{"id":105655,"date":"2026-08-04T16:16:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:16:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mama-killa-zeita-lunii-la-inca\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:16:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:16:43","slug":"mama-killa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/mama-killa\/","title":{"rendered":"Mama Killa &#8211; Zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105655\" class=\"elementor elementor-105655 elementor-2577\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mama Killa, zei\u021ba Lunii \u0219i sor\u0103-so\u021bie a zeului Solar<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa (quechua <em>Mama Killa<\/em>) este zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca, sor\u0103-so\u021bie a zeului Solar <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a> \u0219i patroan\u0103 a femeilor, a ordinii calendaristice \u0219i a purit\u0103\u021bii rituale. Spa\u021biul templier al acesteia \u00een Coricancha din Cusco era c\u0103ptu\u0219it cu pl\u0103ci de argint.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei\u021b\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei\u021ba Lunii.\">Zei\u021ba Lunii<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-mamakilla-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-mamakilla-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-mamakilla-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_mama-killa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2680\" alt=\"Mama Killa - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_mama-killa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_mama-killa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_mama-killa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_mama-killa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-mama-killa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-mama-killa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-mama-killa\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-mama-killa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-mama-killa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-mama-killa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa, <strong>zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca<\/strong>, este considerat\u0103 sor\u0103 \u0219i so\u021bie a lui Inti \u0219i guverneaz\u0103 sfera nocturn\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een panteonul andin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai \u00eenalte divinit\u0103\u021bi feminine ale cultului de stat inca.<\/p><p>Garcilaso de la Vega o descrie \u00een <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> (1609) drept sor\u0103 \u0219i so\u021bie a lui <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>; propriul ei spa\u021biu templier \u00een Coricancha din Cusco se afla direct l\u00e2ng\u0103 templul solar, \u00eens\u0103 era c\u0103ptu\u0219it cu pl\u0103ci de argint \u00een loc de aur, o expresie iconografic\u0103 consecvent\u0103 a pozi\u021biei subordonate, dar totodat\u0103 autonome, a zei\u021bei Lunii.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, ea se \u00eenscrie \u00een tiparul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit al perechilor fraterne lunar-solare, care se \u00eentinde de la constela\u0163ia egiptean\u0103 Hathor\/Re, la perechea japonez\u0103 Tsukiyomi\/Amaterasu \u0219i la rela\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 Ishtar\/Shamash. \u00cen cadrul lumii andine, ea reprezint\u0103 complementul feminin al complexului de teologie solar\u0103 masculin\u0103 \u0219i define\u0219te totodat\u0103 statutul cultic al <em>Coya<\/em> de rang \u00eenalt, so\u021bia principal\u0103 a Incei.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen arat\u0103 c\u0103 Mama Killa este mult mai pu\u021bin prezent\u0103 \u00een satele quechua contemporane dec\u00e2t <a href=\"\/ro\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>; ea ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 ca principiu de ordine calendaristic\u0103, stabilind perioadele de sem\u0103nat \u0219i de recoltat, mai pu\u021bin ca divinitate protectoare invocat\u0103 personal.