{"id":105534,"date":"2026-08-04T16:05:05","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wakan-tanka-marea-putere-sacra-a-lakotilor\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:05:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:05:29","slug":"wakan-tanka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/wakan-tanka\/","title":{"rendered":"Wakan Tanka &#8211; Marea putere sacr\u0103 a lako\u021bilor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105534\" class=\"elementor elementor-105534 elementor-2584\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka, marea putere sacr\u0103 \u0219i fiin\u021ba suprem\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Lakota<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka (Lakota: <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em>, Marea putere sacr\u0103) reprezint\u0103, \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea religioas\u0103 a lako\u021bilor \u0219i a familiei lingvistice Sioux \u00een ansamblul ei, realitatea numinoas\u0103 suprem\u0103 \u0219i atotcuprinz\u0103toare. Este mai pu\u021bin o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> personificat\u0103 \u00een sens occidental, c\u00e2t o putere sacr\u0103 care p\u0103trunde totul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creator al tradi\u021biei Native American.\">Creator<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-indigene-nord-americane\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Native American.\">Native American<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 putere sacr\u0103.\">Cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 putere sacr\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-wakantanka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" 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304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2707\" alt=\"Wakan Tanka - G\u00f6tter aus der Native-american-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_native-american_wakan-tanka.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een religia lako\u021bilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul universului religios al lako\u021bilor, dako\u021bilor \u0219i nako\u021bilor, cele trei ramuri principale ale familiei lingvistice Sioux.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Dumnezeul monoteist al religiilor abrahamice, Wakan Tanka nu este o fiin\u021b\u0103 suprem\u0103 clar personificat\u0103, cu voin\u021b\u0103 proprie, biografie proprie \u0219i glas propriu, ci puterea sacr\u0103 atotp\u0103trunz\u0103toare (<em>wakan<\/em>), prezent\u0103 \u00een tot ce este viu \u0219i neviu.<\/p><p>Teologul lakota Black Elk a invocat Wakan Tanka, \u00een discursurile sale consemnate, mai ales \u00een opera alc\u0103tuit\u0103 de John Neihardt <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932), ca <em>Wakan Tanka unsi unkila<\/em> (Cel Mare Sacru care are mil\u0103 de noi).<\/p><p>Religionistul lakota contemporan Vine Deloria Jr. a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973) c\u0103 simpla traducere a lui Wakan Tanka prin <em>Great Spirit<\/em>, curent\u0103 \u00een literatura popular\u0103 din secolul al XIX-lea, rateaz\u0103 semnifica\u021bia autentic\u0103.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere structural, Wakan Tanka apar\u021bine clasei <em>fiin\u021belor supreme atotputernice<\/em> pan-religioase, \u00eens\u0103 este puternic individualizat prin \u00een\u021belegerea lako\u021bilor a puterii sacre <em>wakan<\/em>.<\/p><p>Lako\u021bii cunosc o multitudine de fiin\u021be wakan (comparabile cu st\u0103p\u00e2nii mun\u021bilor Apu ai <a href=\"\/ro\/culturi-andine\/\">Anzilor<\/a>-Inca): cele Patru Direc\u021bii, fiin\u021bele tunetului (a se vedea <a href=\"\/ro\/thunderbird\/\">Thunderbird<\/a>), spiritele animalelor, spiritele str\u0103mo\u0219ilor &#8211; toate sunt <em>wakan<\/em>, toate sunt parte a unicei puteri sacre atotcuprinz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Fa\u021b\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> occidental-monoteist\u0103, un aspect esen\u021bial al concep\u021biei lakota \u00eel constituie absen\u021ba unei atribuiri de gen clare. Wakan Tanka nu este nici masculin, nici feminin; aspectele wakan personificate se \u00eempart mai degrab\u0103 \u00een fiin\u021be masculine, feminine \u0219i androgine.