{"id":105541,"date":"2026-08-04T16:05:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/atum-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:06:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:06:23","slug":"atum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/atum\/","title":{"rendered":"Atum"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105541\" class=\"elementor elementor-105541 elementor-2994\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9c39ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9c39ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46b50b3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46b50b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec779fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec779fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf506e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1bf506e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atum, zeul creator egiptean din Heliopolis<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f70063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f70063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum este un zeu creator egiptean al c\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> era localizat la Heliopolis \u0219i care se afl\u0103 la originea Enneadei de acolo. Atum este considerat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> Egiptului antic zeul creator din Heliopolis, care a ap\u0103rut din apele primordiale Nun \u0219i a dat na\u0219tere, prin sine \u00eensu\u0219i, primilor doi zei, Shu \u0219i Tefnut.<\/p><p>Numele s\u0103u este tradus de obicei prin \u201eCel Des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it&#8221;, \u201eCel Complet&#8221; sau \u201eCel care a devenit Totul&#8221;; \u00een acela\u0219i timp, poate \u00eensemna \u0219i \u201eCel care nu exist\u0103&#8221;, deoarece verbul \u201etem&#8221; poate exprima at\u00e2t des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219irea, c\u00e2t \u0219i nega\u021bia.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 ambivalen\u021b\u0103 semantic\u0103 surprinde pozi\u021bia teologic\u0103 a lui Atum: el este ceea ce a existat \u00eenaintea crea\u021biei \u0219i ceea ce va fi dup\u0103 crea\u021bie, \u00eenceputul \u0219i sf\u00e2r\u0219itul ciclului cosmic.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce \u00een Regatul Mijlociu \u0219i \u00een Noul Regat Amun-Re preia rolul teologic central, Atum \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 func\u021bia cosmogonic\u0103 \u0219i profilul s\u0103u specific de creator prin automasturba\u021bie sau autorostire, unul dintre cele mai vechi \u0219i mai elaborate concepte din istoria religiilor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e442eee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e442eee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6f0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3a6f0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zei-egipteni\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia vechiului bazin al Nilului, cca. 3000 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 30 \u00ee.Hr.\">Egipt<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8373406 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8373406\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92ddae4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"92ddae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__92ddae4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33831b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33831b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb63f iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9fb63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3203\" alt=\"Atum - G\u00f6tter aus der \u00c4gypten-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_aegypten_atum.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883c3bc e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"883c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66878f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a66878f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a036d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a036d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i arbore genealogic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f1797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cosmogonia heliopilitan\u0103 \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Atum la originea Eneadei divine (grupul celor nou\u0103 zei). Din apele primordiale Nun, care existau \u00eenaintea oric\u0103rui timp \u0219i oric\u0103rei forme, Atum se ridic\u0103 pe dealul primordial (Tatenen), primul punct ferm \u00een mijlocul haosului.