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103 se explic\u0103 prin caracterul statal-imperial al vener\u0103rii sale \u00een epoca inc\u0103, care a pierdut suportul institu\u021bional odat\u0103 cu pr\u0103bu\u0219irea structurii politice inca.<\/p><p>Capitala inc\u0103 Cusco era \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 cosmologic \u00een <em>hanan<\/em> (Cusco de sus) \u0219i <em>hurin<\/em> (Cusco de jos), care, dup\u0103 Tom Zuidema, aveau conota\u021bii complementare masculin\/feminin, solar\/lunar.<\/p><p>Mama Killa era venerat\u0103 \u00eendeosebi \u00een cartierele Cusco-ului de jos, care reprezenta jum\u0103tatea inferioar\u0103, mai umed\u0103 \u0219i cu conota\u021bii mai feminine ale ora\u0219ului. Aceast\u0103 structurare nu era un simplu model formal, ci determina regulile de c\u0103s\u0103torie, obliga\u021biile dintre cartiere \u0219i func\u021biile rituale calendaristice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Mama Killa<\/em> este o compozi\u021bie quechua simpl\u0103 din <em>mama<\/em> (mam\u0103, femeie, persoan\u0103 feminin\u0103 de rang \u00eenalt) \u0219i <em>killa<\/em> (lun\u0103, lun\u0103 calendaristic\u0103). Ca \u0219i \u00een cazul lui <em>inti<\/em>, cuv\u00e2ntul desemneaz\u0103 at\u00e2t corpul ceresc fizic, c\u00e2t \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span> personificat\u0103, fuziune tipic\u0103 g\u00e2ndirii andine dintre nivelul naturii \u0219i cel al numinosului.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin indic\u0103 \u00een <em>Vocabulario<\/em> s\u0103u (1608) semnifica\u021bia lui <em>killa<\/em> ca <em>luna o mes<\/em>. Dubla semnifica\u021bie lun\u0103\/lun\u0103 calendaristic\u0103 este revelatoare: Mama Killa nu este doar figura lunar\u0103 de pe cer, ci \u0219i personificarea timpului calendaristic lunar, dup\u0103 care se orienteaz\u0103 biologia feminin\u0103, sem\u0103natul \u0219i recolta.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul aymara se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te echivalentul <em>Phaxsi Mama<\/em>, de asemenea mama lunii. Varianta regional\u0103 <em>Quilla<\/em>, cu dublu <em>l<\/em>, se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een unele cronici spaniole mai vechi (Sarmiento, Cobo) \u0219i reflect\u0103 ortografia timpurie a misionarilor spanioli.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere al istoriei limbii, este notabil\u0103 str\u00e2nsa \u00eenrudire dintre <em>killa<\/em> \u0219i <em>killay<\/em>, verbul quechua pentru <em>a a\u0219tepta<\/em> sau <em>a a\u0219tepta ceva<\/em>. Cesar Itier a sus\u021binut, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale de lingvistic\u0103 privind <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> inca\u0219\u0103, ipoteza c\u0103 <em>killa<\/em> ar fi putut marca ini\u021bial faza de a\u0219teptare dintre sem\u0103n\u0103turi, \u00een care ciclurile lunare structurau r\u0103bdarea \u021b\u0103ranilor \u00een intervalul dintre sem\u0103nat \u0219i recolt\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 explic\u0103 dubla func\u021bie neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 a zei\u021bei lunii ca personificare a timpului de a\u0219teptare \u0219i principiu de ordine calendaristic\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod superior interpret\u0103rii pur astronomice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa este descris\u0103 \u00een surse ca un disc str\u0103lucitor de argint cu chip antropomorf, perechea feminin\u0103 a auritului Punchao al lui Inti. Acest disc de argint se afla \u00een a\u0219a-numitul <em>Killakancha<\/em>, zona camerei lunii din Coricancha. Polo de Ondegardo \u0219i Bernabe Cobo raporteaz\u0103 c\u0103 discul lunii a fost topit dup\u0103 cucerirea spaniol\u0103 \u0219i astfel nu s-a p\u0103strat.<\/p><p>\u00cen pictura colonial\u0103 cusque\u00f1\u0103, Mama Killa apare frecvent ca figur\u0103 feminin\u0103 cu diadem\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 de disc lunar de argint, adesea \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de un cer \u00eenstelat stilizat. \u00cen unele opere plastice ale \u0219colii din Cusco, ea este reprezentat\u0103 ca <em>sintez\u0103 Virgen Maria-Pachamama-Mama Killa<\/em>, de pild\u0103 \u00een operele cu \u00eengeri din biserica San Pedro din Andahuaylillas.