{"id":105657,"date":"2026-08-04T16:16:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mars-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:16:55","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:16:55","slug":"mars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/mars\/","title":{"rendered":"Mars"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105657\" class=\"elementor elementor-105657 elementor-2128\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars, zeul tradi\u021biei romane<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars este zeul r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al for\u021bei militare \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Considerat tat\u0103l lui Romulus, el este ocrotitorul dinastiei \u0219i al Imperiului Roman \u00eensu\u0219i, motiv pentru care i s-a acordat o venera\u021bie deosebit\u0103. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Mars reprezint\u0103 un exemplu de transformare a unui zeu de la protec\u021bia agriculturii la zeul statului, ilustr\u00e2nd astfel reformularea politic\u0103 a cultelor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia roman\u0103 de la regalitate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie, sincretic\u0103 cu straturi grece\u0219ti \u0219i etrusce.\">Roma<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1646\" alt=\"Mars - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_mars.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars nu \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 doar agresiunea \u0219i distrugerea, ci \u0219i ordinea \u00een r\u0103zboi \u0219i protec\u021bia comunit\u0103\u021bii. Aspectele sale centrale sunt vitejia, strategia militar\u0103 \u0219i legitimarea violen\u021bei de c\u0103tre comunitate.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> apare \u00een diferite roluri: ca iubit al Venerei, ca tat\u0103 al lui Romulus \u0219i ca ocrotitor \u00eempotriva ciumei \u0219i a nenorocirii. Lupercalia \u0219i Equirria erau s\u0103rb\u0103tori centrale \u00een cadrul c\u0103rora caii \u0219i armele erau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrate<\/span> zeului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sursele primare sunt numeroase: Ovidiu, Vergiliu, Hora\u021biu, Acta Arvalium \u0219i inscrip\u021bii latine. \u00cen literatura secundar\u0103, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoricul german al religiilor (1931-2015); opera principal\u0103 Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> au cercetat originile \u0219i transformarea zeului r\u0103zboiului \u00een zeu al statului. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea cultului lui Mars s-a extins pe \u00eentreg teritoriul Imperiului Roman, contopindu-se cu zeii r\u0103zboiului din Galia, Germania \u0219i Britania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transmiterea scris\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">prin tradi\u021bie<\/span> cu privire la Marte se \u00eentinde pe mai multe secole \u00een trecut, cu tradi\u021bii orale probabil \u0219i mai vechi \u00een spatele acesteia. Romanii au p\u0103strat aceast\u0103 entitate sau acest concept de-a lungul unor perioade \u00eendelungate \u0219i l-au transmis din genera\u021bie \u00een genera\u021bie, ceea ce indic\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p><p>Cultul lui Marte se \u00eentoarce la Roma p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca timpurie, \u00een care era invocat at\u00e2t ca protector al ogoarelor, c\u00e2t \u0219i ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului; s\u0103rb\u0103toarea sa c\u0103dea \u00een luna martie, denumit\u0103 dup\u0103 el. Dup\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u0219itul religiei antice, figura a continuat s\u0103 existe \u00een astronomie ca nume al planetei, \u00een arta plastic\u0103 a epocii moderne, de exemplu \u00een reprezent\u0103rile lui Marte \u0219i Venus, \u0219i lingvistic \u00een adjectivul \u201emar\u021bial&#8221;.<\/p><h3>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/h3><p>Marte este zeul roman al r\u0103zboiului, \u00eens\u0103 mai complex dec\u00e2t simpla poft\u0103 de lupt\u0103. Marte este \u0219i zeul ordinii, al curajului \u0219i al masculinit\u0103\u021bii. Spre deosebire de Ares (grec), el este disciplinat \u0219i strategic, nicidecum s\u0103lbatic. El este tat\u0103l Romei. Rolul s\u0103u reune\u0219te violen\u021ba \u0219i civiliza\u021bia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars nu era nici limitat regional, nici legat de anumite loca\u021bii: era cunoscut \u0219i venerat sau temut universal \u00een \u00eentreaga lume roman\u0103. Indiferent dac\u0103 \u00een centre urbane sau \u00een regiuni rurale periferice, indiferent dac\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul elitelor sau al oamenilor de r\u00e2nd, semnifica\u021bia spiritual\u0103 sau cultural\u0103 a acestei entit\u0103\u021bi era recunoscut\u0103 \u00een mod continuu \u0219i universal.