{"id":105646,"date":"2026-08-04T16:15:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:15:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/supay-spirite-daunatoare-si-stapanul-lumii-subterane-din-anzi\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:15:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:15:59","slug":"supay","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/supay\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay &#8211; Spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane din Anzi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105646\" class=\"elementor elementor-105646 elementor-2580\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane \u0219i demon minier al podi\u0219ului andin<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (quechua <em>supay<\/em>, aymara <em>supaya<\/em>) desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 at\u00e2t o clas\u0103 de spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare, c\u00e2t \u0219i o figur\u0103 specific\u0103 a lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103 a Boliviei, s-a transformat \u00een <em>Tio<\/em>, demonul galeriilor din minele de argint de la Potos\u00ed \u0219i Oruro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor din tradi\u021bia Anzi \/ Inca.\">Spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Anzi \/ Inca.\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon al lumii subterane.\">Demon al lumii subterane<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2675\" alt=\"Supay - Geister aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een panteonul andin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay este o figur\u0103 greu de clasificat a religiei andine. Spre deosebire de marile divinit\u0103\u021bi imperiale <a href=\"\/ro\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, Supay nu este nici creator personificat, nici un zeu unic clar definit. \u00cen cele mai vechi surse quechua, el desemneaz\u0103 o clas\u0103 de fiin\u021be nocive \u0219i incorporale: spirite ale mor\u021bilor, demoni ai bolilor, perturbatori nocturni, \u0219i, \u00een paralel, o figur\u0103 personificat\u0103 de conduc\u0103tor al lumii subterane.<\/p><p>Misionarii spanioli au folosit <em>supay<\/em> \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XVI-lea ca echivalent quechua al diavolului cre\u0219tin (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 identificare a deformat considerabil con\u021binutul semantic originar: \u00een timp ce diavolul cre\u0219tin este conceput ca putere pur malefic\u0103, supay \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> andin\u0103 prehispanic\u0103 era o figur\u0103 moral ambivalent\u0103, periculoas\u0103, dar uneori \u0219i util\u0103, \u00een niciun caz o pur\u0103 r\u0103utate.<\/p><p>Antropologul peruan Manuel Marzal a descris sistematic distorsiunea supay\/diablo \u00een <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971).<\/p><p>\u00cen clasificarea din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Supay apar\u021bine largei categorii a <em>numinozit\u0103\u021bilor chtonice<\/em>: fiin\u021be ale ad\u00e2ncului, ale m\u0103runtaielor p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, ale pe\u0219terilor \u0219i ale pu\u021burilor.<\/p><p>Comparabile structural sunt grecescul Hades, germanicul Hel, mezoamericanul Mictlantecuhtli \u0219i, \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, Baron Samedi din voodoo. \u00cen toate cazurile este vorba de fiin\u021be asociate lumii mor\u021bilor \u0219i regatului subteran.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este observa\u021bia timpurie spaniol\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia inca\u0219ii de limb\u0103 quechua nu cuno\u0219teau un concept unitar al r\u0103ului absolut. Polo de Ondegardo nota \u00een 1559 c\u0103 inca\u0219ii cunosc multe fiin\u021be d\u0103un\u0103toare, dar nu o figur\u0103 unitar\u0103 a r\u0103ului asemeni lui Satan cel cre\u0219tin.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 observa\u021bie a fost interpretat\u0103 ini\u021bial de misionari ca deficit de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> \u0219i remediat\u0103 prin identificarea supay\/diablo, un proces care continu\u0103 s\u0103 preocupe cercetarea istoriei religiilor p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul quechua <em>supay<\/em> este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din primele dic\u021bionare coloniale. Diego Gonzalez Holguin indic\u0103 \u00een 1608 semnifica\u021bia prin <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> sau umbr\u0103. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 semnifica\u021bie este revelatoare: <em>sombra<\/em> nu desemneaz\u0103 doar umbra optic\u0103, ci un fel de fiin\u021b\u0103 imaterial\u0103 care poate fi ata\u0219at\u0103 celor vii. Pluralul <em>supaykuna<\/em> denume\u0219te mul\u021bimea unor astfel de fiin\u021be umbratice.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul lingvistic aymara, echivalentul este <em>supaya<\/em> sau <em>saxra<\/em>. Acesta din urm\u0103 este ast\u0103zi termenul mai frecvent utilizat \u00een satele aymara din Bolivia \u0219i desemneaz\u0103 spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare care locuiesc \u00een anumite fenomene naturale (v\u00e2rtejuri, cr\u0103p\u0103turi \u00een st\u00e2nci, pe\u0219teri).<\/p><p>\u00cen satele quechua-vorb\u0103toare moderne, <em>supay<\/em> a parcurs o istorie conceptual\u0103 diferen\u021biat\u0103.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen distinge \u00een <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) trei c\u00e2mpuri semantice: \u00een primul r\u00e2nd <em>supay<\/em> ca denumire peiorativ\u0103 pentru demonii cre\u0219tini (\u00een sensul identific\u0103rii misionare), \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd <em>supay<\/em> ca denumire generic\u0103 pentru un spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor umbratic, \u00een al treilea r\u00e2nd <em>supay<\/em> ca epitet onorific al anumitor st\u0103p\u00e2ni ai mun\u021bilor (Apu) sau mumii de str\u0103mo\u0219i (mallqui), care \u00eendeamn\u0103 la o pruden\u021b\u0103 plin\u0103 de reveren\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Apropierea etimologic\u0103 a lui <em>supay<\/em> de verbul quechua <em>supay-<\/em> (a fi purtat de v\u00e2nt, a fi dus de v\u00e2nt) i-a determinat pe unii lingvi\u0219ti s\u0103 presupun\u0103 c\u0103 semnifica\u021bia de baz\u0103 ar fi un <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> purtat de v\u00e2nt<\/em>, o fiin\u021b\u0103 care dup\u0103 moarte este adus\u0103 de v\u00e2nt \u00eenapoi \u00een lumea celor vii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103 de istorie lingvistic\u0103 nu este definitiv confirmat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 se integreaz\u0103 bine \u00een reprezentarea observat\u0103 etnografic a lui supay ca <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> al v\u00e2ntului<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen primele cronici, Supay este descris ca lipsit de form\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 invizibil\u0103 \u0219i efemer\u0103 care \u00eei viziteaz\u0103 pe cei vii \u00een somn, \u00een boal\u0103 sau noaptea. Aceast\u0103 absen\u021b\u0103 iconografic\u0103 este caracteristic\u0103 pentru vechea reprezentare andin\u0103 a spiritelor d\u0103un\u0103toare; ele nu erau \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219ate \u00een form\u0103 fix\u0103, ci temute ca prezen\u021b\u0103 invizibil\u0103.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu misiunea spaniol\u0103 \u0219i cu identificarea cu diavolul cre\u0219tin, iconografia s-a schimbat radical. \u00cen pictura colonial\u0103 din Cusco \u0219i Potos\u00ed, Supay apare tot mai frecvent \u00een chip europeo-diabolic: cu coarne, coad\u0103 lung\u0103, picioare de \u021bap, uneori \u00eenconjurat de vapori de sulf.<\/p><p>Faimosul tablou <em>Triumful Sf\u00e2ntului Mihail<\/em> (\u0219coala din Cusco, sec. al XVII-lea) \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 mai mul\u021bi astfel de supay sub picioarele arhanghelului.<\/p><p>\u00cen regiunea minier\u0103 bolivian\u0103 s-a dezvoltat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XVII-lea o iconografie proprie a lui Tio: figuri masculine modelate din lut cu ochi aurii, cap \u00eempodobit cu coarne, o \u021bigar\u0103 de tutun \u00een gur\u0103 \u0219i un falus proeminent \u00een erec\u021bie, expresie a fertilit\u0103\u021bii p\u0103m\u00e2ntului care na\u0219te argintul.<\/p><p>Aceste figuri ale lui Tio se afl\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een aproape fiecare galerie minier\u0103 din regiunea Potos\u00ed-Oruro. June Nash le-a documentat pe larg \u00een <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> mitologic\u0103 despre Supay este fragmentar\u0103. \u00cen manuscrisul Huarochir\u00ed (cca. 1608) apar mai multe fiin\u021be supay ca antagoni\u0219ti ai figurilor eroice; ele sunt de obicei \u00eenvinse prin viclenie sau respinse prin m\u0103suri rituale.<\/p><p>Crist\u00f3bal de Albornoz descrie \u00een <em>Instrucci\u00f3n para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (cca. 1581) diverse clase de supay, printre care <em>aya supay<\/em> (spirite ale mor\u021bilor), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (spirite-lance, adic\u0103 demoni-r\u0103zboinici) \u0219i <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (cei care ies la iveal\u0103, adic\u0103 spirite r\u0103t\u0103citoare).