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 neutralitate de gen a realit\u0103\u021bii supreme reprezint\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 autentic\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tino-islamic\u0103, cu imaginea sa de Dumnezeu-Tat\u0103 masculin, \u0219i a atras \u00een mod repetat aten\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021bei comparative a religiilor<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul lakota <em>wakan<\/em> este unul dintre conceptele central-religios-filosofice ale tradi\u021biei Sioux. El \u00eenseamn\u0103 la propriu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacru<\/span>, <em>misterios<\/em> sau <em>incomprehensibil \u00een \u00eentregime<\/em> \u0219i este utilizat pentru \u00eentregul spectru a ceea ce am numi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Desemn\u00e2nd ceea ce este \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor \u0219i sublim \u00een sf\u00e2nt; termen al \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor.\" tabindex=\"0\"><em>numinos<\/em><\/span>.<\/p><p>Lingvistul lakota Stephen Riggs a alc\u0103tuit \u00een dic\u021bionarul s\u0103u lakota-englez (1852) o list\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 de utiliz\u0103ri ale lui wakan, de la femeia \u00een l\u0103uzie p\u00e2n\u0103 la tr\u0103snetul fulgerului, de la punga de tutun a vindec\u0103torului p\u00e2n\u0103 la moartea unui cal iubit.<\/p><p>Ad\u0103ugarea <em>thanka<\/em> sau <em>tanka<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 <em>mare<\/em> \u00een sensul de cuprinz\u0103tor, atotcon\u021bin\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Prin urmare, Wakan Thanka este <em>puterea sacr\u0103 cuprinz\u0103toare, atotcon\u021bin\u0103toare<\/em>. \u00cen textele teologice lakota se face distinc\u021bie \u00eentre <em>wakan kin<\/em> (sacrul \u00een general) \u0219i <em>Wakan Thanka<\/em> (unicul sacru cuprinz\u0103tor), diferen\u021ba nefiind numeric\u0103 (unu fa\u021b\u0103 de mul\u021bi), ci calitativ\u0103 (parte fa\u021b\u0103 de \u00eentreg).<\/p><p>O diferen\u021biere teologic\u0103 important\u0103 a fost realizat\u0103 de vindec\u0103torul lakota Sword (Sword&#8217;s Account) \u00een anii 1890, \u00een conversa\u021bii cu antropologul James Walker: acesta a vorbit despre \u0219aisprezece aspecte wakan distincte, care \u00eempreun\u0103 alc\u0103tuiesc unitatea lui Wakan Tanka. Aceast\u0103 list\u0103 este documentat\u0103 sistematic \u00een lucrarea James Walker, <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980, publicat\u0103 postum).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structuri teologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Structura teologic\u0103 a lui Wakan Tanka este, conform vindec\u0103torilor lakota documenta\u021bi de James Walker (Sword, Finger, Bad Wound, No Flesh), considerabil mai complex\u0103 dec\u00e2t simpla concep\u021bie a <em>Great Spirit<\/em> din literatura popular\u0103. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> lako\u021bilor distinge \u0219aisprezece aspecte wakan, ierarhizate \u00een patru grupe a c\u00e2te patru aspecte.<\/p><p>Primele patru (<em>Wakan akantu<\/em>) cuprind: <em>Wi<\/em> (Soarele), <em>Skan<\/em> (Mi\u0219c\u0103torul, energia cosmic\u0103), <em>Maka<\/em> (P\u0103m\u00e2ntul) \u0219i <em>Inyan<\/em> (Piatra, materia primordial\u0103). A doua grup\u0103 (<em>Wakan kolaya<\/em>) cuprinde aspectele-\u00eenso\u021bitor legate de acestea: Luna (Hanwi), V\u00e2ntul (Tate), Frumuse\u021bea (Wohpe) \u0219i Pas\u0103rea Tunetului (Wakinyan).<\/p><p>A treia grup\u0103 (<em>Wakan kuya<\/em>) o formeaz\u0103 aspectele subordonate: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> Bizonului (Tatanka), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> Ursului (Hununpa), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> Celor Patru V\u00e2nturi (Tate) \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> V\u00e2rtejului (Yumni). A patra grup\u0103 (<em>Wakan lakolapi<\/em>) o constituie spiritele binef\u0103c\u0103toare: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> (Niya), umbra (Nagi), suflarea vie\u021bii (Naula) \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span>-sor\u0103 (Sicun).