{"id":105671,"date":"2026-08-04T16:18:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hades-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:18:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:18:22","slug":"hades","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/hades\/","title":{"rendered":"Hades"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105671\" class=\"elementor elementor-105671 elementor-1882\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hades, zeu al tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades este zeu al tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti.<\/p><p>St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, frate al lui Zeus \u0219i Poseidon, conduc\u0103tor invizibil al t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor. Hades domne\u0219te peste \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia celor deceda\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 a revendica Olimpul; dup\u0103 victoria asupra Titanilor, el \u00eemparte lumea cu fra\u021bii s\u0103i, p\u0103str\u00e2nd \u00een mod deliberat Lumea de Dincolo.<\/p><p>Numele s\u0103u era at\u00e2t de nelini\u0219titor pentru greci, \u00eenc\u00e2t ace\u0219tia \u00eel desemnau de obicei prin perifraze: <em>Plouton<\/em>, cel Bogat; <em>Polydegmon<\/em>, cel care prime\u0219te pe to\u021bi; <em>Eubuleus<\/em>, cel cu sfat bun.<\/p><p>Hades este cel mai cunoscut zeu al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene din Grecia. Hades este considerat zeitatea mor\u021bilor \u00een Grecia \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi reprezentarea mor\u021bii \u0219i a Lumii de Dincolo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/griechenland\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia \u0219i mitologia Greciei antice din epoca micenian\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie.\">Grecia<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/totengottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i ai mor\u021bii, st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai lumii de dincolo, judec\u0103tori ai mor\u021bilor, c\u0103l\u0103uze ale sufletelor.\">Zeitate a mor\u021bilor<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hades-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1724\" alt=\"Hades - G\u00f6tter aus der Griechenland-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hades-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hades-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hades-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_griechenland_hades.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Hades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate principal\u0103 greceasc\u0103, st\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Grecia (unul dintre cei trei fra\u021bi, al\u0103turi de Zeus \u0219i Poseidon)<br>Func\u021bie: st\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, p\u0103zitorul mor\u021bilor, posesor al bog\u0103\u021biei<br>Principale atribute: coiful invizibilit\u0103\u021bii (Aidos-Helm), bidens (furca dubl\u0103), cununa de chiparos, Cerber<br>Principale centre de cult: Eleusis, Hermione (Argolida), Pylos, Lokroi Epizephyrioi<br>Corespondent roman: Pluto \/ Dis Pater<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades ocup\u0103 un loc central \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greceasc\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de la Homer (sec. VIII \u00ee.Hr.). Numele s\u0103u <em>Aides<\/em> (\u201ecel Invizibil&#8221;) era tabu; \u00een cultul popular era frecvent numit <em>Plouton<\/em> (\u201ecel Bogat&#8221;), un eufemism menit s\u0103 evite rostirea numelui direct.<\/p><p>La Eleusis apare ca so\u021b al Persefonei \u00een cadrul Misterelor. \u00cen epoca elenistic\u0103 \u0219i roman\u0103 a fost preluat ca Pluto \/ Dis Pater, iar \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie cre\u0219tin\u0103 a fost p\u0103strat ca <em>Pluton-Hades<\/em>, personificare a lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Propriile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> ale lui Hades sunt rare (numele s\u0103u era tabu). Principalele centre de cult: <strong>Eleusis<\/strong> (venerat \u00een misterele Persefonei ca Pluton), <strong>Hermione<\/strong> (Argolida, Pausanias men\u021bioneaz\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> aparte al lui Hades), Pylos, Locri Epizefiri. La Eleusis, grota <em>Plutonion<\/em> (presupusa intrare a sa \u00een lumea subteran\u0103) poate fi vizitat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een epoca roman\u0103 la Pompei \u0219i Roma (complexul Iseum).