{"id":105743,"date":"2026-08-04T16:24:05","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:24:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hermes-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:24:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:24:27","slug":"hermes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/hermes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hermes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105743\" class=\"elementor elementor-105743 elementor-2034\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes, zeul tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hermes este zeul tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti.<\/p><p><strong>Zeul c\u0103l\u0103torilor, al ho\u021bilor, al solilor \u0219i al c\u0103l\u0103uzelor sufletelor.<\/strong> Hermes este mijlocitorul dintre lumi, dintre zei \u0219i oameni, dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. Cu sandale \u00eenaripate \u0219i toiagul de herold traverseaz\u0103 toate grani\u021bele. Este iscusit, rapid, elocvent \u0219i lipsit de constr\u00e2ngeri morale, un zeu al ambiguit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i al transgresiunii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-grecesti\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia \u0219i mitologia Greciei antice din perioada micenian\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie.\">Grecia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hermes-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-123342\" alt=\"Hermes - zei din tradi\u021bia greac\u0103, ilustra\u021bie istoric\u0103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hermes-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hermes-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hermes-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hermes.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privire de ansamblu: Hermes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 greac\u0103, zeu al solilor \u0219i al pragurilor, c\u0103l\u0103uz\u0103 a mor\u021bilor<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Grecia (unul dintre cei doisprezece olimpieni), roman ca Mercurius<br>Func\u021bie: Sol al zeilor, patron al c\u0103l\u0103torilor, negustorilor, ho\u021bilor, p\u0103storilor \u0219i oratorilor; c\u0103l\u0103uz\u0103 a mor\u021bilor<br>Atribute principale: Caduceul (Kerykeion, toiag \u00eenaripat cu doi \u0219erpi), sandale \u00eenaripate, Petasos (p\u0103l\u0103rie de c\u0103l\u0103torie)<br>Principale centre de cult: Pheneus (Arcadia, loc de na\u0219tere mitic), Atena (Hermai la fiecare col\u021b de strad\u0103), Tanagra (festivalul \u021bapului)<br>Echivalent roman: Mercurius<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hermes este atestat \u00een micenianul Linear B ca <em>e-ma-a2<\/em>, unul dintre cei mai vechi zei greci. La Homer (sec. VIII \u00ee.Hr.) apare deja ca sol al lui Zeus \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103uz\u0103 a mor\u021bilor (Odiseea XXIV). <em>Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Hermes<\/em> (sec. VII\/VI \u00ee.Hr.) poveste\u0219te ispr\u0103vile sale din prima zi de via\u021b\u0103 (furtul vitelor lui Apollon).<\/p><p>La Atena, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu sec. VI \u00ee.Hr., tradi\u021bia <em>Hermai<\/em>: la fiecare col\u021b de strad\u0103 un pilastru p\u0103trat cu capul lui Hermes \u0219i un falus, protec\u021bie apotropaic\u0103 a pragului.<\/p><p>Celebrul <em>scandal al Hermai<\/em> de la Atena din 415 \u00ee.Hr. (mutilarea masiv\u0103 a Hermailor) \u00eenaintea Expedi\u021biei din Sicilia este considerat un traumatism religios. \u00cen epoca elenistic\u0103, Hermes a fost sincretizat cu Thoth (Hermes Trismegistos), din care deriv\u0103 tradi\u021bia hermetic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principale centre de cult: <strong>Pheneus<\/strong> (Arcadia, loc de na\u0219tere mitic pe Muntele Cyllene), <strong>Atena<\/strong> (Hermai la fiecare col\u021b de strad\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Hermes \u00een Agora), <strong>Tanagra<\/strong> (Beo\u021bia, cu festivalul \u021bapului), <strong>Olympia<\/strong> (statuia lui Hermes de Praxitele, una dintre cele mai celebre opere ale plasticii grece\u0219ti).<\/p><p>Pilastrii Hermai erau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u021bi \u00een \u00eentreaga lume greac\u0103, la r\u0103scruci de drumuri, intr\u0103ri de case, hotare. \u00cen epoca elenistic-roman\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismul<\/span> Hermes Trismegistos s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit larg la Alexandria \u0219i \u00een bazinul mediteranean efervescent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: Hesiod (<em>Teogonia<\/em>), Iliada \u0219i mai ales Odiseea lui Homer (Cartea XXIV: Hermes Psychopompos, \u201ec\u0103l\u0103uza sufletelor&#8221;), <em>Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Hermes<\/em> (Imnul 4, detaliat), <em>Biblioteca<\/em> lui Apollodor. Tradi\u021bia hermetic\u0103: <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> (texte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">tardoantice<\/span> din sec. I-III d.Hr. sub numele lui Hermes Trismegistos).