<\/p><p>Mars se situa \u00een rang imediat dup\u0103 Jupiter \u0219i era considerat str\u0103mo\u0219ul poporului roman, deoarece \u00een legenda fondatoare apare ca tat\u0103 al lui Romulus \u0219i Remus. Cultul s\u0103u se \u00eentindea de la C\u00e2mpul lui Marte, loc de adunare \u0219i exerci\u021biu al armatei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la procesiunile rurale de sfin\u021bire a hotarelor, iar dincolo de alian\u021bele latine era invocat \u0219i de alte popoare italice sub nume \u00eenrudite, precum oscicul Mamers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse primare: Metamorfozele \u0219i Fasti ale lui Ovidiu, Eneida lui Vergiliu (cartea a VIII-a), Odele lui Hora\u021biu, Cicero De Natura Deorum, Macrobius Saturnalia.<\/p><p>M\u0103rturiile acoper\u0103 perioada de la Republica timpurie (sec. VI \u00ee.Hr.) p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie<\/span>. Cercet\u0103tori: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Istoricul german al religiilor (1931-2015); opera principal\u0103 Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> (Griechische Religion), Hubert Cancik. Inscrip\u021biile \u0219i descoperirile arheologice documenteaz\u0103 construirea de temple \u0219i ritualuri la Roma, \u00een Campania, Gallia \u0219i de-a lungul frontierei renane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars este reprezentat \u00een diferitele tradi\u021bii \u0219i surse cu anumite elemente iconografice care r\u0103m\u00e2n relativ constante de-a lungul deceniilor \u0219i locurilor. Aceste elemente sunt codificate simbolic \u0219i poart\u0103 semnifica\u021bii profunde; ele nu sunt \u00een niciun caz pur decorative sau \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare.<\/p><p>\u00cen arta roman\u0103, Mars este identificat prin coif, lance \u0219i scut \u0219i \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at de regul\u0103 ca un r\u0103zboinic \u00een armur\u0103. Animalele asociate lui sunt lupul \u0219i cioc\u0103nitoarea, care joac\u0103 un rol \u00een legenda fondatoare a Romei, precum \u0219i scuturile sacre, ancilia, purtate de preo\u021bii salii \u00een procesiuni solemne. Aceste atribute f\u0103ceau imediat lizibil\u0103 competen\u021ba sa \u00een domeniul r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al protec\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars era central \u00een practica religioas\u0103 \u0219i \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea cotidian\u0103 a romanilor. Oamenii se adresau acestei entit\u0103\u021bi \u00een anumite situa\u021bii critice ale vie\u021bii sau \u00een anumite perioade ale anului, prin ritualuri structurate, rug\u0103ciuni sau jertfe. Practica era transmis\u0103 cu precizie \u0219i condus\u0103 de preo\u021bi sau speciali\u0219ti, nimic din ea nefiind arbitrar sau improvizat.<\/p><p>Venerarea lui Mars se manifesta prin rituri \u00eenainte \u0219i dup\u0103 campanii militare: \u00eenainte de plecare, comandantul atingea l\u0103ncile \u0219i scuturile sacre din sanctuarul Regia, jertfa suovetaurilia dintr-un porc, o oaie \u0219i un taur servea purific\u0103rii p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i armatei, iar jertfirea calului din octombrie \u00eencheia sezonul de r\u0103zboi. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Ambarvalia asigura, prin procesiuni de sfin\u021bire a hotarelor, protec\u021bia c\u00e2mpurilor.