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse centrale: Hesiod (<em>Teogonia<\/em>), Iliada \u0219i Odiseea lui Homer (cartea XI, Nekyia lui Odiseu), <em>Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Demeter<\/em> (r\u0103pirea Persefonei), Apollodor <em>Biblioteca<\/em>, Vergiliu <em>Eneida<\/em> cartea VI, Pausanias <em>Descrierea Greciei<\/em>. Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Sourvinou-Inwood, <em>&#8222;Reading&#8221; Greek Death<\/em>; Garland, <em>The Greek Way of Death<\/em>; Burkert, <em>Griechische Religion<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Grece\u0219te:<\/strong> \u1f0d\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 (H\u00e1id\u0113s), ini\u021bial probabil \u201ecel Invizibil&#8221; (de la *a-wid- \u201ea nu vedea&#8221;). \u00cen epoca clasic\u0103 \u0219i \u1f08\u0390\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 (A\u00efd\u0113s). Epitet: <em>Plouton<\/em> (cel Bogat, de la Plutos \u201ebog\u0103\u021bie&#8221;), cu referire la bog\u0103\u021biile subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene. <em>Polydegmon<\/em> (cel care prime\u0219te pe to\u021bi), <em>Eubuleus<\/em> (cel cu sfat bun), <em>Klymenos<\/em> (cel Faimos), <em>Agesilaos<\/em> (conduc\u0103torul poporului mor\u021bilor).<\/p><p>Corespondent roman: Pluto (latin\u0103 Pluto, din gr. Plouton); de asemenea Dis Pater (\u201etat\u0103l cel bogat&#8221;) ca form\u0103 roman\u0103 autonom\u0103. Etrusc: Aita. Rude importante: frate cu Zeus \u0219i Poseidon, fiu al lui Cronos \u0219i al Rheei, so\u021b al Persefonei (fiica Demetrei).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Hades este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca un b\u0103rbat matur, b\u0103rbos, asem\u0103n\u0103tor la exterior cu Zeus, dar de obicei cu o expresie mai \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u0219i mai grav\u0103. \u00cen m\u00e2n\u0103 poart\u0103 un sceptru cu cap de pas\u0103re sau un toiag cu dou\u0103 v\u00e2rfuri.<\/p><p>Coiful s\u0103u de invizibilitate, dar al Ciclopilor, \u00eel face nev\u0103zut; uneori \u00eel \u00eemprumut\u0103 zeilor \u0219i eroilor. Carul s\u0103u este tras de patru cai negri. La flancul sau la picioarele sale se afl\u0103 c\u00e2inele cu trei capete Cerber.<\/p><p><strong>Fire \u0219i ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Hades nu este \u201emoartea&#8221; \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, aceea este Thanatos. El este administratorul t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor, drept \u0219i incorruptibil, dar implacabil. Cine a ajuns odat\u0103 \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa, iese doar \u00een cazuri excep\u021bionale (Orfeu, Herakles, Nekyia lui Odiseu).<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de fra\u021bii s\u0103i olimpici, Hades se amestec\u0103 rareori \u00een treburile lume\u0219ti; singura excep\u021bie important\u0103 este r\u0103pirea Persefonei, care duce la succesiunea anotimpurilor \u0219i la cultul misterelor eleusine.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Hades este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca un b\u0103rbat matur, b\u0103rbos, adesea cu un sceptru sau o coroan\u0103 (coiful invizibilit\u0103\u021bii, din adamant). Culoarea sa este negru sau albastru \u00eenchis, culoarea lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene. Craniul, coroana \u0219i furca dubl\u0103 sunt atributele sale.<\/p><p>C\u00e2inele Cerber, paznicul cu trei capete al \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei lui Hades, este tovar\u0103\u0219ul s\u0103u credincios. Macul \u0219i chiparosul \u00eei erau consacrate. Spre deosebire de fulgerul lui Zeus sau de tridentul lui Poseidon, puterea lui Hades este mai subtil\u0103, invizibil\u0103, inevitabil\u0103. Infernul \u00eensu\u0219i este corpul s\u0103u; r\u00e2ul Hadosului, suflarea sa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Hades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Hades privite \u00een ansamblu. C\u00e2mpurile de mai jos sintetizeaz\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i paralelele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Hades<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades este fiul lui Cronos \u0219i al Rheei, fratele mai mare al lui Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter \u0219i Hestia. La \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea lumii dup\u0103 victoria asupra Titanilor, Zeus prime\u0219te cerul, Poseidon marea, Hades Lumea de Dincolo, prin tragere la sor\u021bi, nu prin alegere.