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 cu \u0219aisprezece aspecte este o construc\u021bie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologic\u0103<\/span> autentic\u0103, care nu corespunde ipotezei superficiale a unei religii lakota uniform-monoteiste. Vine Deloria Jr. \u0219i religionistul lakota Joseph Epes Brown au subliniat \u00een lucr\u0103rile lor \u00een mod repetat importan\u021ba acestei complexit\u0103\u021bi structurale.<\/p><p>Textele Sword-Walker sunt dificil de evaluat din punct de vedere metodologic. James Walker a fost medic de rezerva\u021bie la Pine Ridge \u00eentre 1896 \u0219i 1914 \u0219i a purtat \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 conversa\u021bii ample cu ultimii vindec\u0103tori lakota din genera\u021bia pre-rezerva\u021bie.<\/p><p>\u00cenregistr\u0103rile constituie una dintre cele mai importante surse primare, \u00eens\u0103 sunt par\u021bial distorsionate de propriul fond teologic al lui Walker (medic cu educa\u021bie occidental\u0103) \u0219i de dificult\u0103\u021bile de traducere. Cercet\u0103rile recente, \u00een special cele ale lui Raymond DeMallie \u0219i Vine Deloria Jr., au discutat sistematic aceste probleme metodologice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> mitologic\u0103 legat\u0103 de Wakan Tanka este, \u00een compara\u021bie cu multe alte tradi\u021bii religioase, remarcabil de s\u0103rac\u0103 \u00een nara\u021biuni personificate.<\/p><p>Aceasta se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 Wakan Tanka nu este el \u00eensu\u0219i o figur\u0103 care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103, ci realitatea de fundal \u00een care apar figurile active. Fluxul mitologic al tradi\u021biei lakota prive\u0219te astfel mai degrab\u0103 aspectele wakan individuale dec\u00e2t Wakan Tanka \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p>O constela\u021bie mitic\u0103 central\u0103 este apari\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/white-buffalo-calf-woman\/\">White Buffalo Calf Woman<\/a>, care, din porunca lui Wakan Tanka, a adus \u00een tradi\u021bia lako\u021bilor cele \u0219apte rituri sacre (a se vedea mai jos) \u0219i pipa sacr\u0103 <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune, transmis\u0103 \u00een special prin Black Elk, constituie istoria fondatoare central\u0103 a religiei lakota \u0219i este repovestit\u0103 \u00een aproape fiecare sesiune de Sweat Lodge \u0219i Vision Quest.<\/p><p>O a doua constela\u021bie narativ\u0103 cuprinde miturile cosmogonige despre bunicii <em>tunkasila<\/em> (a se vedea <a href=\"\/ro\/tunkasila\/\">Tunkasila<\/a>) \u0219i \u0219arpele de ap\u0103 <em>uncegila<\/em>. Aceste mituri sunt p\u0103strate \u00een textele consemnate de George Bushotter la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i au fost descrise sistematic de antropologul James Howard \u00een <em>The Dakota or Sioux Indians<\/em> (1980).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele \u0219apte rituri sacre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia lako\u021bilor cunoa\u0219te \u0219apte mari rituri sacre (<em>Owanka wakan<\/em>), practicate toate \u00een raport cu Wakan Tanka \u0219i atribuite Femeii-Vi\u021bel-de-Bizon-Alb. Ele sunt descrise sistematic \u00een lucrarea lui Black Elk \u0219i Joseph Epes Brown <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953).<\/p><p>Cele \u0219apte rituri cuprind urm\u0103toarele forme. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd Inipi, coliba de purificare prin aburire, care serve\u0219te ca preg\u0103tire ritual\u0103 pentru orice alt rit. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd Hanblechiyapi, c\u0103utarea viziunii: un t\u00e2n\u0103r sau un adult caut\u0103 singur, pe mun\u021bi sau pe un deal, mai multe zile \u0219i nop\u021bi, f\u0103r\u0103 hran\u0103 sau ap\u0103, s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 o viziune. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd Wanagi Yuhapi, p\u0103strarea sufletului (rit al doliului), \u0219i \u00een al patrulea r\u00e2nd Hunkapi, facerea-de-rude (adop\u021bie). \u00cen al cincilea r\u00e2nd Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan, ini\u021bierea pubertar\u0103 a tinerelor femei. \u00cen al \u0219aselea r\u00e2nd Tapa Wankayeyapi, aruncarea mingii, o reprezentare ludic\u0103 a distribu\u021biei cosmice. \u00cen al \u0219aptelea r\u00e2nd Wiwanyag Wachipi, Dansul Soarelui.<\/p><p>Acesta din urm\u0103, Dansul Soarelui, este cea mai spectaculoas\u0103 \u0219i mai intens religioas\u0103 practic\u0103 lako\u021b\u0103. \u00cen cadrul s\u0103u, practican\u021bii danseaz\u0103 mai multe zile f\u0103r\u0103 hran\u0103 sau ap\u0103, \u00een cerc \u00een jurul unui copac sacru, unii dintre ei cu oase \u00eenfipte prin mu\u0219chii pectorali, legate cu curele de piele de copac.<\/p><p>Dansul se \u00eencheie atunci c\u00e2nd oasele rup mu\u0219chii pectorali \u0219i practicantul este smuls din leg\u0103tura cu copacul. Aceast\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 fizic\u0103 este \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca cel mai \u00eenalt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificiu<\/span> pentru Wakan Tanka \u0219i ca poart\u0103 spre viziune.<\/p><p>Cele \u0219apte rituri sacre sunt practicate \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile moderne din rezerva\u021bii cu frecven\u021be diferite. Inipi (coliba de aburire) este practicat regulat \u00een aproape fiecare gospod\u0103rie din rezerva\u021bie; Hanblechiyapi (Vision Quest) are loc cu ocazia ini\u021bierilor \u0219i \u00een situa\u021bii speciale de via\u021b\u0103; Wiwanyag Wachipi (Dansul Soarelui) se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 anual la marile adun\u0103ri din rezerva\u021bii \u0219i se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai importante evenimente religioase colective ale popoarelor Sioux.<\/p><p>Celelalte rituri au devenit par\u021bial mai rare, \u00eens\u0103 sunt reactualizate activ de o mi\u0219care cresc\u00e2nd\u0103 de rena\u0219tere religioas\u0103 indigen\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i tradi\u021bie apotropaic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia Lakota nu cunoa\u0219te o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> direct\u0103 a lui Wakan Tanka \u00een situa\u021bii de urgen\u021b\u0103 acut\u0103, deoarece Wakan Tanka, ca realitate atotcuprinz\u0103toare, este prea general\u0103 pentru a fi direct responsabil\u0103 \u00een situa\u021bii individuale de via\u021b\u0103. Venerarea cu caracter protector se \u00eendreapt\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 c\u0103tre aspectele wakan individuale, c\u0103tre Cei Patru V\u00e2nturi, c\u0103tre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spiritul<\/span> Bizonului, c\u0103tre Pas\u0103rea Tunetului.<\/p><p>Practicile concrete de protec\u021bie includ purtarea unei pungi-medicament (<em>chanli<\/em>) cu pietre speciale, pene, r\u0103d\u0103cini \u0219i obiecte-medicament personale, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> Celor Patru V\u00e2nturi \u00een cele patru puncte cardinale cu orice ocazie ritual\u0103, purificarea prin afumare cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie cu un miez adesea istoric \u0219i tr\u0103s\u0103turi miraculoase.\" tabindex=\"0\">salvie<\/span> de bizon (Cedar) sau iarb\u0103 dulce (Sweetgrass), precum \u0219i utilizarea ritual\u0103 a pipei sacre <em>chanunpa<\/em>.<\/p><p>Fumatul pipei nu este o ardere de tutun, ci un act cosmologic: tutunul (<em>kinnikinnick<\/em>) este pus \u00een pip\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Cei Patru V\u00e2nturi, cu p\u0103m\u00e2ntul \u0219i cerul \u0219i cu str\u0103mo\u0219ii; fumatul pipei devine \u00een sine o form\u0103 de rug\u0103ciune wakan.<\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia apotropaic\u0103, scuturile Lakota joac\u0103 un rol deosebit. R\u0103zboinicii purtau picturi pe scuturile lor, primite \u00eentr-o viziune \u0219i legate de puterea wakan a unui anumit animal sau a unei anumite fiin\u021be.<\/p><p>Aceste picturi de pe scuturi nu erau simple ornamente estetice, ci obiecte de protec\u021bie ritual-practice eficace. Joseph Epes Brown a descris sistematic tradi\u021bia scuturilor Lakota \u00een <em>The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian<\/em> (1982).