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este observa\u021bia astronomic\u0103 a petelor lunare \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> inca\u0219\u0103: marile zone \u00eentunecate ale lunii erau interpretate ca un vulpe care se apropia din dragoste de Mama Killa \u0219i era ars pentru totdeauna \u00een chipul ei. Aceast\u0103 poveste despre petele lunare este transmis\u0103 de Cristobal de Molina \u0219i face parte dintre rarele mituri inca\u0219e p\u0103strate cu caracter astronomic-aitiologic.<\/p><p>Discul de argint al Mamei Killa din Killakancha era, potrivit lui Garcilaso, aproximativ de aceea\u0219i dimensiune cu imaginea aurie Punchao a lui Inti.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Punchao, care era purtat din Sf\u00e2nta Sfintelor doar \u00een zilele de s\u0103rb\u0103toare, discul lunii era permanent vizibil, deoarece <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lunii nu constituia centrul autoprezent\u0103rii politice a Incei \u0219i, prin urmare, nu trebuia pus\u0103 \u00een scen\u0103 cu acelea\u0219i restric\u021bii.<\/p><p>Pe pere\u021bii interiori ai Killakancha se aflau totodat\u0103 corpurile mumificate ale so\u021biilor principale decedate (<em>Mallqui Coya<\/em>), contrapartea feminin\u0103 a galeriei de str\u0103mo\u0219i Mallqui din templul lui Inti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> legat de Mama Killa explic\u0103 eclipsele de Lun\u0103. Dup\u0103 Garcilaso de la Vega, inca\u0219ii credeau c\u0103 \u00een timpul unei eclipse lunare un <em>puma<\/em> cosmic sau un <em>\u0219arpe<\/em> o atac\u0103 pe zei\u021ba Lunii, amenin\u021b\u00e2nd s\u0103 o \u00eenghit\u0103.<\/p><p>Pentru a respinge acest atac, oamenii din Cusco f\u0103ceau \u00een nop\u021bile de eclips\u0103 un zgomot puternic: b\u0103teau \u00een vase, \u00eei \u00eendemna pe c\u00e2ini s\u0103 latre, tr\u0103geau s\u0103ge\u021bi \u00eenspre Lun\u0103 \u0219i \u00eencercau astfel s\u0103 alunge animalul atacator. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este ilustrat\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cronica lui Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1615).<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 nara\u021biune o leag\u0103 pe Mama Killa de etiologia z\u0103c\u0103mintelor de argint din Anzi. Potrivit unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bii<\/span> a cronicarului Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, Mama Killa pl\u00e2ngea lacrimi de argint care se \u00eent\u0103reau \u00een cr\u0103p\u0103turile mun\u021bilor sub form\u0103 de filoane de argint, o justificare mitic\u0103 a bog\u0103\u021biei andine \u00een argint care a f\u0103cut colonizarea spaniol\u0103 economic atractiv\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen miturile ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 ale inca\u0219ilor, Mama Killa este patrona maturit\u0103\u021bii feminine. La primul ritual menstrual al unei tinere fete (<em>quikuchikuy<\/em>) era invocat\u0103 Mama Killa, la fel la nun\u021bi \u0219i \u00een lehuzie. Cobo relateaz\u0103 un text ritual fix \u00een care zei\u021ba Lunii era rugat\u0103 s\u0103 ocroteasc\u0103 mama \u0219i copilul.<\/p><p>O a treia nara\u021biune mitologic\u0103 o leag\u0103 pe Mama Killa de \u00eentemeierea imperiului inca. Potrivit unui raport al lui Sarmiento de Gamboa, Mama Ocllo, una dintre fra\u021bii mitici ai lui Manco Capac, \u00eel purta \u00een nume pe <em>Ocllo<\/em>, un aspect al zei\u021bei Lunii.<\/p><p>Astfel, \u00eentemeietoarea imperiului nu este doar fiica lui Inti, ci \u0219i o manifestare a Mama Killa, un construct teologic care legitima dublu dinastia inc\u0103 \u0219i justifica pozi\u021bia de Coya at\u00e2t prin s\u00e2ngele Soarelui, c\u00e2t \u0219i prin cel al Lunii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> Mama Killa era institu\u021bionalizat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Coricancha din Cusco. Personalul s\u0103u era alc\u0103tuit exclusiv din femei, \u00een frunte cu marea preoteas\u0103, care era de regul\u0103 sora <em>Coya<\/em> aflate la putere (so\u021bia principal\u0103 a Incei). Aceste femei, <em>Acllacuna<\/em> (vezi \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>), \u021beseau ve\u0219minte lunare ornate cu argint, preparau chicha din porumb alb \u0219i officiau ritualurile lunare lunare.