<\/p><p>Un topos r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een nara\u021biunile satelor de limb\u0103 quechua prive\u0219te <em>condenado<\/em> (cel blestemat): un suflet mort care, din cauza incestului, a crimei sau altor f\u0103r\u0103delegi grave, nu poate intra \u00een lumea de dincolo \u0219i umbl\u0103 ca un supay r\u0103t\u0103citor.<\/p><p>Ace\u0219ti condenados cutreier\u0103 mai ales noaptea prin regiunea muntoas\u0103, apar c\u0103l\u0103torilor ca tovar\u0103\u0219 trist, dar sinistru, \u0219i \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103-i trag\u0103 pe cei vii \u00een moarte. Catherine Allen a consemnat mai multe astfel de nara\u021biuni despre condenado pentru satul Sonqo.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> minier\u0103 a Anzilor bolivieni, Supay\/Tio apare ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al z\u0103c\u0103mintelor de argint. O nara\u021biune central\u0103 descrie cum primul miner a dat peste o statuie a lui Tio \u0219i l-a \u00eentrebat: Tio a promis argint bogat, dar a cerut drept contrapresta\u021bie frunze de coca, rachiu \u0219i uneori chiar o via\u021b\u0103 omeneasc\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 poveste este legendar\u0103, dar reflect\u0103 cu mare precizie riscul de accident efectiv observat \u00een galerii, prelucrat ritual prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Tio.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 clas\u0103 important\u0103 de nara\u021biuni prive\u0219te fiin\u021bele <em>pishtaco<\/em>, o form\u0103 specific\u0103 de \u00eenrudire cu Supay, care a primit o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 \u00een satele andine recente. Pishtacos sunt fiin\u021be cu pielea alb\u0103 care sug gr\u0103simea \u0219i ar \u00eencorpora gr\u0103simea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">victimelor<\/span> lor \u00een ma\u0219ini industriale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este atestat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XVI-lea \u0219i este reactivat\u0103 \u00een fiecare perioad\u0103 de schimbare economic\u0103. Mary Weismantel a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) cum aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune prelucreaz\u0103 religios tensiunile structurale dintre popula\u021bia indigen\u0103 \u0219i puterile non-indigene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i ritual minier<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Supay din epoca inca\u0219\u0103 exista doar \u00een form\u0103 negativ\u0103: supay nu erau divinit\u0103\u021bi ale primirii, ci spirite al c\u0103ror r\u0103u trebuia respins prin m\u0103suri rituale.<\/p><p>Cel mai important exemplu este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea anual\u0103 de purificare <em>Citua<\/em> din Cusco (septembrie), \u00een care r\u0103zboinicii purt\u00e2nd tor\u021be str\u0103b\u0103teau ora\u0219ul, alung\u00e2nd toate bolile, toate fiin\u021bele supay cunoscute \u0219i toate perturb\u0103rile din ora\u0219, sp\u0103l\u00e2ndu-le simbolic \u00een cele patru puncte cardinale.<\/p><p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XVII-lea, \u00een regiunile miniere boliviene s-a dezvoltat un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> autonom al lui Tio, care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult simpla respingere \u0219i se transform\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie activ\u0103 de \u00eengrijire fa\u021b\u0103 de demonul galeriei.<\/p><p>Minerii \u00eei aduc lui Tio ofrande \u00een fiecare mar\u021bi \u0219i vineri: depun frunze de coca pe genunchii lui, toarn\u0103 rachiu \u00een gura lui, \u00eei pun \u021big\u0103ri aprinse \u00een gur\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel roag\u0103 s\u0103 elibereze argintul \u0219i s\u0103 p\u0103streze galeriile \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Punctul culminant este <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (Carnavalul Minerilor) anual din Oruro, \u00eenscris pe lista Patrimoniului Mondial UNESCO din 2001.<\/p><p>\u00cen centrul s\u0103u se afl\u0103 dansul <em>Diablada<\/em>, care \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Tio de c\u0103tre arhanghelul Mihail: o fuziune coregrafic\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> prehispanice a lui Supay cu doctrina catolic\u0103 a demonilor. Celebrele m\u0103\u0219ti de argint ale diavolilor din carnavalul de Oruro sunt totodat\u0103 un fenomen de istorie a artei \u0219i de istorie a religiilor.