<\/p><p>Pe acest deal, Atum s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219e\u0219te crea\u021bia: \u00een Textele Piramidelor (Incanta\u021bia 527), el \u00eei creeaz\u0103 pe Shu \u0219i Tefnut prin sperma sa, pe care o emite fie cu m\u00e2na, fie o prime\u0219te \u00een forma propriei sale zei\u021be-m\u00e2n\u0103 \u201eHethemut&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o alt\u0103 variant\u0103 (Textele Piramidelor, Incanta\u021bia 600), Atum \u00eei creeaz\u0103 pe primii zei prin scuipare: l-a str\u0103nutat pe Shu (aerul) \u0219i a scuipat-o pe Tefnut (umiditatea). Ambele versiuni coexist\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> egiptean\u0103 s\u0103 fi \u00eencercat s\u0103 le armonizeze.<\/p>\n<p>Din Shu \u0219i Tefnut iau na\u0219tere Geb (P\u0103m\u00e2ntul) \u0219i Nut (Cerul), a c\u0103ror unire \u00eei aduce pe Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys \u0219i, \u00een unele liste, \u0219i pe Horus cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n. Astfel, Atum este str\u0103mo\u0219ul genealogic al aproape tuturor zeilor importan\u021bi ai Egiptului.<\/p><p>Eneada de la Heliopolis (grupul celor nou\u0103 zei) \u00eei reune\u0219te pe Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth \u0219i Nephthys; aceasta constituie cadrul teologic fundamental al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> heliopolitane.<\/p><p>\u0218irul zeilor nu trebuie citit doar genealogic, ci \u0219i cosmic: el desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 crea\u021bia de la pura identitate a lui Atum, trec\u00e2nd prin for\u021bele elementare ale naturii, p\u00e2n\u0103 la figurile divine care modeleaz\u0103 lumea uman\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Remarcabil\u0103 este autosuficien\u021ba lui Atum \u00een cea mai veche tradi\u021bie. Spre deosebire de al\u021bi zei creatori, Atum nu are nevoie de un partener \u0219i nici de o materie prestabilit\u0103; el creeaz\u0103 lumea din sine \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 concep\u021bie este dezvoltat\u0103 filozofic \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> ulterioar\u0103: imnurile lui Atum din Noul Regat \u00eel desemneaz\u0103 ca pe cel care \u201es-a f\u0103cut pe sine \u00eensu\u0219i&#8221;, care \u201ea luat na\u0219tere din sine \u00eensu\u0219i&#8221; (kheper-djesef). Aceast\u0103 interpretare marcheaz\u0103 specula\u021biile teologice ale epocii t\u00e2rzii \u0219i influen\u021beaz\u0103 \u0219i concep\u021biile cre\u0219tin-gnostice despre auto-generator.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen forma divin\u0103 unificat\u0103 Atum-Re, Atum apare ca aspect al zeului solar, mai precis ca soarele apun\u00e2nd seara (fa\u021b\u0103 de Khepri, soarele r\u0103s\u0103rind, \u0219i Re, soarele de la amiaz\u0103).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tripartizare a ciclului solar, tratat\u0103 pe larg \u00een Litaniile Solare ale Noului Regat, \u00eel face pe Atum zeul sf\u00e2r\u0219itului ciclului cosmic, care poart\u0103 totodat\u0103 \u00een sine noul \u00eenceput. Faraonii se identificau \u00een mod deosebit cu Atum \u00een moarte, deoarece acesta \u00eentruchipa trecerea de la apusul solar din lumea de dincoace la rena\u0219terea din lumea de dincolo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f33afe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f33afe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd5bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri, iconografie \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum este reprezentat de regul\u0103 ca un b\u0103rbat cu dubla coroan\u0103 (pschent), care simbolizeaz\u0103 unificarea Egiptului de Sus \u0219i a Egiptului de Jos. Aceast\u0103 coroan\u0103 este un atribut regal \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 func\u021bia lui Atum ca rege primordial \u0219i str\u0103mo\u0219 al demnit\u0103\u021bii faraonilor.<\/p><p>El poate ap\u0103rea \u0219i cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeul<\/span> pe cap, cu discul solar sau cu coroana atef. \u00cen \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are antropomorf\u0103, fa\u021ba sa este de obicei imberb \u0219i juvenil\u0103, ceea ce contrasteaz\u0103 cu imaginea lui Atum \u201ecel b\u0103tr\u00e2n&#8221;, care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 soarele de sear\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Animalul s\u0103u sacru este \u0219arpele. \u00cen Cartea Mor\u021bilor (Enun\u021bul 175), Atum declar\u0103: \u201eVoi trimite lumea \u00eenapoi \u00een apele primordiale \u0219i doar eu \u0219i Osiris vom r\u0103m\u00e2ne, ca doi \u0219erpi pe care nici un om \u0219i nici un zeu nu \u00eei cunoa\u0219te&#8221;.