<\/p><h3>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/h3><p>Mars este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at ca un r\u0103zboinic musculos \u00een armur\u0103 complet\u0103, adesea cu coif, scut \u0219i lance. Ro\u0219ul \u00eei este propriu. Suli\u021ba \u0219i sabia, vulturul \u0219i lupul sunt simbolurile sale. Martie \u00eei poart\u0103 numele. For\u021ba \u0219i onoarea r\u0103zboinic\u0103 \u00eel definesc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Mars<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fi\u0219a de identificare de mai jos prezint\u0103 cele \u0219ase aspecte ale lui Mars: originea sa istoric\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103, practica de venerare, reprezentarea iconografic\u0103, semnifica\u021bia pentru protec\u021bie \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span>, paralele cu alte culturi \u0219i o privire de ansamblu final\u0103 asupra figurilor divine \u00eenrudite din tradi\u021bii vecine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars face parte dintre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi romane. Urmele conduc spre zei indo-europeni ai r\u0103zboiului \u0219i spre forma italic\u0103 arhaic\u0103 a unui demon al fertilit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen Latium era ini\u021bial protector al turmelor \u0219i c\u00e2mpurilor, dar a fost transformat \u00een zeu al r\u0103zboiului sub presiunea cresc\u00e2nd\u0103 a necesit\u0103\u021bilor militare.<\/p><p>Prima men\u021biune cert\u0103 \u00een Fasti Praenestini dateaz\u0103 din secolul IV \u00ee.Hr., \u00eens\u0103 cultele existau cu mult mai \u00eenainte. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> lui Mars de pe C\u00e2mpul lui Ares din Roma a fost re<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat<\/span> de Augustus \u00een 20 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cui se adresa Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars era invocat de r\u0103zboinici, comandan\u021bi, solda\u021bi, \u021b\u0103rani \u0219i cet\u0103\u021beni, \u00een special \u00eenainte de campanii militare \u0219i \u00een vreme de r\u0103zboi. Preo\u021bia roman\u0103 a saliilor \u00eel celebra prin Equirria (curse de cai).<\/p><p>Obiceiul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">Lupercaliilor<\/span> (februarie) \u00eensemna purificare \u0219i binecuv\u00e2ntare a fertilit\u0103\u021bii pentru ogor \u0219i familie. Augustus a folosit cultele lui Mars \u00een scop politic: ca tat\u0103 al lui Romulus, zeul legitima dinastia. Strategii militari se rugau \u00eenainte de b\u0103t\u0103lii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars era reprezentat ca un r\u0103zboinic b\u0103rbos, complet \u00eenarmat, cu coif, scut \u0219i lance. Iconografic, purta armura unui soldat roman, adesea cu privire hot\u0103r\u00e2t\u0103.<\/p><p>Atributele sale erau calul, suli\u021ba (hasta), scuturile sacre (ancilia) \u0219i uneori \u0219arpele (aspect htonian). Pe monede apare \u00een picioare sau c\u0103lare. Pe altare este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at al\u0103turi de Venus, deoarece leg\u0103tura lor mitologic\u0103 simboliza armonia cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ac\u021biunea lui Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune:<\/strong> Mars este zeu al r\u0103zboiului \u0219i totodat\u0103 zeu al vegeta\u021biei \u0219i al roadelor c\u00e2mpului. Festivalul s\u0103u, Lupercalia \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea din martie, marcheaz\u0103 ritualuri de fertilitate \u0219i purificare.<\/p><p>La Roma, Mars era venerat mai ales ca protector al ora\u0219ului \u0219i al agriculturii, r\u0103zboinicul care ap\u0103r\u0103 poporul \u0219i face p\u0103m\u00e2ntul roditor. Copiii s\u0103i cu Venus (Romulus \u0219i Remus) arat\u0103 leg\u0103tura sa cu fondarea statului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Puterea apotropaic\u0103 a lui Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars era supus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invoc\u0103rii<\/span> \u0219i unui respect profund, nefiind un simplu zeu protector, ci o for\u021b\u0103 moral\u0103. \u00cenainte de ac\u021biuni importante i se aduceau jertfe de tauri, oi \u0219i cai.<\/p><p>Ritualurile de respingere a nenorocirii urm\u0103reau \u00eembl\u00e2nzirea lui Mars \u0219i canalizarea for\u021bei sale agresive pe c\u0103i or\u00e2nduite. \u00cen casele private erau amplasate figurine mici ale lui Mars (sigilla) pentru a feri casa \u0219i familia de r\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele ale lui Mars<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia greac\u0103, Ares \u00eei corespunde ca zeu similar, dar mai pu\u021bin respectat, dezordonat \u0219i s\u00e2ngeros. Figurile etrusce ale lui Tinia prezint\u0103 paralele cu divinitatea r\u0103zboiului. \u00cen spa\u021biul germanic, Tiwaz\/Tyr \u0219i Wodan \u00eendeplinesc roluri similare. Mesopotamienii Nergal \u0219i Erra \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 ciuma \u0219i r\u0103zboiul. Aceste divinit\u0103\u021bi \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc cu Mars transformarea de la protector agrar la zeu al r\u0103zboiului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marte reune\u0219te func\u021biile grecescului Ares cu cele ale unui zeu al vegeta\u021biei \u0219i agriculturii, un complex de roluri f\u0103r\u0103 corespondent direct \u00een lumea greac\u0103. \u00cen timp ce Ares apare cel mai adesea ca un fanatik pur al r\u0103zboiului, Marte este asociat \u00een calendarul roman \u00eenc\u0103 din luna martie cu ritualuri ale sem\u0103natului.