<\/p><p>Punctul culminant al anului cultic era s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de septembrie <em>Coya Raymi<\/em> (S\u0103rb\u0103toarea Coya\/Zei\u021bei Lunii), care marca \u00eenceputul ciclului de sem\u0103nat.<\/p><p>Cu aceast\u0103 ocazie se desf\u0103\u0219ura \u0219i ritualul de purificare <em>citua<\/em>, \u00een care r\u0103zboinicii capitalei inca alergau cu tor\u021be pe str\u0103zi, alung\u00e2nd toate bolile cunoscute \u0219i spiritele rele, printre care \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/supay\/\">Supay<\/a> cei nocivi, din ora\u0219, pentru ca la final s\u0103 fie simbolic sp\u0103late \u00een cele patru puncte cardinale.<\/p><p>Observarea astronomic\u0103 a fazelor lunare era sarcina unor preo\u021bi specializa\u021bi (<em>kallpa-rikoq<\/em>), care stabileau calendarul lunar pe observatoarele de piatr\u0103 din Cusco (de ex. <em>Saqsaywaman<\/em>). Brian Bauer a reconstituit topografia acestor observatoare lunare \u00een <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998).<\/p><p>Succesiunea lunar\u0103 a s\u0103rb\u0103torilor din anul imperial inca se raporta regulat la Mama Killa: calendarul lunar determina at\u00e2t perioadele de sem\u0103nat, c\u00e2t \u0219i perioadele administrative interne. Cieza de Leon \u0219i Polo de Ondegardo descriu c\u0103 fiecare faz\u0103 lunar\u0103 avea o func\u021bie specific\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 a imperiului: luna plin\u0103 pentru s\u0103rb\u0103tori \u0219i sem\u0103nat, luna nou\u0103 pentru rituri de purificare \u0219i doliu.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 temporal\u0103 bazat\u0103 pe Lun\u0103 se afla \u00eentr-o coresponden\u021b\u0103 complex\u0103 cu structura temporal\u0103 solar\u0103 a marilor s\u0103rb\u0103tori ale Soarelui \u0219i genera un calendar dublu stratificat, a c\u0103rui reconstruc\u021bie complet\u0103 continu\u0103 s\u0103 preocupe cercetarea andin\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa era invocat\u0103 \u00een practica epocii inca \u00eendeosebi la na\u0219teri, boli ale femeilor \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103torii nocturne. Cobo relateaz\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">obicei<\/span> de a pune \u00een noaptea dinaintea unei c\u0103l\u0103torii lungi o moned\u0103 de argint (\u00een epoca inc\u0103, o foi\u021b\u0103 de argint) sub pern\u0103, pentru a cere protec\u021bia zei\u021bei Lunii.<\/p><p>Ca obiecte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaice<\/span> \u00eempotriva co\u0219marurilor \u0219i spiritelor malefice nocturne, \u00eendeosebi \u00eempotriva <a href=\"\/ro\/supay\/\">Supay<\/a>, considera\u021bi activi noaptea, erau folosite mici amulete de argint \u00een form\u0103 de disc de semilun\u0103 (<em>tumi<\/em>) sau de figur\u0103 feminin\u0103 stilizat\u0103. Acestea erau puse copiilor pe frunte la culcare sau fixate de rama patului.<\/p><p>\u00cen satele quechua de ast\u0103zi aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 a trecut \u00een mare parte \u00een venerarea catolic\u0103 a Fecioarei Maria. Medaliile mariane pe care le poart\u0103 mul\u021bi meti\u0219i andini au preluat func\u021bional amuleta de argint a Mama Killa. Cercetarea etno-religioas\u0103, \u00eendeosebi lucr\u0103rile Oliviei Harris \u0219i ale Marisolei de la Cadena, a descris \u00een detaliu aceast\u0103 continuitate func\u021bional\u0103 \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de o r\u0103sturnare teologic\u0103.<\/p><p>O practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie extrem de specific\u0103 este folosirea argintului lunar \u00eempotriva eclipselor de Lun\u0103: \u00een zilele \u00een care era anun\u021bat\u0103 o eclips\u0103 lunar\u0103, mamele cu copii mici purtau benti\u021be de argint pe frunte, pentru a \u00eempiedica animalul atacator s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 prin Mama Killa sl\u0103bit\u0103 \u00een lumea celor vii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este descris\u0103 concordant de Cobo \u0219i Albornoz \u0219i arat\u0103 cum evenimentul astronomic era interpretat cosmologic \u0219i cuplat cu ac\u021biuni apotropaice concrete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa se \u00eenscrie \u00een tiparul mondial al zei\u021belor lunare feminine. Comparabile din punct de vedere structural sunt <em>Artemis-Selene<\/em> greceasc\u0103, <em>Diana-Luna<\/em> roman\u0103, <em>Isis<\/em> egiptean\u0103 \u00een aspectul ei lunar, rela\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 <em>Nanna-Sin<\/em> \u0219i figura hinduist\u0103 <em>Chandra<\/em> (conceput\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 ca masculin\u0103).