<\/p><p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Burkert, <em>Griechische Religion<\/em>; Brown, <em>Hermes the Thief<\/em>; Vernant, <em>Mortals and Immortals<\/em>; Quack, <em>\u00c4gypten und Griechenland in hellenistischer Zeit<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hermes este reprezentat adesea ca un t\u00e2n\u0103r f\u0103r\u0103 barb\u0103, uneori \u00eenaripat. Atributele sale sunt sandalele \u00eenaripate (<em>talaria<\/em>), toiagul de herold (<em>caduceus<\/em>) cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi \u0219i p\u0103l\u0103ria de c\u0103l\u0103torie (<em>petasos<\/em>).<\/p><p>Poart\u0103 uneori un mantel (<em>chlamys<\/em>). Simbolurile sale sunt broasca \u021bestoas\u0103 (al c\u0103rei carapace l-a transformat \u00een lir\u0103), coco\u0219ul, \u021bapul \u0219i aurul. \u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area sa este t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103, mobil\u0103, mereu \u00een mi\u0219care.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hermes este invocat de c\u0103l\u0103tori, negustori \u0219i ho\u021bi. El binecuv\u00e2nteaz\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toriile \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 \u0219i ocrote\u0219te travers\u0103rile de grani\u021be. Ca Psychopompos, conduce sufletele \u00een lumea de dincolo. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, este invocat pentru canalizarea comunic\u0103rii.<\/p><p>S\u0103rb\u0103torile sale (<em>Hermaia<\/em>) sunt jocuri \u0219i t\u00e2rguri comerciale. Arta vorbirii \u0219i retorica sunt domeniile sale. Hermes nu este moral, \u00eei ajut\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 pe ho\u021bi \u0219i pe negustori, pe zei \u0219i pe oameni. Aceast\u0103 ambiguitate \u00eel face totodat\u0103 versatil \u0219i primejdios.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Hermes este reprezentat ca un t\u00e2n\u0103r musculos cu sandale \u00eenaripate (Talaria) \u0219i p\u0103l\u0103rie \u00eenaripat\u0103 (Petasos). Toiagul lui Hermes sau Caduceul, un baston cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi \u0219i aripi, este semnul s\u0103u distinctiv principal. Punga (portofelul) simbolizeaz\u0103 bog\u0103\u021bia \u0219i comer\u021bul s\u0103u.<\/p><p>\u021aapul era animalul s\u0103u sacru, la fel \u0219i broasca \u021bestoas\u0103 (al c\u0103rei carapace l-a transformat \u00een lir\u0103). Mierea \u0219i vinul erau liba\u021biile sale. Culoarea sa era aurul str\u0103lucitor al mi\u0219c\u0103rii. Spre deosebire de al\u021bi zei, Hermes este \u00een mod deliberat ambiguu, z\u00e2mbetul s\u0103u este deopotriv\u0103 afectuos \u0219i \u00een\u0219el\u0103tor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Hermes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Hermes \u00eentr-o privire de ansamblu. C\u00e2mpurile urm\u0103toare rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hermes este fiul lui Zeus \u0219i al Pleiadei <em>Maia<\/em>, n\u0103scut \u00eentr-o pe\u0219ter\u0103 pe muntele Cyllene din Arcadia.<\/p><p>Chiar \u00een prima zi de via\u021b\u0103 a furat vitele fratelui s\u0103u mai mare, Apollo (central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> \u00een imnul homeric), a inventat lira din carapacea unei broa\u0219te \u021bestoase \u0219i din intestin de oaie, iar mai t\u00e2rziu a schimbat-o cu Apollo \u00een schimbul vitelor, din aceasta lu\u00e2nd na\u0219tere leg\u0103tura dintre cei doi fra\u021bi.<\/p><p>Tat\u0103 al lui Pan (cu nimfa Dryope) \u0219i al lui Hermafroditos (cu Afrodita). \u00cen ciclul mitologic este utilizat frecvent ca ajutor \u0219i mediator: o conduce pe Persefona \u00eenapoi din lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, \u00eel \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te pe Priam p\u00e2n\u0103 la cortul lui Ahile (Iliada 24), o elibereaz\u0103 pe Io de sub supravegherea lui Argos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinatarii cultului lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caracteristic\u0103 pentru Hermes este func\u021bia sa multipl\u0103. Ca sol al zeilor, mijloce\u0219te \u00eentre cele trei niveluri cosmice: Olimpul, P\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i lumea subteran\u0103; ca zeu al pragurilor, este patron al oric\u0103rui tip de tranzi\u021bie, precum moartea, pragurile, drumurile \u0219i limbajul. Ca patron al c\u0103l\u0103torilor, \u00eei ocrote\u0219te pe drume\u021bi \u0219i negustori; ca Hermes Psychopompos, conduce sufletele \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia lui Hades \u0219i le pred\u0103 lui Charon. Este, de asemenea, patron al ho\u021bilor \u0219i al celor iste\u021bi, \u00een vechea sa ipostaz\u0103 arcadian\u0103 patron al p\u0103storilor, precum \u0219i patron al oratorilor \u0219i poe\u021bilor.