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103:<\/strong> \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> iudaic\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un corespondent direct al lui Marte. Ideea r\u0103zboiului ca func\u021bie divin\u0103 este abordat\u0103 diferit: JHWH este Dumnezeul o\u0219tirilor (Zebaot), dar nu ca un zeu al r\u0103zboiului specializat. Perioada elenistic\u0103 a adus contact, \u00eens\u0103 nu \u0219i o contopire cu cultele lui Marte.<\/p><p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103:<\/strong> Ares este corespondentul grec, \u00eens\u0103 dispre\u021buit \u0219i secundar fa\u021b\u0103 de Atena, care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 strategia. Marte, \u00een schimb, era \u00eenalt pre\u021buit, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 rolul politic diferit al Romei. Contopirea din epoca \u00eemp\u0103ra\u021bilor t\u00e2rzii (sincretismul Ares-Marte-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretism<\/span>) eviden\u021biaz\u0103 totu\u0219i o adaptare reciproc\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamia:<\/strong> Nergal, zeul r\u0103zboiului \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii mor\u021bilor, \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu Marte dualitatea dintre distrugere \u0219i protec\u021bie. Erra este o figur\u0103 r\u0103zboinic\u0103 agresiv\u0103, dar mai pu\u021bin integrat\u0103 \u00een structura statal\u0103. R\u0103zboinicii mesopotamieni implorau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conferire de bun\u0103stare \u0219i protec\u021bie, adesea \u00een form\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 fix\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">binecuv\u00e2ntarea<\/span> lui Nergal, la fel cum legionarii romani o implorau pe cea a lui Marte.<\/p><p><strong>India\/Asia:<\/strong> Skanda\/Murugan \u00een hinduism este zeu al r\u0103zboiului, dar subordonat \u00een ierarhia cosmic\u0103. \u00cen budismul timpuriu nu exist\u0103 o divinitate a r\u0103zboiului. China \u00eel cuno\u0219tea pe Guan Yu, zeul r\u0103zboiului al onoarei \u0219i drept\u0103\u021bii, canonizat ulterior, o paralel\u0103 structural\u0103 la politizarea lui Marte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd8eb093 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd8eb093\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f1bcac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9f1bcac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars ca zeu italic vechi, \u00eenainte de identificarea cu Ares<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22eefc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22eefc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa573e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa573e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen percep\u021bia popular\u0103, Mars este considerat echivalentul roman al zeului grec al r\u0103zboiului, Ares. Aceast\u0103 identificare este corect\u0103 din punct de vedere literar, dar ascunde faptul c\u0103 Mars era ini\u021bial un zeu italic independent cu o sfer\u0103 de competen\u021b\u0103 considerabil mai larg\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele mai vechi m\u0103rturii, mai ales imnul arval arhaic \u0219i referin\u021bele la Cato cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n, arat\u0103 un zeu la fel de responsabil pentru protec\u021bia c\u00e2mpurilor, a vitelor \u0219i a grani\u021belor, ca \u0219i pentru r\u0103zboi.<\/p><p>Cato transmite \u00een scrierea sa <em>De agri cultura<\/em> o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span> prin care un agricultor era \u00eendemnat s\u0103 \u00eei cear\u0103 lui Mars protec\u021bia mo\u0219iei, a familiei \u0219i a vitelor sale \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei aduc\u0103 \u00een schimb o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertf\u0103<\/span> tripl\u0103, numita <em>suovetaurilia<\/em>, din porc, oaie \u0219i taur.