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wakan Tanka a fost citat frecvent \u00een literatura religionist\u0103 comparativ\u0103 drept exemplu american al unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> pan-spiritualiste a fiin\u021bei supreme. Din punct de vedere structural sunt comparabile: <em>mana<\/em> polinezian, <em>mana<\/em> melanezian, <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen concep\u021bia chinez\u0103, for\u021ba vital\u0103 activ\u0103 care str\u0103bate totul.\" tabindex=\"0\">qi<\/span><\/em>-ul chinez, <em>brahman<\/em>-ul indian \u0219i <em>nyama<\/em> resp. <em>nyam<\/em> vest-african.<\/p><p>Este important de subliniat c\u0103 Wakan Tanka nu este panteism \u00een sens strict: lako\u021bii disting \u00eentre aspectele wakan individuale \u0219i Wakan Tanka \u00eensu\u0219i, f\u0103r\u0103 ca acestea s\u0103 fie identice.<\/p><p>Religionista Aase Hultkrantz a descris sistematic aceast\u0103 diferen\u021biere \u00een <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981) \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lako\u021bilor nu corespunde nici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteismului<\/span> strict, nici panteismului clasic, ci unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologii<\/span> panenteiste de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul tradi\u021biilor amerindiene din America de Nord, Wakan Tanka prezint\u0103 paralele str\u00e2nse cu <em>Manitou<\/em> algonkin, cu <em>Maheo<\/em> cheyenne, cu <em>Yusen<\/em> apache, cu creatorul navajo \u0219i cu creatorul pueblo. \u00cen toate aceste cazuri este vorba despre concepte de fiin\u021b\u0103 suprem\u0103 care stau la baza unei puteri sacre atotp\u0103trunz\u0103toare.<\/p><p>O observa\u021bie religioas\u0103-istoric\u0103 remarcabil\u0103 prive\u0219te continuitatea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> lakota \u0219i \u00een diaspora Sioux mai larg\u0103.<\/p><p>Mdewakanton-Dakota din Minnesota, Yankton-Sioux din Dakota de Sud \u0219i Assiniboine din Montana \u0219i Saskatchewan au dezvoltat fiecare propriile tradi\u021bii Wakan-Tanka, care se deosebesc \u00een detalii, dar \u00eempart linia structural\u0103 principal\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> lakota. Aceast\u0103 continuitate pan-Sioux a fost descris\u0103 sistematic de antropologul Raymond DeMallie \u00een studiile sale ample despre Sioux.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religia lako\u021bilor se afl\u0103, de la cre\u0219tinizarea for\u021bat\u0103 a amerindienilor din rezerva\u021bii \u00een secolul al XIX-lea \u0219i mai ales de la reprimarea violent\u0103 a Dansului Soarelui (interzis \u00een 1881, 1934) de c\u0103tre guvernul SUA, \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 complex\u0103 de rena\u0219tere.<\/p><p>De la reautorizarea Dansului Soarelui \u00een 1934 \u0219i de la recunoa\u0219terea ulterioar\u0103 a religiilor indigene prin <em>American Indian Religious Freedom Act<\/em> (1978), religia lako\u021bilor a cunoscut un av\u00e2nt considerabil.<\/p><p>\u00cen discursul academic, dezbaterea privind Wakan Tanka a jucat un rol important \u00een deconstruirea descrierilor misionare ale religiei.<\/p><p>Vine Deloria Jr. (<em>God Is Red<\/em>, 1973; <em>The World We Used to Live In<\/em>, 2006), George Tinker (<em>American Indian Liberation<\/em>, 2008) \u0219i teologul lakota Charles Eastman (<em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em>, 1911) au ap\u0103rat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> autentic\u0103 lako\u021b\u0103 \u00eempotriva reducerilor cre\u0219tin-misionare.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Wakan Tanka reprezint\u0103 un exemplu important al faptului c\u0103 simpla clasificare tipologic\u0103 a religiilor indigene (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u021bia conform c\u0103reia \u0219i animalele, plantele \u0219i lucrurile posed\u0103 un suflet.\" tabindex=\"0\">animism<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00een mai mul\u021bi zei.