<\/p><p>T\u00e2rziu, \u00een tradi\u021bia hermetic\u0103, identificat ca inventator al scrierii (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\">sincretism<\/span> cu Thoth).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen arta arhaic\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 reprezentat ca b\u0103rbat b\u0103rbos cu mantel de c\u0103l\u0103torie; \u00een epoca clasic\u0103, t\u00e2n\u0103r \u0219i frumos, f\u0103r\u0103 barb\u0103. Hermes cu copilul Dionysos de Praxitele (cca. 340 \u00ee.Hr., ast\u0103zi la Olympia) constituie reprezentarea canonic\u0103.<\/p><p>Atribute caracteristice: <em>Caduceus \/ Kerykeion<\/em> (toiag \u00eenaripat cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi, simbol al pragului \u0219i al heroldului), <em>sandale \u00eenaripate<\/em> (<em>talaria<\/em>), <em>Petasos<\/em> (p\u0103l\u0103rie de c\u0103l\u0103torie cu boruri largi, adesea \u00eenaripat\u0103), mantel de c\u0103l\u0103torie. \u00cen forma Hermes-Hermai: pilastru dreptunghiular de piatr\u0103 cu capul lui Hermes \u00een v\u00e2rf \u0219i un falus erect pe fa\u021b\u0103. Animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie: niciunul stabil, zboar\u0103 cu sandalele sau merge pe jos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniul de ac\u021biune al lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Hermes era invocat \u00een fiecare gospod\u0103rie greac\u0103, prin <em>Hermai<\/em> amplasa\u021bi la fiecare prag de cas\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103scruce de drumuri. C\u0103l\u0103torii, negustorii \u0219i p\u0103storii se rugau lui \u00eenainte de plecare. La \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri era invocat ca \u00eenso\u021bitor al sufletului.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> public: festivaluri <em>Hermaia<\/em> \u00een diverse ora\u0219e (Tanagra, Pellene). Hermes era patron al tinerilor atle\u021bi \u00een <em>Gymnasia<\/em>. \u00cen epoca elenistic-roman\u0103, a jucat un rol central \u00een <em>tradi\u021bia hermetic\u0103<\/em>, iar <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> a devenit fundamentul principal al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterismului<\/span> occidental (hermetismul Rena\u0219terii prin Marsilio Ficino, ulterior tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie premodern\u0103 care combin\u0103 filozofia naturii \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021ba simbolurilor; lucreaz\u0103 cu transformarea substan\u021belor ca transformare interioar\u0103.\">alchimiei<\/span>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atributele apotropaice ale lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caduceus \/ Kerykeion (toiag \u00eenaripat cu doi \u0219erpi), sandale \u00eenaripate (talaria), Petasos (p\u0103l\u0103rie de c\u0103l\u0103torie), punga (patron al negustorilor), lira (instrumentul inventat de el), mantel de c\u0103l\u0103torie. Animale sacre: broasca \u021bestoas\u0103 (material pentru lir\u0103), coco\u0219ul, \u021bapul (Hermes Kriophoros, \u201epurt\u0103torul de \u021bap&#8221;), c\u00e2inele. Plante sacre: c\u0103p\u0219unul de p\u0103dure (arbutus). Pietre sacre: marmur\u0103 \u00een pilastrii Hermai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele culturale ale lui Hermes<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Mercurius<\/em> (Roma, preluare aproape identic\u0103), <em>Thoth<\/em> (Egipt, sincretizat \u00een epoca elenistic\u0103 drept Hermes Trismegistos, unul dintre cele mai importante <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> din istoria religiilor), <em>Anubis<\/em> (Egipt, c\u0103l\u0103uza mor\u021bilor, legat prin sincretismul Hermanubis), <em>Nabu<\/em> (Mesopotamia, patron al scribilor \u0219i solilor), <em>Ningishzida<\/em> (Mesopotamia, toiag cu \u0219erpi similar Caduceului), <em>Odin<\/em> (germanic, c\u0103l\u0103torul \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103uza mor\u021bilor), <em>Janus<\/em> (Roma, patron al pragurilor \u0219i al tranzi\u021biilor), <em>Papa Legba<\/em> (Vodou, loa al pragurilor \u0219i al deschiz\u0103torului de por\u021bi), <em>Lugh<\/em> (celtic, patron versatil).<\/p><p>Func\u021bional: to\u021bi zeii pragurilor \u0219i ai medierii \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc aspecte hermetice. Caduceul este unul dintre cele mai vechi simboluri de vindecare (adesea confundat cu toiagul lui Asclepios, care are un singur \u0219arpe).