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">rug\u0103ciune<\/span>, Mars apare ca o for\u021b\u0103 de ap\u0103rare \u00eempotriva bolii, a sterpirii \u0219i a furtunilor. Aceast\u0103 latur\u0103 agricol\u0103 face parte din miezul vechiului cult al lui Mars \u0219i este departe de a fi o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 marginal\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea explic\u0103 aceast\u0103 arie larg\u0103 de competen\u021b\u0103 \u00een moduri diferite. O interpretare \u00eel vede pe Mars ca protector general al comunit\u0103\u021bii, a c\u0103rui func\u021bie defensiv\u0103 se manifesta spre exterior ca purtare a r\u0103zboiului, iar spre interior ca protec\u021bie a c\u00e2mpului \u0219i a turmei.<\/p><p>Italicul Mars era astfel mai pu\u021bin specializat dec\u00e2t grecescul Ares, care \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> grec r\u0103m\u00e2nea o figur\u0103 periferic\u0103, nu tocmai iubit\u0103, pur r\u0103zboinic\u0103.<\/p><p>Abia identificarea literar\u0103 din epoca elenistic\u0103 \u0219i cea imperial\u0103 a \u00eempins vechile func\u021bii \u00een plan secund. Pentru \u00een\u021belegerea romanului Mars este, prin urmare, important s\u0103 nu se ia modelul grec drept \u00eentregul tablou, ci s\u0103 fie privit zeul \u00een contextul s\u0103u italic originar, \u00een care r\u0103zboiul \u0219i ocrotirea c\u00e2mpului erau dou\u0103 fe\u021be ale aceleia\u0219i puteri de ap\u0103rare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbe049f5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbe049f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2341e5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2341e5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars ca str\u0103mo\u0219 al Romei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp384072b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp384072b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp928dcb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp928dcb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mars de\u021bine \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba de sine roman\u0103 o pozi\u021bie genealogic\u0103 aparte. El este considerat tat\u0103l gemenilor Romulus \u0219i Remus \u0219i, prin aceasta, str\u0103mo\u0219ul poporului roman.<\/p><p>Conform legendei fondatoare transmise de Livius \u0219i de al\u021bii, vestala Rhea Silvia i-a n\u0103scut pe gemeni din leg\u0103tura cu Mars. Copiii au fost abandona\u021bi, al\u0103pta\u021bi de o lupoaic\u0103, animal sacru lui Mars, \u0219i crescu\u021bi de un p\u0103stor. Romulus a \u00eentemeiat mai t\u00e2rziu cetatea.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 descenden\u021b\u0103 l-a transformat pe Mars \u00eentr-un zeu dinastic \u0219i politic, nu doar \u00eentr-o putere a naturii. De\u0219i <em>gens Iulia<\/em>, neamul lui Caesar \u0219i, implicit, al lui Augustus, se revendica prin Venus de la Aeneas, leg\u0103tura Romei \u00een ansamblu cu Mars a r\u0103mas o component\u0103 solid\u0103 a ideologiei de stat.<\/p><p>Augustus a amplificat aceast\u0103 linie construind <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui <em>Mars Ultor<\/em>, R\u0103zbun\u0103torul, \u0219i f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-l centrul noului s\u0103u for. Supranumele <em>Ultor<\/em> era legat de r\u0103zbunarea asasin\u0103rii lui Caesar \u0219i de recuperarea stindardelor capturate de par\u021bi.<\/p><p>Cioc\u0103nitoarea sacr\u0103 lui Mars, <em>picus Martius<\/em>, \u0219i lupul se num\u0103rau printre animalele prin care zeul a ac\u021bionat \u00een legenda fondatoare. De asemenea, luna martie, \u00een latin\u0103 <em>Martius<\/em>, \u00eei poart\u0103 numele \u0219i era considerat\u0103 \u00een vechiul calendar roman \u00eenceputul anului \u0219i al sezonului de campanie militar\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cempletirea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span>, calendarului \u0219i istoriei politice face din Mars un zeu al c\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> era str\u00e2ns legat de identitatea cet\u0103\u021bii. Spre deosebire de multe alte divinit\u0103\u021bi, \u00een cazul s\u0103u nu era vorba doar de venerare, ci \u0219i de nara\u021biunea de origine a comunit\u0103\u021bii \u00eense\u0219i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb74b0a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb74b0a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d5d03e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1d5d03e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Saliii \u0219i cultul scuturilor sacre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe517ad6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe517ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9594cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9594cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Printre cele mai remarcabile institu\u021bii ale cultului roman al lui Mars se num\u0103rau saliii, o preo\u021bie alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din doisprezece membri, deschis\u0103 exclusiv patricienilor. Numele lor este derivat din latinescul <em>salire<\/em>, a s\u0103ri sau a dansa, deoarece <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> lor consta \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 dintr-un dans cu arme prin cetate.<\/p><p>Saliii defilau mai ales \u00een luna martie, luna lui Mars, prin Roma \u00een ve\u0219m\u00e2nt arhaic: cu coif de bronz, sabie scurt\u0103, un ve\u0219m\u00e2nt pictat \u0219i un scut sacru la bra\u021b.<\/p><p>Aceste scuturi, <em>ancilia<\/em>, se aflau \u00een centrul ritualului. Conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, unul dintre ele c\u0103zuse din cer, ca garan\u021bie a d\u0103inuirii Romei. Pentru a nu putea fi furat, legendarul rege Numa Pompilius a poruncit confec\u021bionarea a unsprezece copii identice.<\/p><p>Saliii p\u0103strau cele doisprezece scuturi \u0219i le purtau \u00een procesiunile lor. Dansul era \u00eenso\u021bit de c\u00e2ntecul <em>carmen Saliare<\/em>, \u00eenrudit cu imnul arval, un text at\u00e2t de arhaic \u00eenc\u00e2t romanii din epoca clasic\u0103 abia \u00eel mai \u00een\u021belegeau.<\/p><p>Saliii marcau \u00eenceputul \u0219i sf\u00e2r\u0219itul sezonului de campanie militar\u0103. Ritualurile lor din martie deschideau perioada \u00een care putea fi purtat r\u0103zboiul, iar un alt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> din octombrie o \u00eencheia. Aceast\u0103 integrare \u00een ciclul anual arat\u0103 din nou cum Mars se situa \u00eentre sfera r\u0103zboinic\u0103 \u0219i cea agricol\u0103.<\/p><p>Pentru cercetare, saliii sunt valoro\u0219i deoarece au conservat o parte foarte veche a religiei romane, p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een limb\u0103 \u0219i form\u0103. Multe aspecte ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualului<\/span> lor erau obscure chiar \u0219i pentru autorii antici, ceea ce face situa\u021bia surselor corespunz\u0103tor lacunar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd54e62c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd54e62c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6a874e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6a874e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuare, C\u00e2mpul lui Marte \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103tori<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp556b925 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp556b925\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06323e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp06323e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ancorarea topografic\u0103 a lui Mars la Roma era neobi\u0219nuit\u0103. Cel mai vechi loc de cult al s\u0103u se afla, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, \u00een afara limitelor propriu-zise ale ora\u0219ului, pe <em>Campus Martius<\/em>, C\u00e2mpul lui Marte din bucla Tibrului. Aceast\u0103 loca\u021bie avea o justificare de drept sacral: cei \u00eenarma\u021bi \u0219i armata nu aveau voie s\u0103 treac\u0103 pomerium-ul, grani\u021ba sacr\u0103 a ora\u0219ului.<\/p><p>C\u00e2mpul lui Marte era, prin urmare, locul destinat recrut\u0103rii, exerci\u021biilor militare, adun\u0103rii populare \u00een forma sa militar\u0103 \u0219i recens\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Abia Augustus a adus zeul demonstrativ \u00een centru, prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui <em>Mars Ultor<\/em> de pe forul s\u0103u.<\/p><p>Calendarul de s\u0103rb\u0103tori al lui Mars era concentrat \u00een martie \u0219i octombrie. \u00cen martie aveau loc mai multe s\u0103rb\u0103tori, printre care curse de cai \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea <em>Quinquatrus<\/em>, cu prilejul c\u0103reia erau cur\u0103\u021bate, printre altele, armele sacre.