<\/p><p>Regiunea minier\u0103 Potos\u00ed a reprezentat, de la descoperirea z\u0103c\u0103mintelor de argint \u00een 1545, centrul economic al colonialismului spaniol. Ora\u0219ul Potos\u00ed a ajuns \u00een secolul al XVII-lea, cu peste 160.000 de locuitori, unul dintre cele mai mari ora\u0219e ale lumii.<\/p><p>Num\u0103rul enorm al mor\u021bilor \u00een r\u00e2ndul muncitorilor indigeni din sistemul mita, mii de mineri mureau anual din cauza intoxica\u021biei cu mercur, a accidentelor \u0219i a epuiz\u0103rii, a marcat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lui Tio \u0219i i-a conferit un fundal s\u00e2ngeros, prezent p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een nara\u021biunile carnavalului oruro-bolivian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Practica de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva spiritelor supay constituie unul dintre cele mai bogate capitole ale religiei populare andine. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien \u0219i Olivia Harris au descris sistematic aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 \u00een satele studiate etnografic.<\/p><p>Mijloacele centrale de protec\u021bie includ: purtarea unui fir ro\u0219u de l\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eencheietura m\u00e2inii (mai ales la copiii mici), amplasarea unei mici combina\u021bii de cruce deasupra u\u0219ii de intrare \u00een cas\u0103, afumarea casei cu frunze de eucalipt \u0219i muna (o ment\u0103 s\u0103lbatic\u0103 a podi\u0219ului) \u0219i purtarea la g\u00e2t a unor buc\u0103\u021bi de usturoi sau iarb\u0103 de rut\u0103. Aceste practici au fost par\u021bial influen\u021bate \u00een detaliu de tradi\u021biile medicinei populare europene prin sincretism.<\/p><p>O practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie specific\u0103 prive\u0219te <em>almas en pena<\/em> (sufletele \u00een suferin\u021b\u0103) \u0219i <em>condenados<\/em>: cel care nu preg\u0103te\u0219te m\u00e2ncarea ritual\u0103 pentru mor\u021bi de Ziua Tuturor Sfin\u021bilor (1\/2 noiembrie) risc\u0103 ca str\u0103mo\u0219ii deceda\u021bi s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 ca spirite supay.<\/p><p>Elaborata practic\u0103 a mesei de <em>Todos Santos<\/em>, cu figurine de p\u00e2ine coapte special (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), choclo, dulciuri din porumb \u0219i frunze de coca, este totodat\u0103 venerare a mor\u021bilor \u0219i practic\u0103 de protec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de r\u0103zbunarea spiritelor tratate cu neglijen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Constela\u021bia supay\/Tio a primit mult\u0103 aten\u021bie \u00een literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, deoarece reprezint\u0103 un exemplu-model al fenomenului <em>inversiunii religioase<\/em>: o figur\u0103 \u00een principiu \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare devine \u00een practica minier\u0103 o rela\u021bie cultivat\u0103 activ, deoarece situa\u021bia de supravie\u021buire economic\u0103 impune o apropiere instrumental\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de cel malefic.<\/p><p>Fenomene structural paralele se reg\u0103sesc \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> mezoamerican\u0103 a Tlazolteotl \u0219i Mictlantecuhtli, \u00een tradi\u021bia vest-asiatic\u0103 a lui Lilith (care poate fi deopotriv\u0103 spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor \u0219i spirit protector) \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> african\u0103 a lui Eshu. June Nash a descris Tio bolivian \u00een <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) explicit ca exemplu de <em>teologie a clasei muncitoare<\/em>, care poate fi citit\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 marxist \u0219i religios-etnologic.<\/p><p>Specific\u0103 spa\u021biului andin este \u00eencruci\u0219area complexului Supay\/Tio cu complexul <a href=\"\/ro\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>. \u00cen minele boliviene, Tio \u0219i Pachamama sunt \u00een\u021belese ca pereche complementar\u0103: Tio \u00een interiorul galeriei, Pachamama afar\u0103 la intrarea \u00een galerie. Aceast\u0103 complementaritate corespunde principiului andin general al <em>yanantin<\/em> al perechilor duble.<\/p><p>O paralel\u0103 important\u0103 o constituie tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103 a lui <em>Lilith<\/em>, care reprezint\u0103 de asemenea o figur\u0103 cu chip dublu, \u00eentre spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor \u0219i intermediar\u0103 accesibil\u0103 \u00een anumite circumstan\u021be.