<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul Americilor, Mama Killa prezint\u0103 similarit\u0103\u021bi cu zei\u021ba aztec\u0103 a lunii <em>Coyolxauhqui<\/em>, care \u00een mitul aztec central al na\u0219terii soarelui lui Huitzilopochtli este sf\u0103r\u00e2mat\u0103 de fratele s\u0103u. Dinamica agresiv\u0103 dintre soare \u0219i lun\u0103 este mai accentuat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> aztec dec\u00e2t \u00een cel inca\u0219, \u00een care rela\u021bia de sor\u0103-so\u021bie este formulat\u0103 mai armonios.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este \u0219i compara\u021bia cu <a href=\"\/ro\/changing-woman\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> a navajoilor din America de Nord, care reune\u0219te de asemenea ciclul vie\u021bii, maturitatea feminin\u0103 \u0219i timpul calendaristic \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 dimensiunea specific lunar\u0103. Eliade a descris sistematic tiparul Lun\u0103-Femeie \u00een lucrarea sa <em>Patterns in Comparative Religion<\/em> (1958).<\/p><p>\u00cen perspectiva comparativ\u0103 din epoca inca\u0219\u0103 sunt semnificative \u0219i varianta aymara <em>Phaxsi Mama<\/em> \u0219i varianta nord-andin\u0103 a religiei Cara de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Quito. Aceasta din urm\u0103 cuno\u0219tea o zei\u021b\u0103 lunar\u0103 <em>Quilla<\/em>, al c\u0103rei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> este descris de cronicarul spaniol Padre Velasco; indiciile privind o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> lunar\u0103 pre-inca\u0219\u0103 \u00een extremul nord al Tawantinsuyu sunt astfel prezente.<\/p><p>Frank Salomon a descris sistematic acest cult lunar nord-andin \u00een <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) \u0219i l-a diferen\u021biat de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> de stat inca\u0219\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen spa\u021biul andin modern, Mama Killa nu mai este un obiect de cult de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor, dar retr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclor<\/span>, \u00een s\u0103rb\u0103tori \u0219i \u00een mi\u0219carea cultural\u0103 indigen\u0103 \u00een cre\u0219tere. \u00cen cadrul serb\u0103rii reconstruite <em>Coya Raymi<\/em> (re\u00eenviat\u0103 din anii 1990 \u00een unele sate din zona Cusco) ea este invocat\u0103 ca patroan\u0103 a feminit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a timpului sem\u0103n\u0103turilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen cercetarea academic\u0103 actual\u0103, \u00een prim-plan nu se mai afl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> institu\u021bional\u0103 a lunii, ci problema arheoastronomic\u0103 a calendarului lunar inca.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema a sus\u021binut \u00een <em>The Calendar of the Incas<\/em> (2010, postum) teza c\u0103 inca\u0219ii foloseau un an lunar de 328 de zile, corespunz\u00e2nd celor 328 de sanctuare huaca ale sistemului ceque. Aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 este contestat\u0103; Brian Bauer \u0219i Gary Urton au relativizat-o par\u021bial.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Mama Killa r\u0103m\u00e2ne un exemplu important al unei zei\u021be institu\u021bionale feminine \u00een cadrul unei civiliza\u021bii \u00eenalte dominate de b\u0103rba\u021bi. Pozi\u021bia sa arat\u0103 c\u0103 Imperiul Inca nu a cunoscut o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> pur patriarhal\u0103, ci a dezvoltat structuri de gen complementare, care \u0219i-au g\u0103sit expresia pe plan politic \u00een dubla regen\u021bie Coya-Inca \u0219i pe plan teologic \u00een perechea divin\u0103 fratern\u0103 Inti-Killa.