<\/p><p>Octombrie era \u00eencheiat de <em>October equus<\/em>, o jertf\u0103 de cal, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia calul drept al perechii de doi biruitori era sacrificat lui Mars. Coada sa era dus\u0103 repede la Regia, o cl\u0103dire venerabil\u0103 din For, unde s\u00e2ngele trebuia s\u0103 picure pe vatr\u0103. Semnifica\u021bia exact\u0103 a acestui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 fixat\u0103 \u0219i recurent\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">rit<\/span> era disputat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de c\u0103rturarii antici.<\/p><p>\u00cen Regia erau p\u0103strate de asemenea <em>hastae Martiae<\/em>, l\u0103ncile sacre ale lui Mars. Un comandant le atingea, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, \u00eenainte de plecarea \u00een c\u00e2mp, rostind cuvintele c\u0103 zeul s\u0103 vegheze.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 l\u0103ncile se mi\u0219cau de la sine, aceasta era considerat\u0103 un semn amenin\u021b\u0103tor. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre obiect de cult, loc \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 fixat\u0103 \u0219i recurent\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">rit<\/span> arat\u0103 c\u0103 religia lui Mars la Roma nu era un sistem abstract de credin\u021b\u0103, ci str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de locuri \u0219i obiecte care influen\u021bau via\u021ba public\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf5ff2a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf5ff2a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a78867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8a78867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mars \u00een provincii \u0219i contopirea cu zeii locali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c42560 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c42560\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0be426b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0be426b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu extinderea Imperiului Roman s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u0219i cultul lui Mars, \u00eens\u0103 acesta a r\u0103mas rareori neschimbat. \u00cen provincii, mai ales \u00een Galia, Britania \u0219i pe Rin, Mars s-a contopit adesea cu divinit\u0103\u021bi locale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 procedur\u0103, desemnat\u0103 \u00een cercetare drept <em>interpretatio Romana<\/em>, a dus la un mare num\u0103r de epitete ale lui Mars care apar pe inscrip\u021bii votive. Pot fi men\u021bionate, de pild\u0103, <em>Mars Lenus<\/em> la Trier, <em>Mars Camulus<\/em> \u00een spa\u021biul celtic sau <em>Mars Thingsus<\/em> \u00een Britania, asociat cu o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> germanic\u0103.<\/p><p>Este remarcabil c\u0103 Mars provincial apare mai frecvent ca zeu al vindec\u0103rii \u0219i al protec\u021biei dec\u00e2t ca zeu al r\u0103zboiului. <em>Mars Lenus<\/em>, de pild\u0103, era o important\u0103 divinitate taumaturgic\u0103 cu un mare complex templier.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 schimbare de accent se explic\u0103 par\u021bial prin caracteristicile zeilor locali cu care Mars a fost identificat, par\u021bial prin larga func\u021bie de protec\u021bie a vechiului Mars italic deja men\u021bionat\u0103. Zeul oferea un punct de leg\u0103tur\u0103 deoarece nu era exclusiv definit prin atribute r\u0103zboinice.<\/p><p>Cultele provinciale sunt importante pentru cercetare deoarece arat\u0103 cum func\u021biona religia roman\u0103 \u00een \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu tradi\u021biile locale. Ea nu era un sistem rigid impus f\u0103r\u0103 nuan\u021be, ci permitea adresarea divinit\u0103\u021bilor existente \u00een form\u0103 roman\u0103.<\/p><p>Numeroasele altare votive, inscrip\u021bii \u0219i complexe templiere dezvelite de arheologi mai ales \u00een Europa de Nord-Vest constituie o baz\u0103 material\u0103 extins\u0103. Ele arat\u0103 c\u0103 un singur nume, Mars, putea acoperi \u00een practic\u0103 un \u00eentreg ansamblu de reprezent\u0103ri divine diferite regional. O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> unitar\u0103 a lui Mars provincial nu poate fi dedus\u0103 din acestea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b1a899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b1a899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9c89b19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9c89b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posteritate: Mars \u00een