<\/p><p>Conceptul japonez de <em>oni<\/em> este de asemenea \u00eenrudit, deoarece \u0219i fiin\u021bele oni sunt \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219ate nu ca pur malefice din punct de vedere moral, ci ca ambivalente. Aceste paralele structurale nu ar trebui s\u0103 conduc\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 la o echivalare tipologic\u0103: specificitatea cultural-istoric\u0103 a fiec\u0103rei tradi\u021bii r\u0103m\u00e2ne central\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare contemporan\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Tio din minele boliviene este ast\u0103zi unul dintre cele mai bine observate complexe de practic\u0103 religioas\u0103 din lume. Lucr\u0103rile lui June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) \u0219i ale altor cercet\u0103tori au descris \u00een detaliu continuit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i schimb\u0103rile cultului de la colonizarea spaniol\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este istoria identific\u0103rii lui Supay cu diavolul cre\u0219tin: un complex de spirite ini\u021bial mai degrab\u0103 umbros \u0219i moral ambivalent a fost transformat prin strategia misionar\u0103 spaniol\u0103 \u00eentr-un anti-zeu proeminent, care a ajuns, \u00een practica minier\u0103, \u00een mod paradoxal, din nou figura receptoare a unei rela\u021bii de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrand\u0103<\/span> reciproce.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 r\u0103sturnare ironic\u0103 este un exemplu clasic al <em>creativit\u0103\u021bii religioase<\/em> a culturilor indigene \u00een condi\u021bii coloniale.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, Supay\/Tio r\u0103m\u00e2ne un avertisment important \u00eempotriva identific\u0103rii simpliste a spiritelor d\u0103un\u0103toare indigene cu diavolul cre\u0219tin. Categoria <em>diablo<\/em>, de provenien\u021b\u0103 colonial\u0103, ascunde ambivalen\u021ba moral\u0103 genuin\u0103 andin\u0103 a complexului supay \u0219i \u00eel face inutilizabil pentru analiza \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. Contextul iWell Guard descrie acest aspect \u00een mod istoric, f\u0103r\u0103 promisiuni de efect.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103rile actuale conecteaz\u0103 complexul Supay \u0219i cu problema reprezent\u0103rilor indigene ale justi\u021biei. Acolo unde aparatul judiciar statal tradi\u021bional e\u0219ueaz\u0103, reprezentarea supay-condenado serve\u0219te \u00een sate ca mecanism de echilibru moral: cel care \u0219i-a asumat vina va reveni \u00een moarte ca supay r\u0103t\u0103citor pentru a-\u0219i executa propria pedeaps\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 dimensiune etic\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> lui Supay a fost descris\u0103 de Allen, Bastien \u0219i Salomon \u00een lucr\u0103rile lor ca <em>ecologie moral\u0103<\/em> a religiozit\u0103\u021bii quechua-aymara.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 \u0219i surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos listeaz\u0103 lucr\u0103rile centrale privind tradi\u021bia supay\/Tio din Anzii centrali, cu accent deosebit pe etnografia minier\u0103 bolivian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay \u00eentre reprezentarea precolonial\u0103 \u0219i reinterpretarea cre\u0219tin\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul <em>supay<\/em> face parte din cuvintele al c\u0103ror sens s-a schimbat fundamental prin colonizarea spaniol\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen primele dic\u021bionare quechua, cum ar fi <em>Lexicon<\/em>-ul lui Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s (1560) \u0219i vocabularul lui Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn (1608), <em>supay<\/em> apare ca denumire pentru un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> sau o fiin\u021b\u0103 umbroas\u0103, legat\u0103 de domeniul mor\u021bilor \u0219i al lumii subterane.<\/p><p>O valorizare moral\u0103 negativ-cert\u0103 pentru epoca precolonial\u0103 nu poate fi reconstituit\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Misionarii cre\u0219tini au tradus totu\u0219i <em>supay<\/em> \u00een mod consecvent prin diavol \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. Astfel, dintr-o fiin\u021b\u0103 ambigu\u0103 a lumii andine a ap\u0103rut o figur\u0103 a r\u0103ului cre\u0219tin. Aceast\u0103 echivalare apare deja \u00een catehismele publicate de cel de-al Treilea Conciliu de la Lima \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1583 \u00een quechua \u0219i aymara.<\/p><p>Cercetarea, inclusiv lucr\u0103rile lui Sabine MacCormack \u0219i Gerald Taylor, a demonstrat c\u0103 textele coloniale au creat astfel o categorie care nu exista \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103 anterior.