<\/p><p>So\u021b al <em>Persefonei<\/em>, pe care o r\u0103pe\u0219te din lumea de sus, acesta este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> central al lui Hades. Spre deosebire de fra\u021bii s\u0103i, are cu greu aventuri sau urma\u0219i: strict limitat la domeniul s\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bia lui Hades<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, nu judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor (aceia sunt Minos, Rhadamanthys, Aiakos), ci suveranul suprem al \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei. P\u0103zitorul mor\u021bilor: din \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa nu se \u00eentoarce nimeni, cu excep\u021bia cazurilor \u00een care zeii acord\u0103 o permisiune special\u0103 (Orfeu, Herakles, Persefona par\u021bial). Ca <em>Plouton<\/em>, patron al bog\u0103\u021biei, al bog\u0103\u021biilor subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, al rezervelor de cereale, al resurselor minerale din p\u0103m\u00e2nt. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> eleusinian predomin\u0103 aspectul htonic-fertil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Hades<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figur\u0103 masculin\u0103 matur\u0103 cu bucle dese \u0219i barb\u0103 plin\u0103, asem\u0103n\u0103toare lui Zeus, dar mai sever\u0103 \u0219i mai sumbr\u0103. <em>Aidos-Helm<\/em> (coiful invizibilit\u0103\u021bii, forjat de Ciclopi) ca principal atribut, \u00eel face nev\u0103zut.<\/p><p><em>Bidens<\/em> (furca dubl\u0103, asem\u0103n\u0103toare tridentului lui Poseidon), <em>cununa de chiparos<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al doliului), \u00een unele reprezent\u0103ri un <em>rodie<\/em> (prin leg\u0103tura cu Persefona). \u00censo\u021bit de c\u00e2inele cu trei capete <em>Cerber<\/em>. \u00cen pinakes-urile din Lokroi, apare frecvent tron\u00e2nd cu Persefona al\u0103turi. Culoarea pielii adesea mai \u00eenchis\u0103 dec\u00e2t a lui Zeus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea lui Hades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Hades era invocat direct destul de rar, numele s\u0103u era considerat tabu. Erau invoca\u021bi mai degrab\u0103 <em>Plouton<\/em> (bog\u0103\u021bie), <em>Klymenos<\/em> (\u201ecel Faimos&#8221;) sau <em>Eubouleus<\/em> (\u201ecel cu sfat bun&#8221;). La Eleusis era central ca Plouton.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> personal, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> pentru o moarte sigur\u0103 (deces binevoitor). La \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri, jertfe de animale (miei negri, porci). La jur\u0103minte era rareori invocat sub numele Hades, deoarece aceasta implica o doz\u0103 de m\u00e2nie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolurile lui Hades<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aidos-Helm (coiful invizibilit\u0103\u021bii), Bidens (furca dubl\u0103), cununa de chiparos, Cerber (c\u00e2inele cu trei capete), rodia (prin Persefona), carul cu cai negri, cheia (pentru z\u0103vor\u00e2rea Lumii de Dincolo). Plante: chiparos, asfodel, mac, narcis\u0103 (floarea Persefonei). Animale sacre: oi negre, Cerber.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelele lui Hades<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma, preluare aproape identic\u0103), <em>Dis Pater<\/em> (Roma, forma roman\u0103 mai veche), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hinduism, judec\u0103torul mor\u021bilor), <em>Yama<\/em> (budism), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egipt, c\u0103l\u0103uza mor\u021bilor + regele mor\u021bilor), <em>Hel<\/em> (germanic, st\u0103p\u00e2na lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztec, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lui Mictlan), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (China, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lui Diyu), <em>Ereshkigal<\/em> (Mesopotamia, regina feminin\u0103 a lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades nu era un zeu al culturii festive publice, numele s\u0103u era evitat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> erau rare \u0219i de obicei izolate. \u00cen sfera privat\u0103, prezen\u021ba sa se manifesta mai ales \u00een dou\u0103 contexte: ritualurile funerare \u0219i cultele misterelor.