astrologie, art\u0103 \u0219i cultura modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe0e252 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfe0e252\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp92dc409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp92dc409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dincolo de religia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span>, Mars a continuat s\u0103 fie prezent mai ales ca zeu planetar. Planeta ro\u0219iatic\u0103 \u00eei poart\u0103 numele din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>, iar \u00een tradi\u021bia astrologic\u0103, ajuns\u0103 \u00een Europa medieval\u0103 prin intermediari din Antichitatea t\u00e2rzie \u0219i din lumea arab\u0103, Mars era considerat\u0103 steaua r\u0103zboiului, a agresiunii \u0219i a fierului.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 func\u021bie apare \u00een nenum\u0103rate reprezent\u0103ri medievale \u0219i din epoca modern\u0103 timpurie, de pild\u0103 \u00een imaginile copiilor planetelor, care arat\u0103 ce oameni \u0219i activit\u0103\u021bi erau asociate lui Mars: solda\u021bi, fierari \u0219i m\u0103celari.<\/p><p>\u00cen artele plastice ale Rena\u0219terii \u0219i Barocului, Mars era de regul\u0103 reprezentat dup\u0103 modelul grecescului Ares, frecvent \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Venus.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> <em>Mars \u0219i Venus<\/em>, care ilustreaz\u0103 \u00eembl\u00e2nzirea r\u0103zboiului prin iubire, se reg\u0103se\u0219te, printre altele, la Botticelli, Veronese \u0219i Rubens. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 se \u00eentoarce mai pu\u021bin la vechiul protector italic \u0219i mai mult la contopirea literar\u0103 cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> grec.<\/p><p>Mars este prezent \u0219i lingvistic p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre. Adjectivul \u201emar\u021bial&#8221; deriv\u0103 din numele s\u0103u, la fel ca denumirea lunii martie \u00een multe limbi europene. \u00cen cultura popular\u0103 modern\u0103, Mars apare ca planet\u0103 \u0219i ca personaj \u00een literatur\u0103, film \u0219i jocuri, adesea redus la aspectul r\u0103zboinic.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 reducere corespunde mai degrab\u0103 grecescului Ares dec\u00e2t originalului roman. Cine vrea s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 istoricul Mars trebuie, prin urmare, s\u0103 treac\u0103 dincolo de receptarea ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 priveasc\u0103 zeul \u00een contextul s\u0103u italic originar, \u00een care r\u0103zboiul \u0219i ocrotirea c\u00e2mpului erau dou\u0103 fe\u021be ale aceleia\u0219i puteri de ap\u0103rare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/rom\/\">Roma, cultur\u0103<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome. A History<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>An Introduction to Roman Religion<\/em>. Edinburgh University Press, 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dum\u00e9zil, Georges: <em>Archaic Roman Religion. Volume One<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, 1970.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kajanto, Iiro: <em>The God Mars in Connection with War and Death<\/em>. In: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religia roman\u0103, puterea divin\u0103 activ\u0103 dintr-un loc sau obiect.\" tabindex=\"0\">Numen<\/span> 14, 1967.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mars, zeul tradi\u021biei romane Mars este zeul r\u0103zboiului \u0219i al for\u021bei militare \u00een tradi\u021bia roman\u0103. Considerat tat\u0103l lui Romulus, el este ocrotitorul dinastiei \u0219i al Imperiului Roman \u00eensu\u0219i, motiv pentru care i s-a acordat o venera\u021bie deosebit\u0103. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Mars reprezint\u0103 un exemplu de transformare a unui zeu de la protec\u021bia agriculturii la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1646,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mars","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mars - zeul roman al r\u0103zboiului","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tradi\u021bia scris\u0103 despre Mars se \u00eentinde cu mai multe secole \u00een trecut, cu foarte mare probabilitate","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105657","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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