\" tabindex=\"0\">politeism<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Credin\u021ba \u00eentr-un singur Dumnezeu.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteism<\/span>) rateaz\u0103 de obicei bog\u0103\u021bia teologic\u0103 a tradi\u021biei respective.<\/p><p>Genuina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> lako\u021b\u0103 nu este nici <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concep\u021bia conform c\u0103reia \u0219i animalele, plantele \u0219i lucrurile posed\u0103 un suflet.\" tabindex=\"0\">animism<\/span>, nici panteism, ci o construc\u021bie filosofico-religioas\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, care merit\u0103 locul s\u0103u \u00een istoria comparat\u0103 a religiilor. Referin\u021ba iWell Guard la tradi\u021bia lako\u021bilor este explicit de observa\u021bie religioas\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 promisiuni de eficacitate.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al XXI-lea, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> lako\u021bilor a p\u0103truns totodat\u0103 \u00een dialogul interreligios. Clerici lakota precum Arvol Looking Horse, actualul p\u0103zitor al genera\u021biei a 19-a al sfintei White-Buffalo-Calf-Pipe, reprezint\u0103 tradi\u021bia lako\u021bilor la adun\u0103rile ONU, \u00eent\u00e2lniri ale religiilor lumii \u0219i conferin\u021be ecumenice.<\/p><p>Aceste apari\u021bii interna\u021bionale au condus la o recunoa\u0219tere global\u0103 cresc\u00e2nd\u0103 a religiei lakota, stimul\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 tendin\u021be problematice de apropriere spiritual\u0103 din partea grupurilor New Age occidentale, fa\u021b\u0103 de care Consiliul b\u0103tr\u00e2nilor lakota a protestat oficial \u00een mod repetat, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1993.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos listeaz\u0103 lucr\u0103rile centrale despre religia lako\u021bilor \u0219i despre cercetarea amerindienilor din America de Nord, esen\u021biale pentru \u00een\u021belegerea lui Wakan Tanka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c8c5672 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c8c5672\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d052194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2d052194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problema traducerii lui Wakan Tanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac2c6c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ac2c6c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c442efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2c442efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Expresia <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> provine din limbile lako\u021bilor, dako\u021bilor \u0219i nako\u021bilor \u0219i a fost redat\u0103 \u00een literatura de limb\u0103 englez\u0103 de obicei prin Marele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spirit<\/span> sau Marele Mister.<\/p><p>Ambele traduceri sunt problematice. <em>Wakan<\/em> desemneaz\u0103 o calitate a sacrului, a misteriosului sau a ceea ce este plin de o for\u021b\u0103 aparte, iar <em>tanka<\/em> \u00eenseamn\u0103 mare. \u00cembinarea nu poate fi tradus\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 pierderi printr-un singur nume de divinitate.<\/p><p>Literatura timpurie misionar\u0103 \u0219i etnografic\u0103 tindea s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> ca desemn\u00e2nd un singur Dumnezeu suprem, corespunz\u0103tor Dumnezeului cre\u0219tin. Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 a fost amplificat\u0103 de activitatea de traducere a misionarilor, care aveau nevoie de un termen pentru Dumnezeul cre\u0219tin.<\/p><p>Cercetarea secolului al XX-lea a corectat aceast\u0103 imagine. Etnograful James R. Walker, care la \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea a lucrat cu speciali\u0219ti \u00een religie lako\u021bi la rezerva\u021bia Pine Ridge, a conturat o imagine considerabil mai complex\u0103.