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritualuri de venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de venerare<\/strong><\/p><p>Hermes este solul zeilor, zeul pragurilor \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103uza sufletelor \u00een religia greac\u0103. Principalul s\u0103u loc de cult nu este un singur <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span>, ci pretutindeni la r\u0103scruci de drumuri, por\u021bi ale cet\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i pie\u021be unde se aflau stele Hermai (pilastri de piatr\u0103 cu capul lui Hermes \u0219i un falus), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obiecte \u0219i semne destinate s\u0103 resping\u0103 r\u0103ul.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaice<\/span> pentru c\u0103l\u0103tori \u0219i negustori.<\/p><p>\u00cen peisajul urban atenian, sute de Hermai flancau spa\u021biile publice (cf. Burkert, <em>Griechische Religion<\/em>; Versnel, <em>Coping with the Gods<\/em>). Principala sa s\u0103rb\u0103toare este <em>Hermaia<\/em> cu \u00eentreceri gimnice pentru tineri.<\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Hermes (4), cu peste 580 de versuri, este sursa literar\u0103 central\u0103 a imnurilor. C\u0103l\u0103torii \u00eel invocau pe Hermes cu formula \u201eHermes prosphil\u0113s&#8221; (Hermes deschiz\u0103torul de drumuri). \u00cenainte de orice \u00eentreprindere serioas\u0103, Hermes era invocat ca zeu al iscusin\u021bei. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> Demetrei (Imn. hom. 2), Hermes o readuce pe Persefona din Hades.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Kerykeion (toiagul de herold cu doi \u0219erpi, prototipul Caduceului medical modern) ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al lui Hermes. Sandalele \u00eenaripate (Talaria) \u0219i p\u0103l\u0103ria de c\u0103l\u0103torie (Petasos) pe picturi vasculare. Stele Hermai la intr\u0103rile \u00een case, ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obiecte \u0219i semne destinate s\u0103 resping\u0103 r\u0103ul.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaice<\/span> \u00eempotriva ho\u021bilor \u0219i a puterilor malefice. Monede b\u0103tute cu capul lui Hermes la Pheneos \u0219i Mantineea (Arcadia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele indo-europene<\/strong><\/p><p>Hermes \u00eemparte cu romanul <em>Mercurius<\/em> toate func\u021biile esen\u021biale: sol al zeilor, zeu al comer\u021bului, protector al r\u0103scrucilorr de drumuri. Mercurius a devenit \u00een Imperiul Roman zeul cel mai frecvent venerat, mai ales \u00een Galia (identificat cu celticul <em>Lugus<\/em>).<\/p><p>\u00cen contextul germanic, Mercurius a fost asociat cu <em>Wodan<\/em> (miercurea, <em>Wodanstag<\/em> \u00een englez\u0103 <em>Wednesday<\/em>, \u00een italian\u0103 <em>mercoled\u00ec<\/em>). \u00cenrudirea structural\u0103 cu indianul <em>Pushan<\/em> (zeul vedic al c\u0103ilor) a fost subliniat\u0103 de indoeuropeni\u0219ti (Dum\u00e9zil, West).<\/p><p><strong>Paralele din Orientul Apropiat<\/strong><\/p><p>Zeul egiptean al scribilor \u0219i al lunii, <em>Thoth<\/em>, a fost identificat cu Hermes \u00een faza de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\">sincretism<\/span> elenistic-roman (<em>Hermes Trismegistos<\/em> = \u201eHermes cel de trei ori mare&#8221;). Scrierile din <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> (sec. I-III d.Hr.) sunt produsul acestei fuziuni Hermes-Thoth. \u0218i zeul mesopotamian al scribilor, <em>Nabu<\/em>, \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te similarit\u0103\u021bi structurale: misiunea, arta scrierii, rolul de mediator.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span> \u0219i hermetismul<\/strong><\/p><p>Din sec. II d.Hr., Hermes Trismegistos a devenit figura central\u0103 a hermetismului, o tradi\u021bie de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religioas\u0103 cu accent pe experien\u021ba direct\u0103 a divinului; central\u0103 \u00een iudaism, cre\u0219tinism, islam.\">mistic\u0103<\/span> greco-egiptean\u0103 cu \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi alchimice, astrologice \u0219i magice. <em>Tabula Smaragdina<\/em> (transmis\u0103 \u00een versiune medieval\u0103 arab\u0103) este considerat\u0103 textul-cheie hermetic.<\/p><p>Hermetismul Rena\u0219terii (Ficino, Pico della Mirandola, Bruno) a marcat tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoteric\u0103<\/span> european\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een sec. XIX. P\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, curentele hermetice continu\u0103 s\u0103 existe \u00een astrologie, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie premodern\u0103 care combin\u0103 filozofia naturii \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021ba simbolurilor; lucreaz\u0103 cu transformarea substan\u021belor ca transformare interioar\u0103.