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 viziune escatologic\u0103 prezint\u0103 \u0219arpele ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al st\u0103rii primordiale nediferen\u021biate. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceasta, ichneumonul (mangusta faraonilor) este un animal sacru al lui Atum, deoarece ucide \u0219erpii care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 amenin\u021b\u0103ri de tipul lui Apophis.<\/p>\n<p>Principalul simbol de cult al lui Atum este piatra Benben din Heliopolis, o piatr\u0103 piramidal\u0103 sau conic\u0103 ce \u00eentruchipa dealul primordial.<\/p><p>Din Benben au derivat forma ulterioar\u0103 piramidal\u0103 a mormintelor regale \u0219i obeliscurile; fiecare pyramidion (v\u00e2rful piramidei) este simbolic o piatr\u0103 Benben, care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 ascensiunea spre cer \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu Atum-Re. Heliopolis \u00eensu\u0219i era marcat \u00een scrierea hieroglific\u0103 cu semnul Benben.<\/p>\n<p>Opere plastice reprezent\u00e2ndu-l pe Atum s-au p\u0103strat din toate epocile religiei egiptene. Din Noul Regat provine o celebr\u0103 statuie din cuar\u021bit a lui Tutankhamon, \u00een care t\u00e2n\u0103rul rege este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at cu coroana lui Atum; din Perioada T\u00e2rzie s-au p\u0103strat numeroase statuete mai mici din bronz cu Atum.<\/p><p>Pe pere\u021bii templelor din epoca ramesid\u0103, mai ales la Karnak \u0219i Abydos, Atum este reprezentat \u00een mod regulat \u00een r\u00e2ndurile zeilor care \u00eencoroneaz\u0103 regele sau \u00eei ofer\u0103 semnul vie\u021bii \u201eAnkh&#8221;. La Deir el-Bahari, Hatshepsut a \u00eenzestrat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Atum-Re cu programe iconografice impresionante, care \u00eei legitimeaz\u0103 propria crea\u021bie prin Amun-Atum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f518c57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f518c57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f90a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f90a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386b226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"386b226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heliopolis (\u00een egiptean\u0103 Iunu, \u00eensemn\u00e2nd \u201eora\u0219ul st\u00e2lpilor&#8221; sau \u201eora\u0219ul coloanelor&#8221;) era centrul principal de cult al lui Atum. Ora\u0219ul se afla la aproximativ zece kilometri nord-est de actualul Cairo \u0219i apar\u021binuse, \u00eenc\u0103 de la unificarea Egiptului, celor mai importante ora\u0219e din punct de vedere teologic ale \u021b\u0103rii.<\/p><p>Aici se g\u0103sea marele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Atum-Re, cu piatra Benben, cu arborele sacru persea \u0219i cu barca solar\u0103, care reconstituia zilnicul r\u0103s\u0103rit \u0219i apus al soarelui. Preo\u021bimea heliopolitan\u0103, condus\u0103 de marele preot (numit \u201eMarele V\u0103z\u0103tor&#8221;), era cea mai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat\u0103 din religia egiptean\u0103; specula\u021biile sale teologice s-au r\u0103sfr\u00e2nt asupra \u00eentregii \u021b\u0103ri.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ritualul zilnic al templului lui Atum, diminea\u021ba se efectua \u201etrezirea&#8221; statuii divine prin t\u0103m\u00e2iere, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Turnarea unui lichid ca liba\u021bie pentru o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">liba\u021bie<\/span> \u0219i recitare de imnuri. Pe parcursul zilei se aduceau ofrandele alimentare zilnice; seara, statuia divin\u0103 era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> pus\u0103 la odihn\u0103 \u0219i sanctuarul era sigilat.<\/p><p>La s\u0103rb\u0103tori speciale, cum ar fi jubileul regal (Serbarea Sed) \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Anului Nou, imaginea lui Atum era scoas\u0103 din sanctuar \u0219i purtat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cortegiu religios solemn.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> prin cur\u021bile templului. Aceste procesiuni erau publice \u0219i le ofereau locuitorilor ora\u0219ului parte la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> altfel exclusiv preo\u021besc.<\/p>\n<p>Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare a lui Atum era s\u0103rb\u0103toarea \u201eWepet-Renpet&#8221;, Anul Nou, care marca \u00eenceputul inunda\u021biei Nilului. Atum primea \u00een ajunul noului an primele ofrande din primi\u021biile recoltei, deoarece, \u00een calitate de creator, era \u0219i cel care re\u00eennoia ciclul anual.