<\/p><p>La \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103ri, defunctul primea o moned\u0103 pe gur\u0103 (obolul lui Charon) ca tax\u0103 de trecere pentru Charon, ocazional turte cu miere pentru Cerber. Ceremoniile de doliu (Trita, Enata) din a treia \u0219i a noua zi dup\u0103 deces urmau rug\u0103ciuni fixe adresate zeilor htonici. Mormintele de familie erau locuri de \u00eengrijire continu\u0103, ospe\u0219ele funerare (Perideipnon) \u0219i libarele periodice men\u021bineau leg\u0103tura cu cei deceda\u021bi.<\/p><p>Misterele Eleusine, \u00een care Hades \u0219i Persefona jucau roluri centrale, le promitea ini\u021bia\u021bilor un destin mai bun \u00een lumea de dincolo. Riturile exacte r\u0103m\u00e2neau secrete prin jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul t\u0103cerii, \u00eens\u0103 Hades ca <em>Plouton<\/em> ap\u0103rea \u00een Mistere ca un aspect drept \u0219i mai pu\u021bin \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor al s\u0103u \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hades, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia roman\u0103:<\/strong> Pluto (preluat din gr. Plouton) \u0219i Dis Pater (form\u0103 roman\u0103 autonom\u0103). Contopirea cu Hades grecesc este f\u0103r\u0103 cusur. Lemuria \u0219i Parentalia ca echivalente romane ale s\u0103rb\u0103torilor grece\u0219ti ale mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia etrusc\u0103:<\/strong> Aita (Hades) \u0219i so\u021bia sa Phersipnai (Persefona), reprezenta\u021bi frecvent pe sarcofage \u0219i picturi murale etrusce. Reprezent\u0103rile etrusce despre lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 au influen\u021bat-o pe cea roman\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103zbat \u00een operele de art\u0103 greco-romane t\u00e2rzii.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103:<\/strong> Ereshkigal ca st\u0103p\u00e2n\u0103 a lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene (Kur, Irkalla), nu masculin, dar comparabil\u0103 func\u021bional. So\u021bul ei Nergal corespunde mai direct aspectului lui Hades. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> cobor\u00e2rii Innannei are paralelisme structurale cu povestea Persefonei.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia egiptean\u0103:<\/strong> Func\u021bia se \u00eemparte \u00eentre Osiris (st\u0103p\u00e2nul t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor ca judec\u0103tor drept), Anubis (c\u0103l\u0103uza sufletelor) \u0219i Hor-em-aha-bait (paznicul mor\u021bilor). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span> greco-roman\u0103 a contopit Osiris \u0219i Hades \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismul<\/span> Sarapis.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia hindus\u0103:<\/strong> Yamaraja ca st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor (Yamaloka), primul muritor care a g\u0103sit calea spre lumea de dincolo. Yamaraja \u00eemparte cu Hades func\u021bia de judec\u0103tor drept \u0219i incorruptibil; spre deosebire de Hades, el nu locuie\u0219te permanent \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul mor\u021bilor, ci \u00eel viziteaz\u0103 \u00een mod regulat.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia germanic\u0103:<\/strong> Hel ca fiic\u0103 a lui Loki, st\u0103p\u00e2na t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor omonim Helheim. Func\u021bional similar\u0103 lui Hades, dar cu un alt accent moral: Helheim era locul celor deceda\u021bi care nu c\u0103zuser\u0103 \u00een lupt\u0103, deci nu neap\u0103rat un loc de pedeaps\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb03aa0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdb03aa0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9451301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9451301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103pirea Persefonei \u0219i originea anotimpurilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1ce65fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1ce65fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0f6c996 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0f6c996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai cunoscut <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> despre Hades este r\u0103pirea Persefonei, povestit pe larg \u00een Imnul homeric c\u0103tre Demeter. Hades, st\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, o dore\u0219te pe Persefona, fiica Demetrei \u0219i a lui Zeus.