\">alchimie<\/span> \u0219i \u00een forme mai recente de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">ezoterism<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9ab4578 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9ab4578\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc48d62d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc48d62d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Imnul lui Hermes: faptele din copil\u0103rie ale zeului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp897d9d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp897d9d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp601fdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp601fdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 surs\u0103 mitologic\u0103 despre Hermes este <em>Imnul homeric al lui Hermes<\/em>, o poezie de aproximativ 580 de versuri, redactat\u0103 probabil \u00een sec. VI \u00ee.Hr. Aceasta descrie faptele zeului \u00een prima sa zi de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei exprim\u0103 astfel \u00eentreaga fiin\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Hermes este fiul lui Zeus \u0219i al nimfei Maia, n\u0103scut \u00eentr-o pe\u0219ter\u0103 a Muntelui Cyllene din Arcadia. Chiar \u00een ziua na\u0219terii sale, el p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te leag\u0103nul. G\u0103se\u0219te o broasc\u0103 \u021bestoas\u0103, o ucide \u0219i confec\u021bioneaz\u0103 din carapacea ei prima lir\u0103, \u00eentinz\u00e2nd corzi peste ea.<\/p><p>Apoi pleac\u0103 \u0219i fur\u0103 o turm\u0103 de vite a fratelui s\u0103u mai mare Apollon. Pentru a nu l\u0103sa urme, conduce vitele cu spatele \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i leag\u0103 singur t\u0103lpi ingenioase sub picioare. Dou\u0103 dintre vite le jertfe\u0219te \u0219i \u00eemparte carnea \u00een dou\u0103sprezece por\u021bii, o aluzie la cei doisprezece zei olimpici.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd Apollon \u00eel descoper\u0103 pe ho\u021b \u0219i \u00eel aduce pe Hermes \u00een fa\u021ba lui Zeus, copilul neag\u0103 cu mare elocven\u021b\u0103. Zeus \u00een\u021belege situa\u021bia, dar fra\u021bii se \u00eempac\u0103. Hermes \u00eei d\u0103ruie\u0219te lui Apollon lira \u0219i prime\u0219te \u00een schimb un toiag de aur \u0219i alte privilegii.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 singur\u0103 nara\u021biune sunt \u00eenscrise aproape toate atribu\u021biile lui Hermes: ingeniozitatea, furtul \u0219i iscusin\u021ba, elocven\u021ba, comer\u021bul \u0219i schimbul, leg\u0103tura cu turmele, muzica \u0219i transgresiunea grani\u021belor. Imnul nu este astfel doar o poveste distractiv\u0103, ci o interpretare g\u00e2ndit\u0103 a ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 acest zeu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp52bf46d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp52bf46d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e79e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e79e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes Psychopompos: c\u0103l\u0103uza mor\u021bilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8045fbc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8045fbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9fa79e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9fa79e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele mai importante \u0219i mai vechi func\u021bii ale lui Hermes este misiunea sa de <em>Psychopompos<\/em>, de c\u0103l\u0103uz\u0103 a sufletelor. \u00cen acest rol, Hermes conduce defunc\u021bii din lumea de sus \u00een lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>Homer cunoa\u0219te deja aceast\u0103 func\u021bie. \u00cen ultimul c\u00e2nt al <em>Odiseei<\/em> este descris cum Hermes, cu toiagul s\u0103u, adun\u0103 sufletele pretenden\u021bilori uci\u0219i \u0219i le conduce \u00een lumea subteran\u0103, \u00een timp ce ei ciripe\u0219c ca liliecii speria\u021bi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 sarcin\u0103 decurge \u00een mod logic din firea fundamental\u0103 a lui Hermes. El este zeul care traverseaz\u0103 grani\u021bele, iar nicio grani\u021b\u0103 nu este mai definitiv\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. Hermes o poate trece \u00een ambele direc\u021bii, f\u0103r\u0103 a apar\u021bine el \u00eensu\u0219i lumii subterane.<\/p><p>\u00cen unele mituri, el readuce \u0219i suflete la suprafa\u021b\u0103, cum este cazul \u00een povestea Persefonei, unde Zeus \u00eel trimite s\u0103 o aduc\u0103 pe fiica Demetrei din lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>Func\u021bia de \u00eenso\u021bitor al mor\u021bilor ocupa un loc fix \u00een practica religioas\u0103. Hermes era invocat \u00een cultul mortuar, iar imaginea sa apar\u021binea sferei funerare. Reprezentarea c\u0103 un zeu binevoitor \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te grelul pasaj atenua groaza mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>\u00cen arta plastic\u0103, Hermes Psychopompos apare pe picturi vasculare \u0219i reliefuri funerare, adesea conduc\u00e2nd un suflet de m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 latur\u0103 a lui Hermes arat\u0103 c\u0103 el nu era doar \u0219trengarul vesel din povestea copil\u0103riei, ci \u0219i o figur\u0103 grav\u0103, m\u00e2ng\u00e2ietoare \u00een rela\u021bia cu moartea. Func\u021bii de \u00eenso\u021bire comparabile se reg\u0103sesc la romanul <a href=\"\/ro\/mercurius\/\">Mercurius<\/a> \u0219i la egipteanul <a href=\"\/ro\/anubis\/\">Anubis<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa76af00 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa76af00\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9d49fdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9d49fdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Herma: piatr\u0103 de hotar, imagine de cult \u0219i cultur\u0103 material\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4a2705a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4a2705a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0cde2e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0cde2e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre formele cele mai particulare de manifestare ale lui Hermes este Herma care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele, o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare vizual\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagine de cult<\/span> de form\u0103 caracteristic\u0103. O Herm\u0103 este un pilastru de piatr\u0103 p\u0103trat, u\u0219or \u00eengust spre v\u00e2rf, care se termin\u0103 sus cu un cap, de obicei al lui Hermes, \u0219i pe care, la mijlocul \u00een\u0103l\u021bimii, este fixat un falus. Bra\u021bele \u0219i picioarele lipsesc.<\/p><p>Hermele se g\u0103seau la r\u0103scruci de drumuri, la hotare, la intr\u0103rile \u00een case \u0219i \u00een pie\u021bele publice. Func\u021bia lor era multipl\u0103: marcau grani\u021be \u0219i tranzi\u021bii, ocroteau locul \u0219i erau considerate aduc\u0103toare de noroc. La Atena erau deosebit de numeroase.<\/p><p>Falusul nu era un semn obscen, ci apotropaic, de respingere a r\u0103ului \u0219i de fertilitate. Herma \u00eel une\u0219te pe zeu cu atribu\u021bia sa fundamental\u0103: marcarea \u0219i ocrotirea grani\u021belor \u0219i a drumurilor.<\/p><p>Un eveniment istoric celebru arat\u0103 ce semnifica\u021bie aveau aceste imagini. \u00cen anul 415 \u00ee.Hr., cu pu\u021bin \u00eenainte de plecarea flotei ateniene \u00een Expedi\u021bia din Sicilia, \u00een cursul unei singure nop\u021bi au fost mutilate numeroase Herme din Atena.<\/p><p>Acest act, denumit p\u00e2ng\u0103rirea Hermelor, a provocat o grav\u0103 criz\u0103 politic\u0103 \u0219i religioas\u0103, deoarece fapta a fost considerat\u0103 un semn prevestitor r\u0103u \u0219i o blasfemie \u00eempotriva zeilor.<\/p><p>Evenimentul este descris de Tucidide \u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 Hermele erau profund \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinate \u00een via\u021ba religioas\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103 a cet\u0103\u021bii. Pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 culturile trecute pe baza descoperirilor materiale.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologie<\/span>, Hermele sunt o categorie important\u0103 de surse, deoarece sunt p\u0103strate \u00een num\u0103r mare \u0219i documenteaz\u0103 leg\u0103tura dintre imaginea divin\u0103, via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 \u0219i spa\u021biul public.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2dad93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc2dad93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a26dd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7a26dd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes ca sol al zeilor \u0219i atributele sale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp947c97d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp947c97d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd0f4ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd0f4ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 func\u021bie a lui Hermes \u00een Occident este aceea de sol al zeilor. \u00cen acest rol, el transmite mesajele lui Zeus \u0219i ale celorlal\u021bi zei \u0219i mijloce\u0219te \u00eentre sfere. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de tr\u0103s\u0103tura sa fundamental\u0103 de trec\u0103tor al grani\u021belor: cine transmite mesaje se mi\u0219c\u0103 \u00eentre expeditor \u0219i destinatar, traverseaz\u0103 spa\u021bii \u0219i competen\u021be.<\/p><p>Echipamentul lui Hermes reflect\u0103 aceast\u0103 misiune. Poart\u0103 sandale \u00eenaripate, <em>pedila<\/em>, care \u00eel poart\u0103 rapid pe uscat \u0219i pe mare. Pe cap are adesea p\u0103l\u0103ria de c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00eenaripat\u0103, <em>petasos<\/em>. Cel mai important atribut al s\u0103u este toiagul de herold, <em>kerykeion<\/em>, un baston \u00een jurul c\u0103ruia se \u00eenf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 doi \u0219erpi.<\/p><p>Acest toiag \u00eel desemneaz\u0103 ca herold \u0219i mediator. Nu trebuie confundat cu toiagul lui Asclepios al artei vindec\u0103rii, care poart\u0103 un singur \u0219arpe, de\u0219i ambele sunt adesea confundate \u00een simbolistica modern\u0103.