<\/p><p>Imaginea devine complex\u0103 prin faptul c\u0103 popula\u021bia andin\u0103 a acceptat par\u021bial aceast\u0103 reinterpretare, par\u021bial a subminat-o. Domeniul subteran a r\u0103mas \u00een reprezent\u0103ri asociat cu bog\u0103\u021bia \u0219i cu minele, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t <em>supay<\/em> a devenit totodat\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul minelor.<\/p><p>Figura <em>t\u00edo<\/em>-ului, st\u0103p\u00e2nul de sub p\u0103m\u00e2nt, c\u0103ruia minerii din Potos\u00ed \u0219i din alte centre miniere \u00eei aduc ofrande p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie.<\/p><p>Ea nu este un simplu diavol cre\u0219tin, ci o fiin\u021b\u0103 cu care trebuie s\u0103 te \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219ti, deoarece de\u021bine comorile muntelui. O ambivalen\u021b\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103 caracterizeaz\u0103 raportul cu <a href=\"\/ro\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>, c\u0103reia i se cuvin de asemenea ofrande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada \u0219i dansul diavolilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un context viu p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een care reprezentarea lui Supay devine vizibil\u0103 este <em>Diablada<\/em>, dansul diavolilor, asociat mai ales cu Carnavalul din Oruro, Bolivia.<\/p><p>La aceast\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare, atestat\u0103 \u00een forma sa actual\u0103 de baz\u0103 din secolul al XVIII-lea, grupuri de dansatori \u00een m\u0103\u0219ti elaborate de diavoli trec prin ora\u0219. Purt\u0103torii de m\u0103\u0219ti \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 o armat\u0103 de figuri <em>supay<\/em>, care la final este simbolic \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 de figura arhanghelului Mihail.<\/p><p>Interpretarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 vede \u00een <em>Diablada<\/em> o \u00eembinare a dou\u0103 straturi. Forma exterioar\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 schema cre\u0219tin\u0103 a victoriei binelui asupra r\u0103ului, transmis\u0103 prin piesele misionare spaniole.<\/p><p>Totodat\u0103, referin\u021ba subteran\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne prezent\u0103: Oruro era un ora\u0219 minier, iar locul central de pelerinaj, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un mic loc sacru de p\u0103strare sau un spa\u021biu de rug\u0103ciune.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> Virgen del Socav\u00f3n, adic\u0103 Fecioara Galeriei, se afl\u0103 la intrarea unei galerii miniere. Dansul este \u00eenchinat Fecioarei, dar se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00eentr-un loc care apar\u021bine st\u0103p\u00e2nului minelor.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103tori precum Thomas Abercrombie au subliniat c\u0103 participan\u021bii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i interpreteaz\u0103 diferit aceast\u0103 ambiguitate. Pentru unii, dansul este un act de poc\u0103in\u021b\u0103, pentru al\u021bii o obliga\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de munte. UNESCO a inclus Carnavalul de Oruro \u00een 2001 pe lista patrimoniului cultural imaterial, ceea ce a condus la o uniformizare \u0219i comercializare sporite.<\/p><p>Cercetarea constat\u0103 c\u0103 valorificarea turistic\u0103 suprapune par\u021bial semnifica\u021bia ritual\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a o elimina complet. <em>Diablada<\/em> este astfel un exemplu bine documentat al modului \u00een care o figur\u0103 reinterpretat\u0103 colonial continu\u0103 s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 \u00eentr-o s\u0103rb\u0103toare public\u0103, asimil\u00e2nd noi semnifica\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dezbaterea de cercetare privind dualitatea lumii de sus \u0219i a lumii de jos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O chestiune disputat\u0103 a cercet\u0103rii andine prive\u0219te rela\u021bia dintre <em>supay<\/em> \u0219i un presupus model precolonial al lumii.<\/p><p>Unele prezent\u0103ri ordoneaz\u0103 cosmologia andin\u0103 \u00een trei domenii: o lume superioar\u0103, lumea mijlocie a celor vii \u0219i o lume inferioar\u0103, legat\u0103 de m\u0103runtaiele p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i de mor\u021bi. <em>Supay<\/em> este \u00een\u021beles \u00een aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 ca locuitor sau st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii inferioare.<\/p><p>Cercetarea este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een privin\u021ba v\u00e2rstei \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii reale ale acestui model tripartit. Critici precum Bruce Mannheim au subliniat c\u0103 sursele din care este reconstruit sunt aproape toate de origine colonial\u0103 \u0219i ar putea con\u021bine deja reprezent\u0103ri cre\u0219tine despre cer, p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i iad.