<\/p><p>Cu consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul tacit al lui Zeus, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul se despic\u0103 \u00een timp ce fata culege flori, iar Hades o r\u0103pe\u0219te pe carul s\u0103u \u00een ad\u00e2ncuri. Demeter, zei\u021ba gr\u00e2nelor, \u00ee\u0219i caut\u0103 cu disperare fiica \u0219i, cuprins\u0103 de durere, opre\u0219te cre\u0219terea pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt, astfel c\u0103 foametea amenin\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Zeus trebuie s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel trimite pe Hermes s\u0103 o aduc\u0103 \u00eenapoi pe Persefona. \u00cens\u0103 Hades \u00eei d\u0103 s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce c\u00e2teva semin\u021be de rodie \u00eenainte de desp\u0103r\u021bire. Cine a m\u00e2ncat hran\u0103 \u00een Lumea de Dincolo r\u0103m\u00e2ne legat de ea.<\/p><p>Astfel se ajunge la un compromis: Persefona petrece o parte a anului la so\u021bul ei \u00een Lumea de Dincolo \u0219i o parte la mama sa. \u00cen timpul separ\u0103rii, Demeter nu las\u0103 nimic s\u0103 creasc\u0103; la \u00eentoarcerea fiicei, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u00eenflore\u0219te din nou.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> este un exemplu clasic de mit etiologic, o nara\u021biune care explic\u0103 o ordine existent\u0103, \u00een acest caz succesiunea perioadei de vegeta\u021bie \u0219i a anotimpului neroditor. Totodat\u0103, el reprezint\u0103 mitul fondator al Misterelor de la Eleusis, cel mai important cult al misterelor din Grecia.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor este remarcabil c\u0103 Hades nu apare \u00een aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune ca un personaj malefic, ci ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca un mire legitim care \u00ee\u0219i ap\u0103r\u0103 partea sa din ordine. Duritatea evenimentelor nu \u021bine at\u00e2t de r\u0103utatea sa, c\u00e2t de inevitabilitatea a ceea ce el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0f7b41 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0f7b41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9ff036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf9ff036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geografia Lumii de Dincolo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c02935 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c02935\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp15dd9ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp15dd9ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia lui Hades avea \u00een reprezentarea greceasc\u0103 o topografie surprinz\u0103tor de concret\u0103, care s-a nuan\u021bat de-a lungul secolelor. Mor\u021bii ajung acolo travers\u00e2nd unul sau mai multe r\u00e2uri.<\/p><p>Cel mai cunoscut este <em>Styx<\/em>, pe care zeii \u00ee\u0219i jur\u0103 jur\u0103mintele inviolabile; al\u0103turi de el sunt men\u021bionate <em>Acheron<\/em>, <em>Kokytos<\/em> (r\u00e2ul pl\u00e2ngerilor), <em>Pyriphlegethon<\/em> (r\u00e2ul focului) \u0219i <em>Lethe<\/em> (r\u00e2ul uit\u0103rii). Luntra\u0219ul Charon \u00eei transport\u0103 pe mor\u021bi \u00een schimbul unui obol, o moned\u0103 care era pus\u0103 la dispozi\u021bia defunctului.<\/p><p>Intrarea este p\u0103zit\u0103 de c\u00e2inele cu mai multe capete Cerber, care nu las\u0103 pe cei vii s\u0103 intre \u0219i pe cei mor\u021bi s\u0103 ias\u0103. \u00cen interior se afl\u0103 diverse zone. C\u00e2mpia asfodelelor este locul de \u0219edere al mor\u021bilor obi\u0219nui\u021bi, umbrele f\u0103r\u0103 consisten\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Tartarul<\/em> este abisul cel mai ad\u00e2nc, un loc de pedepsire pentru marii nelegiui\u021bi, precum Tantalos, Sisif sau Tityos. <em>C\u00e2mpiile Elizee<\/em> sau Insulele Ferici\u021bilor sunt, dimpotriv\u0103, un loc de soart\u0103 bun\u0103 pentru cei deosebit de favoriza\u021bi; aceast\u0103 reprezentare este dezvoltat\u0103 mai ales \u00een sursele t\u00e2rzii.