<\/p><p>Ca sol, Hermes este \u0219i zeul limbajului \u0219i al traducerii, al \u00een\u021belegerii dintre diferite p\u0103r\u021bi. Din aceasta s-a derivat \u00een epoci ulterioare termenul de hermeneutic\u0103, doctrina interpret\u0103rii \u0219i a \u00een\u021belegerii, care se raporteaz\u0103 lingvistic la Hermes.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de cuprinz\u0103toare a fost interpretarea zeului: el nu este doar cel care poart\u0103 \u0219tiri, ci cel care face posibil\u0103 \u00een\u021belegerea ca atare. \u00cen structura panteonului olimpic, Hermes ocup\u0103 astfel o pozi\u021bie de mijlocitor.<\/p><p>El este cel mai t\u00e2n\u0103r dintre marii zei \u0219i cel care circul\u0103 \u00eentre to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi, \u00eentre zei \u0219i oameni, \u00eentre vii \u0219i mor\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2a4ae4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb2a4ae4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8ebfb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc8ebfb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hermes Trismegistos \u0219i scrierile hermetice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp65df803 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp65df803\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp656a111 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp656a111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O evolu\u021bie proprie \u0219i influent\u0103 a luat cultul lui Hermes \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span>. \u00cen epoca elenistic\u0103, Hermes grec a fost identificat cu zeul egiptean Thoth, zeul scrierii, al cunoa\u0219terii \u0219i al \u00een\u021belepciunii.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 fuziune a ap\u0103rut figura lui <em>Hermes Trismegistos<\/em>, Hermes cel de trei ori mare, care nu mai era vesnicul sol al zeilor din poezia homeric\u0103, ci un purt\u0103tor de revela\u021bie secret\u0103.<\/p><p>Sub numele acestui Hermes Trismegistos a luat na\u0219tere, \u00eentre sec. I \u0219i III d.Hr., o colec\u021bie de scrieri, denumit\u0103 <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em>, la care se adaug\u0103 alte texte precum <em>Asclepius<\/em>. Aceste scrieri trateaz\u0103 probleme de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologie<\/span>, ale sufletului, ale cunoa\u0219terii divine \u0219i ale ascensiunii omului spre divin.<\/p><p>Ele \u00eembin\u0103 filozofia greac\u0103, mai ales elemente platonice \u0219i stoice, cu concep\u021bii egiptene \u0219i de alt\u0103 natur\u0103.<\/p><p>Scrierile hermetice au exercitat o influen\u021b\u0103 extraordinar\u0103 dincolo de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>. \u00cen Rena\u0219tere, <em>Corpus Hermeticum<\/em> a fost redescoperit \u0219i tradus \u00een latin\u0103 de Marsilio Ficino \u00een sec. XV.<\/p><p>Pe atunci se credea c\u0103 este o oper\u0103 de \u00een\u021belepciune str\u0103veche, anterioar\u0103 lui Platon. Abia filologul Isaac Casaubon a demonstrat, la \u00eenceputul sec. XVII, c\u0103 textele dateaz\u0103 \u00een realitate din epoca imperial\u0103.<\/p><p>Cu toate acestea, tradi\u021bia hermetic\u0103 a marcat profund istoria intelectual\u0103 european\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103 la originea unor curente asociate cu no\u021biunile de hermetism \u0219i alchimie. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, acest proces este un exemplu elocvent al modului \u00een care dintr-un zeu mitologic poate deveni, prin fuziune \u0219i reinterpretare, o nou\u0103 autoritate filozofico-religioas\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/apollon\/\">Apollon, fratele mai mare, partener de schimb<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/charon\/\">Charon, luntra\u0219ul c\u0103ruia Hermes \u00eei pred\u0103 mor\u021bii<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hades\/\">Hades, st\u0103p\u00e2nul t\u0103r\u00e2mului \u00een care Hermes conduce sufletele<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/anubis\/\">Anubis, echivalentul egiptean (sincretismul Hermanubis)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/thoth\/\">Thoth, sincretizat \u00een epoca elenistic\u0103 (Hermes Trismegistos)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/papa-legba\/\">Papa Legba, paralela vodou a zeului pragurilor<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-grecesti\/\">Grecia, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati\/\">Zei, prezentare general\u0103 a clasei<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Brown, Norman O.: <em>Hermes the Thief. The Evolution of a Myth<\/em>. Madison 1947.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Vernant, Jean-Pierre: <em>Mortals and Immortals<\/em>. Princeton 1991.