sistemul ei teologic, o func\u021bie precis determinat\u0103 \u0219i pozitiv orientat\u0103. Frica este \u00een acest caz trecerea spre \u00een\u021belegere, nu un scop \u00een sine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp445c0e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp445c0e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp51c9530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp51c9530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali \u00een receptarea \u0219i cercetarea occidental\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09884b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09884b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7411ede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7411ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aproape nicio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> hindus\u0103 nu a fost at\u00e2t de cunoscut\u0103 \u00een Occident \u0219i, totodat\u0103, at\u00e2t de frecvent \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 gre\u0219it ca Kali.<\/p><p>Percep\u021bia colonial\u0103 din secolul al XIX-lea o reducea adesea la un simbol al groazei \u0219i o punea \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103, prezentat\u0103 \u00een manier\u0103 senza\u021bionalist\u0103, cu criminalitatea numit\u0103 Thuggee, o asociere pe care cercetarea ulterioar\u0103 a recunoscut-o ca puternic exagerat\u0103 \u0219i ideologic colorat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 viziune distorsionat\u0103 a marcat mult\u0103 vreme imaginea lui Kali \u00een cultura popular\u0103 occidental\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea sistematic\u0103 a \u00eenceput mai ales \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XX-lea. Istorici ai religiilor precum David Kinsley au elaborat studii care au f\u0103cut-o pe Kali inteligibil\u0103 \u00een cadrul teologiei hinduse a zei\u021belor, \u00een loc s\u0103 o trateze ca o simpl\u0103 curiozitate.<\/p><p>Lucr\u0103ri ulterioare, precum cele ale lui Rachel Fell McDermott despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia<\/span> bengalez\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Kali \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de Ramprasad Sen, sau volume colective care au examinat-o pe Kali din diverse perspective, au nuan\u021bat \u0219i mai mult imaginea.<\/p><p>\u00cen paralel, din anii 1970, a ap\u0103rut o apropiere occidental\u0103 de Kali \u00een contexte spirituale \u0219i feministe, \u00een care ea a fost interpretat\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al puterii feminine \u0219i ca imagine alternativ\u0103 la reprezent\u0103rile domesticite ale femeii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 receptare este interesant\u0103 din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, dar se afl\u0103 \u00een tensiune cu semnifica\u021bia lui Kali \u00een cadrul hinduismului viu, unde ea este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd obiect al venera\u021biei rituale concrete, \u0219i nu un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> abstract. Cercetarea \u00eendeamn\u0103 de aceea s\u0103 se disting\u0103 cu aten\u021bie \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> hindus \u0219i reinterpret\u0103rile ei occidentale.<\/p><p>Cine vrea s\u0103 o \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 pe Kali trebuie s\u0103 porneasc\u0103 de la sursele indiene, de la temple \u0219i de la practica vie, nu de la reflectarea ei occidental\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/durga\/\">Durga, forma sa mai veche<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/shiva\/\">Shiva, so\u021b, adesea culcat sub picioarele ei<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/bhairava\/\">Bhairava, paralel\u0103 masculin\u0103 wrathful<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mahakala\/\">Mahakala, adaptare tantric\u0103 masculin\u0103 budist\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/sekhmet\/\">Sekhmet, paralel\u0103 egiptean\u0103 \u00eensetat\u0103 de s\u00e2nge<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hinduism\/\">Hinduism, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/goetter\/\">Zei, prezentare general\u0103 a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>McDermott, Rachel Fell: <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>McDaniel, June: <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2004.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kinsley, David: <em>The Sword and the Flute. Kali and Krsna, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1975.<\/span><\/li><li>Devi-Mahatmyam (numeroase traduceri).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Coburn, Thomas B.: <em>Encountering the Goddess. A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya<\/em>. Albany 1991.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articolul \u201eKali&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a0d6b7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7a0d6b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e501e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2e501e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Kali<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este zei\u021ba Kali \u00een hinduism?<\/h3><p>Kali (de la kala, timp, negru) este una dintre cele mai puternice zei\u021be ale hinduismului, forma cumplit\u0103 a marii zei\u021be (Mahadevi).<\/p><p>Tipic iconografic: patru sau mai mul\u021bi bra\u021be, \u00een m\u00e2ini o sabie \u0219i capul retezat al unui demon, un colier din cranii, un \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be retezate, limba scoas\u0103, pielea neagr\u0103 sau albastru-intens. Kali st\u0103 de obicei pe Shiva, so\u021bul ei, care s-a culcat sub ea pentru a-i opri furia distrug\u0103toare.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce semnific\u0103 simbolistica \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103rii \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare a lui Kali?<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare are o semnifica\u021bie spiritual\u0103: Kali este nimicitoarea iluziei (Maya) \u0219i a ata\u0219amentelor egoice. Sabia taie ignoran\u021ba, capetele retezate sunt leg\u0103turile egoice abandonate, colierul de cranii reprezint\u0103 literele alfabetului sanscrit, limbajul ca putere cosmic\u0103.<\/p><p>Limba scoas\u0103 este un gest de ru\u0219ine (ea recunoa\u0219te c\u0103 st\u0103 pe Shiva). \u00cen Tantra, Kali este eliberatoarea; ea distruge din iubire fa\u021b\u0103 de adev\u0103r, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio r\u0103utate.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este zei\u021ba Kali \u00een hinduism?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Kali (de la kala, timp, negru) este una dintre cele mai puternice zei\u021be ale hinduismului, forma cumplit\u0103 a marii zei\u021be (Mahadevi). Tipic iconografic: patru sau mai mul\u021bi bra\u021be, \u00een m\u00e2ini o sabie \u0219i capul retezat al unui demon, un colier din cranii, un \u0219or\u021b din bra\u021be retezate, limba scoas\u0103, pielea neagr\u0103 sau albastru-intens. Kali st\u0103 de obicei pe Shiva, so\u021bul ei, care s-a culcat sub ea pentru a-i opri furia distrug\u0103toare.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce semnific\u0103 simbolistica \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103rii \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare a lui Kali?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Iconografia \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare are o semnifica\u021bie spiritual\u0103: Kali este nimicitoarea iluziei (Maya) \u0219i a ata\u0219amentelor egoice. Sabia taie ignoran\u021ba, capetele retezate sunt leg\u0103turile egoice abandonate, colierul de cranii reprezint\u0103 literele alfabetului sanscrit, limbajul ca putere cosmic\u0103. Limba scoas\u0103 este un gest de ru\u0219ine (ea recunoa\u0219te c\u0103 st\u0103 pe Shiva). \u00cen Tantra, Kali este eliberatoarea; ea distruge din iubire fa\u021b\u0103 de adev\u0103r, f\u0103r\u0103 nicio r\u0103utate.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kali, zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei hinduse Kali este zei\u021ba tradi\u021biei hinduse. Zei\u021ba neagr\u0103 a timpului \u0219i distrugerii, protectoare \u0219i eliberatoare. Kali este una dintre cele mai puternice figuri ale hinduismului, s\u0103lbatic\u0103, nemiloas\u0103 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, obiectul celei mai profunde venera\u021bii. Cu pielea neagr\u0103, limba ro\u0219ie ca s\u00e2ngele at\u00e2rn\u00e2nd din gur\u0103, o sabie \u0219i un bol plin de cranii [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1728,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kali","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kali - Zei\u021ba distrugerii \u0219i a timpului \u00een hinduism","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kali, zei\u021ba distrugerii \u0219i a timpului \u00een hinduism. 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