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Karnak \u0219i din templele mortuare ramesside documenteaz\u0103 aceste ritualuri \u00een detaliu. \u00cen \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritualul<\/span> regelui din m\u00e2na lui Atum&#8221; (Papirusul Berlin 3055) este redat\u0103 \u00een \u00eentregime secven\u021ba liturgic\u0103; ea servea faraonului drept model al propriului ritual templier zilnic.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen afara Heliopolisului, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Atum era prezent \u00een multe locuri, dar aproape \u00eentotdeauna ca aspect al altor zei principali. La Teba era venerat Amun-Atum, iar la Karnak \u00eentreaga Ennead\u0103, inclusiv Atum, era inclus\u0103 \u00een calendarul festiv. La Memphis, Ptah-Atum reprezenta o important\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 teologic\u0103, care combina conceptul lui Ptah-ca-intelect cu conceptul lui Atum-ca-autosuficien\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Celebrul text al \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologiei<\/span> memfite&#8221; (pe Piatra Shabaka, ast\u0103zi la Londra) formuleaz\u0103 reflec\u021bia teologic\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia Ptah a \u00eenf\u0103ptuit prin intelect \u0219i cuv\u00e2nt tot ceea ce Atum \u00eenf\u0103ptuise prin sperma sa; o variant\u0103 de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate filozofic\u0103 a teologiei crea\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049a490 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"049a490\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57bb878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57bb878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuare \u0219i temple importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f48b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76f48b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> lui Atum-Re din Heliopolis era una dintre cele mai mari construc\u021bii sacre ale Egiptului, dar din el nu s-a p\u0103strat aproape nimic. Ora\u0219ul a fost abandonat \u00een epoca roman\u0103 \u0219i folosit \u00een Evul Mediu ca carier\u0103 de piatr\u0103 pentru construc\u021bia Cairoului \u00eenvecinat; doar c\u00e2\u021biva obelisci izola\u021bi (cel al lui Sesostris I. la Mataria) \u0219i r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be ale zidurilor templului au supravie\u021buit.<\/p><p>Strabon (XVII, 1, 27-30) descrie vizita sa la Heliopolis \u00een primul secol \u00eenainte de Hristos \u0219i ofer\u0103 un raport succint despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>; la acea vreme, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> era deja neglijat, dar \u00eenc\u0103 vizibil.<\/p>\n<p>Capele importante ale lui Atum se g\u0103sesc la Karnak (\u00een curtea templului lui Amun), \u00een templul mortuar al Hatshepsutei la Deir el-Bahari, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Ramses al II-lea la Abydos \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Serb\u0103rii Sed al lui Amenophis al III-lea la Malkata.<\/p><p>Cele mai multe temple mortuare ramesside de pe malul vestic al Tebei (Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Sety I) au capele ale lui Atum, \u00een care regele decedat era unit cu Atum-Re.<\/p>\n<p>La Abu Simbel, Atum se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cei patru zei principali ai marelui templu (Amun-Re, Re-Harachte, Ptah \u0219i Ramses al II-lea \u00eensu\u0219i); Atum apare aici ca parte a apoteozei regale. La Deir el-Medineh, satul muncitorilor care construiau mormintele regale, exist\u0103 mici sanctuare private la care Atum-Re primea invoca\u021bii al\u0103turi de Amun \u0219i Ptah.<\/p><p>Sanctuarele lui Atum din De\u0219ertul Libian (Bahariya, Kharga, Dakhla) sunt documentate \u00een Perioada T\u00e2rzie. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Hibis din oaza Kharga, Atum este reprezentat proeminent ca parte a programelor iconografice teologice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a3fcf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a3fcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf69d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf69d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cfda27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cfda27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> central al lui Atum este autocrearea sa. \u00cen Textele Piramidelor (Enun\u021burile 527 \u0219i 600), povestea este relatat\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 variante. \u00cen prima, Atum emite singur pe dealul primordial sperma \u00een m\u00e2na sa, personificat\u0103 ca zei\u021ba Hethemut sau Iusaas; din aceast\u0103 pic\u0103tur\u0103 de sperm\u0103 iau na\u0219tere Shu \u0219i Tefnut.