<\/p><p>Asupra soartei mor\u021bilor vegheaz\u0103 judec\u0103tori, de obicei numi\u021bi Minos, Rhadamanthys \u0219i Aiakos. Aceast\u0103 geografie elaborat\u0103 a lumii de dincolo nu exist\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput. La Homer, Lumea de Dincolo este \u00eenc\u0103 un loc monoton \u0219i lipsit de bucurie, \u00een care to\u021bi mor\u021bii exist\u0103 la fel, ca umbre f\u0103r\u0103 putere.<\/p><p>Abia prin reprezent\u0103rile orfice, pitagoreice \u0219i filozofice, vizibile de exemplu la Pindar \u0219i Platon, apare ideea de r\u0103splat\u0103 \u0219i pedeaps\u0103 dup\u0103 moarte. Cercetarea interpreteaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 evolu\u021bie ca o oglindire a reprezent\u0103rilor \u00een schimbare despre dreptate \u0219i responsabilitate individual\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf5a9d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdf5a9d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6d7d01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb6d7d01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Numele care nu se rostea: eufemisme \u0219i cult<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp004bd9e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp004bd9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpca45407 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpca45407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades ocup\u0103 o pozi\u021bie aparte \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> grecesc. Este un zeu olimpian, unul dintre cei trei fii ai lui Cronos care \u0219i-au \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit lumea dup\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103turarea Titanilor: Zeus a primit cerul, Poseidon marea, Hades Lumea de Dincolo.<\/p><p>Cu toate acestea, el nu este venerat ca ceilal\u021bi olimpieni. Grecii se fereau s\u0103 \u00eei rosteasc\u0103 numele direct, deoarece chiar \u0219i pronun\u021barea lui putea aduce nenorocire.<\/p><p>\u00cen locul numelui se foloseau denumiri de substitu\u021bie. Cea mai frecvent\u0103 este <em>Plouton<\/em>, cel Bogat, care face aluzie la bog\u0103\u021bia din ad\u00e2ncul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, la gr\u00e2nele care cresc din el \u0219i la resursele minerale.<\/p><p>Din acest epitet provine numele latin <a href=\"\/ro\/pluto\/\">Pluto<\/a>. Alte perifraze erau <em>Klymenos<\/em>, cel Faimos, sau <em>Eubouleus<\/em>, bunul sf\u0103tuitor. \u0218i numele Hades \u00eensu\u0219i era interpretat frecvent \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span> ca \u201ecel Invizibil&#8221;, o etimologie neconfirmat\u0103 lingvistic, dar care surprinde bine esen\u021ba zeului.<\/p><p>Zeului \u00eei lipseau \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 propriile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103tori publice, spre deosebire de fra\u021bii s\u0103i. Acolo unde era venerat cultic, aceasta se \u00eent\u00e2mpla adesea sub numele Plouton, frecvent \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Persefona \u0219i Demeter, ca la Eleusis.<\/p><p>Jertfele pentru Hades erau htonice, adic\u0103 \u00eendreptate spre p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Se jertfeau animale negre, s\u00e2ngele era turnat \u00eentr-o groap\u0103 \u0219i fa\u021ba era \u00eentoars\u0103. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie arat\u0103 c\u0103 Hades era mai pu\u021bin o figur\u0103 c\u0103reia i se adresau rug\u0103min\u021bi. El era mai degrab\u0103 personificarea unui domeniu \u00een care to\u021bi cei vii cad inevitabil \u0219i de care se \u00eencerca a se \u021bine distan\u021ba prin evitarea numelui \u0219i prin precau\u021bie ritual\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5f7637 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd5f7637\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee85b9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpee85b9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cine a intrat \u00een Hades: Orfeu, Herakles \u0219i trec\u0103torii de grani\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf488011 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf488011\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdba04dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdba04dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia lui Hades era considerat\u0103 definitiv\u0103, dar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> cunoa\u0219te c\u00e2teva figuri care au intrat \u00een ea de vii \u0219i au ie\u0219it din nou.