<\/p><p>Exist\u0103 riscul de a proiecta o schem\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00een epoca precolonial\u0103 \u0219i de a o prezenta apoi ca bun propriu indigen.<\/p><p>Al\u021bi cercet\u0103tori, mai ales cei din jurul studiilor despre manuscrisele Huarochir\u00ed, o colec\u021bie de tradi\u021bii locale notate \u00een quechua \u00een jurul anului 1600, v\u0103d totu\u0219i indicii ale unei semnifica\u021bii precoloniale a domeniului subteran, f\u0103r\u0103 ca acesta s\u0103 fi corespuns conceptului cre\u0219tin de iad. <em>Supay<\/em> ar fi fost astfel ini\u021bial o fiin\u021b\u0103 neutr\u0103 sau ambigu\u0103 a domeniului mor\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Dezbaterea r\u0103m\u00e2ne deschis\u0103, deoarece este legat\u0103 de dificultatea fundamental\u0103 de a reconstitui religia andin\u0103 precolonial\u0103 din texte preponderent coloniale. Din aceasta decurge pentru o prezentare serioas\u0103 pruden\u021ba: ceea ce poate fi considerat cert este deplasarea de sens din epoca colonial\u0103, nu situa\u021bia precolonial\u0103 exact\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Crist\u00f3bal de Albornoz: <em>Instrucci\u00f3n para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (cca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay este considerat \u00een istoria religiilor <em>andine<\/em> deopotriv\u0103 <em>st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii subterane<\/em> \u0219i <em>demon minier<\/em>, c\u0103ruia minerii din minele coloniale de argint de la Potos\u00ed \u00eei aduceau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> pentru a preveni pr\u0103bu\u0219irile galeriilor \u0219i bolile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potos\u00ed Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/anden-inka\/\">Anzi \/ Inca<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supay, spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane \u0219i demon minier al podi\u0219ului andin Supay (quechua supay, aymara supaya) desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 at\u00e2t o clas\u0103 de spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare, c\u00e2t \u0219i o figur\u0103 specific\u0103 a lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103 a Boliviei, s-a transformat \u00een Tio, demonul galeriilor din minele de argint de la Potos\u00ed \u0219i Oruro. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay Anzi spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay - St\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane andine \u0219i spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i un st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103, s-a transformat \u00een Tio din Potos\u00ed.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105646","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supay - St\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane andine \u0219i spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Supay desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i un st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103, s-a transformat \u00een Tio din Potos\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/supay\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Supay - Spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane din Anzi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Supay desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i un st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103, s-a transformat \u00een Tio din Potos\u00ed.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/supay\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T16:15:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/\",\"name\":\"Supay - St\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii subterane andine \u0219i spirit d\u0103un\u0103tor\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T16:15:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T16:15:59+00:00\",\"description\":\"Supay desemneaz\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia andin\u0103 spirite d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i un st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii subterane. \u00cen regiunea minier\u0103, s-a transformat \u00een Tio din Potos\u00ed.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Geister aus der Anden-inka-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/supay\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Supay &#8211; 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