<\/p><p>\u00cen a doua, Atum \u00eei scuip\u0103 pe cei doi zei, jocul de cuvinte egiptean dintre \u201ea scuipa&#8221; (techech) \u0219i Tefnut, respectiv \u201ea str\u0103nuta&#8221; (ischesch) \u0219i Shu fiind perceptibil; zeii sunt astfel genera\u021bi prin onomatopee din verbe. Ambele variante ilustreaz\u0103 concep\u021bia egiptean\u0103 c\u0103 actul crea\u021biei este un act corporal, nu unul abstract sau spiritual.<\/p>\n<p>O alt\u0103 nara\u021biune descrie c\u0103utarea de c\u0103tre Atum a copiilor s\u0103i pierdu\u021bi, Shu \u0219i Tefnut. \u00centr-un timp mitic primordial, cei doi zei au disp\u0103rut \u00een apele primordiale Nun; Atum \u0219i-a trimis ochiul (Ochiul-Ochi sau Ochiul Ureh) s\u0103 \u00eei caute. \u00cen timp ce ochiul era plecat, Atum \u0219i-a creat un ochi nou.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd ochiul cel vechi s-a \u00eentors cu copiii g\u0103si\u021bi, a descoperit ochiul nou \u00een locul s\u0103u \u0219i a \u00eennebunit de furie. Atum l-a potolit a\u0219ez\u00e2ndu-l ca \u0219arpe uraeus pe fruntea sa; din lacrimile ochiului s-au n\u0103scut primii oameni.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune mitic\u0103, transmis\u0103 \u00een mai multe texte t\u00e2rzii, stabile\u0219te leg\u0103tura dintre ochiul divin \u0219i \u0219arpele uraeus \u0219i explic\u0103 totodat\u0103 originea neamului omenesc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Cartea Mor\u021bilor (Enun\u021bul 175) se g\u0103se\u0219te o viziune escatologic\u0103: Atum anun\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 dup\u0103 epoci \u00eendelungate lumea creat\u0103 va reveni \u00een apele primordiale Nun; doar Atum \u00eensu\u0219i \u0219i Osiris vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een chip de \u0219erpi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 idee a unei \u00eentoarceri ciclico-escatologice a lumii \u00een haos este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i prezint\u0103 o \u00eenrudire structural\u0103 cu conceptul hindu de pralaya \u0219i cu concep\u021biile apocaliptice mai recente.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ciclul solar zilnic, Atum preia rolul soarelui de sear\u0103. Odat\u0103 cu cobor\u00e2rea sa \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 \u00eencepe c\u0103l\u0103toria nocturn\u0103 a b\u0103rcii solare, care str\u0103bate regatul mor\u021bilor \u00een dou\u0103sprezece segmente orare.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torie este descris\u0103 \u00een detaliu \u00een \u201eC\u0103r\u021bile Por\u021bilor&#8221; \u0219i \u00een \u201eAmduat&#8221; (cartea \u201eCeea ce se afl\u0103 \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221;). Atum, ca b\u0103tr\u00e2n cu toiag \u0219i spate \u00eencovoiat, urc\u0103 \u00een barc\u0103 \u0219i este condus prin noapte spre \u00eenvierea de diminea\u021b\u0103 ca Khepri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f432fbe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f432fbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c63116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c63116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c52982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c52982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum este genealogic \u0219i teologic str\u0103mo\u0219ul panteonului heliopolitan. Cu Shu \u0219i Tefnut se afl\u0103 \u00een rela\u021bie de tat\u0103 \u0219i copii; \u00eentr-o variant\u0103, ace\u0219tia apar ca m\u00e2inile sale, care dob\u00e2ndesc propria existen\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Cu Re formeaz\u0103 forma dubl\u0103 Atum-Re, \u00een care soarele de sear\u0103 \u0219i cel de zi sunt reunite teologic. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Khepri \u0219i Re rezult\u0103 tripla \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are a ciclului solar: Khepri (soarele de diminea\u021b\u0103), Re (soarele de amiaz\u0103), Atum (soarele de sear\u0103).<\/p>\n<p>Cu Amun la Teba, Atum se contope\u0219te \u00een Amun-Atum, o form\u0103 care a devenit teologic activ\u0103 \u00een epoca ramesid\u0103.