<\/p><p>Aceste travers\u0103ri de grani\u021b\u0103, <em>katabasis<\/em>, cobor\u00e2rea, fac parte dintre cele mai impresionante nara\u021biuni ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> grece\u0219ti. Ele prezint\u0103 Lumea de Dincolo din interior, nu din exterior, \u0219i sondeaz\u00e0 ce este posibil chiar \u0219i \u00een fa\u021ba mor\u021bii \u0219i ce nu.<\/p><p>Orfeu, c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bul, coboar\u0103 pentru a-\u0219i aduce \u00eenapoi so\u021bia decedat\u0103, Eurydike. C\u00e2ntecul s\u0103u \u00eei emo\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe st\u0103p\u00e2nii Lumii de Dincolo, care \u00eeng\u0103duie \u00eentoarcerea cu o singur\u0103 condi\u021bie: Orfeu nu are voie s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 s\u0103 o priveasc\u0103 pe Eurydike pe drum spre ie\u0219ire. Chiar \u00eenainte de ie\u0219ire, el prive\u0219te \u00eenapoi \u0219i ea este pierdut\u0103 pentru totdeauna.<\/p><p>Herakles reu\u0219e\u0219te sarcina sa: ultima dintre muncile sale este s\u0103 \u00eel aduc\u0103 sus pe c\u00e2inele de paz\u0103 Cerber, lucru pe care \u00eel \u00eendepline\u0219te cu \u00eeng\u0103duin\u021ba lui Hades \u0219i prin for\u021b\u0103 brut\u0103. Theseus \u0219i Peirithoos coboar\u0103 \u0219i ei cu scopul de a o r\u0103pi pe Persefona, dar e\u0219ueaz\u0103 \u0219i sunt \u021binu\u021bi prizonieri; Theseus este eliberat mai t\u00e2rziu de Herakles.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Odiseea<\/em>, Odiseu c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te la marginea Lumii de Dincolo pentru a-l consulta pe v\u0103z\u0103torul Teiresias \u0219i vorbe\u0219te acolo cu umbrele mor\u021bilor. Aceste nara\u021biuni sunt instructive din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, deoarece exploreaz\u0103 literar reprezent\u0103rile despre lumea de dincolo.<\/p><p>Ele subliniaz\u0103 \u00een mod consecvent caracterul inanegociabil al mor\u021bii: chiar \u0219i cei mai mari eroi \u0219i cel mai mare c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021b pot traversa grani\u021ba doar \u00een mod excep\u021bional, numai sub condi\u021bii \u0219i de obicei doar par\u021bial. Hades apare astfel ca p\u0103zitorul unei ordini pe care chiar \u0219i zeii o respect\u0103, nu ca un tiran arbitrar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/persephone\/\">Persefona, so\u021bie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/demeter\/\">Demeter, soacr\u0103, antagonist\u0103 \u00een mitul Persefonei<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/charon\/\">Charon, luntra\u0219ul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei sale<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/hekate\/\">Hecate, \u00eenso\u021bitoare \u00een mitul Persefonei<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/griechenland\/\">Grecia, prezentare general\u0103 a panteonului<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/totengottheiten\/\">Zeit\u0103\u021bile mor\u021bilor, subcategorie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/goetter\/\">Zei, prezentare general\u0103 pe clase<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane: <em>&#8222;Reading&#8221; Greek Death<\/em>. Oxford 1995.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Garland, Robert: <em>The Greek Way of Death<\/em>. London 1985.<\/span><\/li><li>Pausanias: <em>Beschreibung Griechenlands<\/em>.<\/li><li>Vergil: <em>Aeneis<\/em>, Buch VI.<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma \u201eHades&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23c2b98 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"23c2b98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-031b526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"031b526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Hades<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine era Hades \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> greceasc\u0103?<\/h3><p>Hades (\u0219i A\u00efdes, cel Invizibil) este cel mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 fiu al lui Cronos \u0219i al Rheei \u0219i unul dintre cei trei mari fra\u021bi ai <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonului<\/span> olimpian. Dup\u0103 victoria asupra Titanilor, Zeus, Poseidon \u0219i Hades au \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia; Zeus a primit cerul, Poseidon marea, Hades Lumea de Dincolo.