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Quack, Joachim Friedrich: <em>\u00c4gypten und Griechenland in hellenistischer Zeit<\/em>. Berlin 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Copenhaver, Brian P.: <em>Hermetica. The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius<\/em>. Cambridge 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><em>Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Hermes<\/em> (numeroase traduceri).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (articolul \u201eHermes&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatura\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d3fa5e e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d3fa5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0844c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0844c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Hermes<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este Hermes \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greac\u0103?<\/h3><p>Hermes este unul dintre cei doisprezece zei olimpici, fiul lui Zeus \u0219i al Pleiadei Maia. El este solul zeilor, zeul negustorilor, c\u0103l\u0103torilor, ho\u021bilor, oratorilor \u0219i al tranzi\u021biilor dintre lumi. Hermes Psychopompos conduce sufletele defunc\u021bilor \u00een lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>Atributele sale: coiful \u00eenaripat (Petasos) \u0219i sandalele (Talaria), toiagul lui Hermes (Kerykeion sau Caduceus, cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi). \u00cenc\u0103 de prunc, a furat vitele lui Apollon. Echivalentul s\u0103u roman este Mercur.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Ce este Caduceul \u0219i cum este utilizat \u00een epoca modern\u0103?<\/h3><p>Caduceul (Kerykeion) este toiagul lui Hermes, un baston de sol cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi \u0219i aripi la v\u00e2rf. El este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> negustorului, al solului \u0219i al mediatorului.<\/p><p>Este adesea confundat (mai ales \u00een SUA) cu toiagul lui Asclepios, toiagul zeului grec al vindec\u0103rii Asclepios, care prezint\u0103 un singur \u0219arpe f\u0103r\u0103 aripi. Aceast\u0103 confuzie face ca multe organiza\u021bii medicale s\u0103 utilizeze eronat Caduceul ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span>; \u00een realitate, acesta este toiagul zeului comer\u021bului, nu al vindec\u0103torului.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Hermes \u00een mitologia greac\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Hermes este unul dintre cei doisprezece zei olimpici, fiul lui Zeus \u0219i al Pleiadei Maia. El este solul zeilor, zeul negustorilor, c\u0103l\u0103torilor, ho\u021bilor, oratorilor \u0219i al tranzi\u021biilor dintre lumi. Hermes Psychopompos conduce sufletele defunc\u021bilor \u00een lumea subteran\u0103. Atributele sale: coiful \u00eenaripat (Petasos) \u0219i sandalele (Talaria), toiagul lui Hermes (Kerykeion sau Caduceus, cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi). \u00cenc\u0103 de prunc, a furat vitele lui Apollon. Echivalentul s\u0103u roman este Mercur.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce este Caduceul \u0219i cum este utilizat \u00een epoca modern\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Caduceul (Kerykeion) este toiagul lui Hermes, un baston de sol cu doi \u0219erpi \u00eencol\u0103ci\u021bi \u0219i aripi la v\u00e2rf. El este simbolul negustorului, al solului \u0219i al mediatorului. Este adesea confundat (mai ales \u00een SUA) cu toiagul lui Asclepios, toiagul zeului grec al vindec\u0103rii Asclepios, care prezint\u0103 un singur \u0219arpe f\u0103r\u0103 aripi. Aceast\u0103 confuzie face ca multe organiza\u021bii medicale s\u0103 utilizeze eronat Caduceul ca simbol; \u00een realitate, acesta este toiagul zeului comer\u021bului, nu al vindec\u0103torului.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hermes, zeul tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti Hermes este zeul tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti. Zeul c\u0103l\u0103torilor, al ho\u021bilor, al solilor \u0219i al c\u0103l\u0103uzelor sufletelor. Hermes este mijlocitorul dintre lumi, dintre zei \u0219i oameni, dintre cer \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2nt, dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. Cu sandale \u00eenaripate \u0219i toiagul de herold traverseaz\u0103 toate grani\u021bele. Este iscusit, rapid, elocvent \u0219i lipsit de constr\u00e2ngeri morale, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1585,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hermes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hermes - Zeul solilor \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103uza sufletelor \u00een Grecia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Zeul c\u0103l\u0103torilor, ho\u021bilor \u0219i solilor, Psychopompos, c\u0103l\u0103uza sufletelor. 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