<\/p><p>Cu Ptah la Memphis exist\u0103 \u00een \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> memfit\u0103&#8221; o rela\u021bie filozofic\u0103: Ptah g\u00e2nde\u0219te \u0219i roste\u0219te ceea ce Atum apoi \u00eenf\u0103ptuie\u0219te creator; aceast\u0103 interpretare face din Atum aspectul executiv al unei crea\u021bii concepute de Ptah. Cu Khnum la Esna exist\u0103 o complementaritate similar\u0103; Khnum modeleaz\u0103 fiin\u021bele vii, Atum le aduce la existen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Osiris, Atum are o rela\u021bie escatologic\u0103 articulat\u0103 \u00een Cartea Mor\u021bilor: am\u00e2ndoi sunt \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219a\u021bi ca singurii zei r\u0103ma\u0219i la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lumii, \u00een chip de \u0219erpi. Aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie \u00eel face pe Atum zeul \u00eenceputului \u0219i al sf\u00e2r\u0219itului cosmic, iar pe Osiris zeul st\u0103p\u00e2nirii lumii subterane.<\/p><p>Cu regele (faraonul) exist\u0103 o rela\u021bie special\u0103: la \u00eencoronare, faraonul este identificat cu Atum, iar la moartea sa este primit ca Atum-Re \u00een ciclul solar. Aceast\u0103 identificare ritual\u0103 este nucleul teologiei regale egiptene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa28b21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa28b21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a347e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a347e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a562a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a562a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea<\/span> greco-roman\u0103, Atum era asimilat de obicei cu Helios sau Apollon, uneori \u0219i cu Saturn, deoarece Atum este \u201ecel B\u0103tr\u00e2n&#8221;. Plutarh (\u201eDe Iside et Osiride&#8221; 12 \u0219i 73) trateaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> heliopolitan\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel identific\u0103 pe Atum cu grecescul \u201eGeron&#8221;, B\u0103tr\u00e2nul.<\/p><p>Hermetismul elenistic a utilizat conceptele legate de Atum \u00een specula\u021biile sale despre \u201eautogenes Theos&#8221;, \u201ezeul auto-generat&#8221;. Aceast\u0103 interpretare a modelat \u201eCorpus Hermeticum&#8221; \u0219i, prin intermediul acestuia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> cre\u0219tino-gnostic\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichit\u0103\u021bii T\u00e2rzii<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Odat\u0103 cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul cultului templier p\u0103g\u00e2n \u00een secolele al cincilea \u0219i al \u0219aselea ale erei cre\u0219tine, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> practic al lui Atum a disp\u0103rut. Tradi\u021bia copt\u0103 a p\u0103strat totu\u0219i unele concepte teologice, cum ar fi ideea zeului auto-generat, vizibil\u0103 \u00een hristologia cre\u0219tin-copt\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen Evul Mediu, c\u0103l\u0103torii arabi relatau despre r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele templelor abandonate ale Heliopolisului; cei mai mul\u021bi obelisci au fost transporta\u021bi \u00een timp la Roma (ast\u0103zi la Lateran, Piazza del Popolo) sau la Constantinopol.<\/p>\n<p>Redescoperirea modern\u0103 a cultului lui Atum \u00eencepe cu oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 ai expedi\u021biei napoleoniene \u0219i cu descifrarea hieroglifelor de c\u0103tre Champollion. \u00cen secolul al nou\u0103sprezecelea, Lepsius a documentat programele iconografice ale lui Atum; \u00een secolul al dou\u0103zecilea, James Henry Breasted, Henri Frankfort \u0219i Erik Hornung au prezentat sistematic profunzimea teologic\u0103 a cosmogoniei heliopolitane.<\/p><p>\u00cen cercet\u0103rile mai recente ale lui Jan Assmann (\u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>&#8222;, 1984) \u0219i James P. Allen (\u201eGenesis in Egypt&#8221;, 1988), Atum a fost tratat ca figur\u0103 central\u0103 a \u201eteologiei prenatale&#8221; egiptene. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen generic pentru doctrine care pretind un cunoa\u0219tere ascuns\u0103, accesibil\u0103 doar ini\u021bia\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">esoterismul<\/span> modern \u0219i \u00een literatura New Age, Atum apare ca arhetip al \u201econ\u0219tiin\u021bei auto-n\u0103scute&#8221;, o interpretare care se sprijin\u0103 pe tradi\u021bia hermetico-gnostic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac60ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac60ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7888d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee7888d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7006bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7006bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atum apar\u021bine categoriei zeilor creatori care creeaz\u0103 prin auto-generare. Aceast\u0103 idee este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor: \u00een timp ce majoritatea religiilor politeiste descriu crea\u021bia prin lupt\u0103, unire sau munc\u0103 artizanal\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> heliopolitan\u0103 egiptean\u0103 cunoa\u0219te creatorul care se na\u0219te din sine \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p>Comparabile sunt doar c\u00e2teva alte concep\u021bii: Prajapati hindus, Hiranyagarbha vedic (&#8222;Oul de Aur&#8221;) \u0219i, \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 limitat\u0103, Autogenes gnostic.