<\/p><p>\u00cen mi\u0219carea contemporan\u0103 Pachakuti-Mama din Bolivia \u0219i Peru, Mama Killa apare totodat\u0103 ca figur\u0103 de identificare a feministelor indigene. Autoare precum Domitila Barrios de Chungara \u0219i, ulterior, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui au f\u0103cut din redescoperirea complementarit\u0103\u021bii feminine \u00een sistemul religios andin un obiect al cercet\u0103rii sociologice.<\/p><p>Figura Mama Killa nu serve\u0219te aici ca restaurare a unui obiect de cult istoric, ci ca punct de referin\u021b\u0103 simbolic al unei ordini de gen indigene proprii, dincolo de critica eurocentric\u0103 a patriarhatului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos enumer\u0103 lucr\u0103ri centrale de etnologie andin\u0103 \u0219i istorie a religiilor dedicate Mama Killa, cu accent pe studii de arheoastronomie \u0219i istorie a femeilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d79402e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d79402e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp236ff127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp236ff127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mama Killa \u00een calendarul lunar \u0219i \u00een interpretarea eclipselor de Lun\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26302e24 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26302e24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23bc8ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp23bc8ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mama Killa, zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca, era str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de m\u0103surarea timpului \u00een imperiu. \u00cen timp ce zeul Solar <em>Inti<\/em> structura cursul anului \u0219i marile s\u0103rb\u0103tori ale sem\u0103natului \u0219i recoltei, Luna regla ciclul mai scurt, dup\u0103 care se orientau s\u0103rb\u0103torile religioase \u0219i probabil o parte a calendarului agricol.<\/p><p>Cronicarii spanioli, precum Bernab\u00e9 Cobo, raporteaz\u0103 c\u0103 mai multe s\u0103rb\u0103tori din calendarul festiv al Cusco-ului erau calculate dup\u0103 Lun\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 modul exact de func\u021bionare al calendarului inca r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p><p>Deosebit de edificatoare sunt relat\u0103rile privind interpretarea eclipselor de Lun\u0103. Cronicarii transmit c\u0103 inca\u0219ii \u00een\u021belegeau \u00eentunecarea Lunii ca un atac al unui pr\u0103d\u0103tor, cel mai frecvent men\u021bionat este un puma sau un \u0219arpe, asupra Mama Killa.<\/p><p>Pentru a salva zei\u021ba, oamenii f\u0103ceau zgomot: b\u0103teau \u00een vase, strigau \u0219i f\u0103ceau c\u00e2inii s\u0103 latre, pentru ca animalul atacator s\u0103 fie alungat. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 nu este specific\u0103 inca\u0219ilor, ci este atestat\u0103 \u00een numeroase culturi, \u00eens\u0103 consemnarea ei pentru Anzi arat\u0103 c\u0103 Luna era considerat\u0103 o fiin\u021b\u0103 vulnerabil\u0103, care necesita \u00eengrijire.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere critic al surselor, trebuie remarcat c\u0103 ace\u0219ti cronicari au descris adesea ritualurile din auzite \u0219i cu inten\u021bia de a prezenta religia andin\u0103 ca supersti\u021bie. Cu toate acestea, diversele relat\u0103ri concord\u0103 \u00een linii mari, ceea ce face episodul credibil.<\/p><p>Teama pentru Mama Killa \u00een timpul eclipsei ilustreaz\u0103 statutul ei de garant\u0103 a unui curs temporal stabil, a c\u0103rei dispari\u021bie temporar\u0103 era resim\u021bit\u0103 ca o amenin\u021bare cosmic\u0103. Pentru latura solar\u0103 a acestei perechi divine, vezi articolul dedicat lui <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp260f00e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp260f00e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d717866 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d717866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Templul Lunii \u00een Coricancha \u0219i iconografia