<\/p><p>Hades este st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor; zeul mor\u021bii \u00eensu\u0219i este Thanatos. El este sever, dar drept. Spre deosebire de infernul cre\u0219tin ulterior, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa nu este un loc de pedeaps\u0103, ci destina\u021bia universal\u0103 a tuturor mor\u021bilor.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Hades, Tartar \u0219i Elysium?<\/h3><p>\u00cen imaginea elenistic\u0103 a Lumii de Dincolo exist\u0103 trei zone principale: Hades (Erebos) este \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia neutr\u0103 a mor\u021bilor obi\u0219nui\u021bi. Tartarul este ad\u00e2ncimea cea mai de jos, loc de pedeaps\u0103 pentru cei mai mari nelegiui\u021bi (Sisif, Tantalos, Ixion) \u0219i \u00eenchisoare a Titanilor \u00eenvin\u0219i.<\/p><p>Elysiumul (C\u00e2mpiile Elizee) este locul de \u0219edere al eroilor \u0219i al celor virtuo\u0219i. Lethe (r\u00e2ul uit\u0103rii) se afl\u0103 la intrare; cine bea din ea uit\u0103 via\u021ba trecut\u0103. Charon este luntra\u0219ul de pe Styx (r\u00e2ul urii).<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine era Hades \u00een mitologia greceasc\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Hades (\u0219i A\u00efdes, cel Invizibil) este cel mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 fiu al lui Cronos \u0219i al Rheei \u0219i unul dintre cei trei mari fra\u021bi ai panteonului olimpian. Dup\u0103 victoria asupra Titanilor, Zeus, Poseidon \u0219i Hades au \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia; Zeus a primit cerul, Poseidon marea, Hades Lumea de Dincolo. Hades este st\u0103p\u00e2nul \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021biei mor\u021bilor; zeul mor\u021bii \u00eensu\u0219i este Thanatos. El este sever, dar drept. Spre deosebire de infernul cre\u0219tin ulterior, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa nu este un loc de pedeaps\u0103, ci destina\u021bia universal\u0103 a tuturor mor\u021bilor.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Hades, Tartar \u0219i Elysium?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u00cen imaginea elenistic\u0103 a Lumii de Dincolo exist\u0103 trei zone principale: Hades (Erebos) este \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia neutr\u0103 a mor\u021bilor obi\u0219nui\u021bi. Tartarul este ad\u00e2ncimea cea mai de jos, loc de pedeaps\u0103 pentru cei mai mari nelegiui\u021bi (Sisif, Tantalos, Ixion) \u0219i \u00eenchisoare a Titanilor \u00eenvin\u0219i. Elysiumul (C\u00e2mpiile Elizee) este locul de \u0219edere al eroilor \u0219i al celor virtuo\u0219i. Lethe (r\u00e2ul uit\u0103rii) se afl\u0103 la intrare; cine bea din ea uit\u0103 via\u021ba trecut\u0103. Charon este luntra\u0219ul de pe Styx (r\u00e2ul urii).\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hades, zeu al tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti Hades este zeu al tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti. St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, frate al lui Zeus \u0219i Poseidon, conduc\u0103tor invizibil al t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor. Hades domne\u0219te peste \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia celor deceda\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 a revendica Olimpul; dup\u0103 victoria asupra Titanilor, el \u00eemparte lumea cu fra\u021bii s\u0103i, p\u0103str\u00e2nd \u00een mod deliberat Lumea de Dincolo. Numele s\u0103u [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1724,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hades","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hades - St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, zeitate a mor\u021bilor \u00een Grecia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hades, st\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo \u0219i zeul mor\u021bilor \u00een Grecia. Coiful invizibilit\u0103\u021bii, Cerber, Misterele Eleusine \u0219i paralela sa roman\u0103 Pluton.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"griechenland","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105671","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hades - St\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo, zeitate a mor\u021bilor \u00een Grecia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hades, st\u0103p\u00e2nul Lumii de Dincolo \u0219i zeul mor\u021bilor \u00een Grecia. 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