<\/p>\n<p>Reflec\u021bia teologic\u0103 asupra lui Atum a atins puncte culminante mai ales \u00een Perioada T\u00e2rzie. Imnurile din Esna, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> memfit\u0103 \u0219i imnurile din templele de la Edfu \u0219i Dendara trateaz\u0103 aspectele paradoxale ale creatorului: el se afl\u0103 \u00een apele primordiale \u0219i totu\u0219i este diferit de ele, este singur \u0219i totu\u0219i tat\u0103l unei Enneade divine, este b\u0103tr\u00e2n \u0219i etern \u00een acela\u0219i timp.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 profunzime filozofic\u0103 face discursul egiptean despre crea\u021bie unul dintre cele mai elaborate din istoria religiilor antice \u0219i plaseaz\u0103 g\u00e2ndirea egiptean\u0103 la acela\u0219i nivel cu filozofia greac\u0103 \u0219i indian\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Henri Frankfort \u00eel vedea pe Atum drept \u201ezeul suprem&#8221; al religiei egiptene, o interpretare relativizat\u0103 ulterior de Hornung: Atum nu este singurul sau cel mai \u00eenalt zeu, ci o manifestare a principiului divin care apare sub multe nume \u0219i \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103ri. Jan Assmann a analizat \u00een \u201e\u00c4gypten.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>&#8221; (1984) \u201enoua teologie solar\u0103&#8221; a Noului Regat, \u00een care Atum, Re \u0219i Khepri sunt uni\u021bi \u00een trei aspecte ale unei singure fiin\u021be solare; aceast\u0103 interpretare preg\u0103te\u0219te <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia<\/span> monolatric\u0103 a epocii Amarna sub Akhenaton \u0219i prezint\u0103 o \u00eenrudire structural\u0103 cu ulterior <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismul<\/span> biblic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c841e62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c841e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049c634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"049c634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8498c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8498c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Textele Piramidelor, Enun\u021bul 527 (autocrearea), Enun\u021bul 600 (Shu \u0219i Tefnut), Enun\u021bul 587. Textele Sarcofagelor \u0219i Cartea Mor\u021bilor, mai ales Enun\u021burile 17, 78 \u0219i 175. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> memfit\u0103 (Piatra Shabaka, British Museum EA 498), edi\u021bia James H. Breasted. Inscrip\u021biile templului din Esna, edi\u021bia Sauneron. \u201eCartea Por\u021bilor&#8221; \u0219i \u201eAmduat&#8221; din mormintele regale din Valea Regilor, edi\u021bia Hornung.<\/p><p>Strabon, \u201eGeographika&#8221; XVII, 1, 27-30; Plutarh, \u201eDe Iside et Osiride&#8221; 12, 73. Henri Frankfort, \u201eKingship and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1948. Erik Hornung, \u201eDer Eine und die Vielen&#8221;, Darmstadt 1971. James P. Allen, \u201eGenesis in Egypt.<\/p><p>The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts&#8221;, New Haven 1988. Jan Assmann, \u201e\u00c4gypten. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Theologie<\/span> und <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span> einer fr\u00fchen Hochkultur&#8221;, Stuttgart 1984.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atum, zeul creator egiptean din Heliopolis Atum este un zeu creator egiptean al c\u0103rui cult era localizat la Heliopolis \u0219i care se afl\u0103 la originea Enneadei de acolo. Atum este considerat \u00een panteonul Egiptului antic zeul creator din Heliopolis, care a ap\u0103rut din apele primordiale Nun \u0219i a dat na\u0219tere, prin sine \u00eensu\u0219i, primilor doi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3203,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Atum","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Atum - Zeul creator egiptean din Heliopolis | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Atum este zeul creator egiptean din Heliopolis, p\u0103rintele Enneadei divine \u0219i str\u0103mo\u0219ul panteonului.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105541","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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