argintului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25918dee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp25918dee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a3e6774 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2a3e6774\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Coricancha, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> central din Cusco, Mama Killa dispunea, conform relat\u0103rilor concordante ale cronicarilor, de un spa\u021biu propriu. \u00cen timp ce sec\u021biunea templului dedicat\u0103 lui <em>Inti<\/em> era amenajat\u0103 cu aur, metalul asociat Soarelui, sursele raporteaz\u0103 c\u0103 spa\u021biul lunar era c\u0103ptu\u0219it cu argint.<\/p><p>Garcilaso de la Vega, el \u00eensu\u0219i fiu al unei mame inca, descrie un disc sau o statuie de argint a Mama Killa \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 simbolismul de gen: aurul \u0219i Soarele ca masculine, argintul \u0219i Luna ca feminine.<\/p><p>Aceste relat\u0103ri trebuie citite cu pruden\u021b\u0103. Garcilaso \u0219i-a scris <em>Comentarios Reales<\/em> la decenii dup\u0103 cucerire, \u00een Spania, din amintire \u0219i cu dorin\u021ba de a prezenta trecutul inca cu demnitate.<\/p><p>Coricancha a fost demolat \u00een mare parte de spanioli; pe zidurile sale se ridic\u0103 ast\u0103zi m\u0103n\u0103stirea Santo Domingo. C\u0103ptu\u0219eala de argint nu mai poate fi verificat\u0103 arheologic, \u00eens\u0103 jefuirea metalelor pre\u021bioase de c\u0103tre cuceritori este bine atestat\u0103 \u0219i face relatarea plauzibil\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen acest spa\u021biu lunar erau p\u0103strate \u0219i venerate, conform cronicarilor, \u0219i corpurile mumificate ale <em>Coya<\/em> decedate, reginele inca. Mama Killa nu era, astfel, doar o zei\u021b\u0103 cosmic\u0103, ci era integrat\u0103 \u0219i \u00een venerarea ancestral\u0103 a liniei feminine de conducere.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura dintre Lun\u0103, argint, feminitate \u0219i linia regal\u0103 de st\u0103mo\u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 Mama Killa ocupa \u00een sistemul religios al inca\u0219ilor o sfer\u0103 clar delimitat\u0103, care se situa \u00een raport complementar fa\u021b\u0103 de cea a zeului Solar, f\u0103r\u0103 a-i fi subordonat\u0103 \u00een sensul unei dependen\u021be totale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Garcilaso de la Vega: <em>Comentarios Reales de los Incas<\/em> (1609)<\/li><li>Bernabe Cobo: <em>Historia del Nuevo Mundo<\/em> (1653)<\/li><li>Tom Zuidema: <em>The Calendar of the Incas<\/em> (2010)<\/li><li>Brian Bauer: <em>The Sacred Landscape of the Inca<\/em> (1998)<\/li><li>Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: <em>Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno<\/em> (1615)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Mama Killa Quilla Killakancha Coya Raymi Quikuchikuy Citua eclips\u0103 de Lun\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-mama-killa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-mamakilla-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-mamakilla-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te un tratament medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mama Killa, zei\u021ba Lunii \u0219i sor\u0103-so\u021bie a zeului Solar Mama Killa (quechua Mama Killa) este zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca, sor\u0103-so\u021bie a zeului Solar Inti \u0219i patroan\u0103 a femeilor, a ordinii calendaristice \u0219i a purit\u0103\u021bii rituale. Spa\u021biul templier al acesteia \u00een Coricancha din Cusco era c\u0103ptu\u0219it cu pl\u0103ci de argint. Zei\u021b\u0103Anzi \/ IncaZei\u021ba Lunii Cuprins Mama [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2680,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mama Killa zei\u021ba Lunii Inca","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mama Killa - Zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mama Killa, zei\u021ba Lunii la Inca, este sor\u0103-so\u021bie a lui Inti \u0219i patroan\u0103 a femeilor, calendarului \u0219i timpului. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105655","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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