<\/p><p>Conform \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor lui Walker, alc\u0103tuite \u00eempreun\u0103 cu informatori lakota precum George Sword, <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> nu este o singur\u0103 fiin\u021b\u0103, ci o denumire colectiv\u0103 pentru o multitudine de puteri \u0219i fiin\u021be sacre, ce pot fi g\u00e2ndite totodat\u0103 ca unitate. Materialul lui Walker vorbe\u0219te despre diferite aspecte sau clase ale sacrului, care \u00een totalitatea lor formeaz\u0103 <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em>.<\/p><p>Cercetarea discut\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 prezentarea sistematic\u0103 a lui Walker red\u0103 cu exactitate reprezent\u0103rile informatorilor s\u0103i \u0219i \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 introduce o ordine \u00een material care nu exista \u00een mod consecvent. Ceea ce poate fi re\u021binut este c\u0103 simpla echivalare cu un Dumnezeu monoteist nu face dreptate surselor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699683a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2699683a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28de6a45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28de6a45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wakan Tanka \u00een epoca rezerva\u021biilor \u0219i rena\u0219terea religiei lakota<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22c559d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22c559d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22475154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp22475154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cenregistr\u0103rile despre <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> au luat na\u0219tere preponderent \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 de presiune masiv\u0103 asupra religiei lakota. Dup\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere \u0219i confinare \u00een rezerva\u021bii, guvernul SUA a interzis \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 1880 ceremonii centrale, printre care Dansul Soarelui.<\/p><p>Practica religioas\u0103 s-a desf\u0103\u0219urat par\u021bial \u00een ascuns. Activitatea de colectare a lui James R. Walker a coincis exact cu aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 informatorii s\u0103i \u0219i-au transmis cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u00een condi\u021biile persecu\u021biei.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 circumstan\u021b\u0103 marcheaz\u0103 situa\u021bia surselor. Unii speciali\u0219ti religio\u0219i \u0219i-au transmis cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u00een mod deliberat, tem\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 altfel s-ar putea pierde. Alte con\u021binuturi au fost re\u021binute.<\/p><p>Cercetarea trebuie s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 seama, prin urmare, c\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile transmise con\u021bin at\u00e2t lacune, c\u00e2t \u0219i o selec\u021bie deliberat\u0103. Se adaug\u0103 influen\u021ba cre\u0219tinismului, pe care mul\u021bi lakota l-au adoptat \u00een cursul secolului al XX-lea, uneori al\u0103turi de tradi\u021bia mai veche.<\/p><p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd din anii 1970, \u00een cadrul mi\u0219c\u0103rii American Indian Movement \u0219i al mi\u0219c\u0103rilor mai largi pentru drepturile civile indigene, se poate observa o rena\u0219tere clar\u0103 a religiei lakota. Dansul Soarelui este din nou practicat public, iar termeni precum <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> sunt componente stabile ale discursului religios.<\/p><p>Totodat\u0103, exist\u0103 \u00een interiorul comunit\u0103\u021bilor lakota dezbateri cu privire la modul \u00een care trebuie transmis\u0103 tradi\u021bia \u0219i cine este \u00eendrept\u0103\u021bit s\u0103 o fac\u0103, precum \u0219i critici la adresa apropierii acestor termeni de c\u0103tre curente ezoterice neindigen\u0435. Pentru prezentarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 rezult\u0103 de aici c\u0103 <em>Wakan Tanka<\/em> nu este o tem\u0103 istoric\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103, ci un punct de referin\u021b\u0103 viu \u0219i uneori contestat al identit\u0103\u021bii lakota contemporane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Joseph Epes Brown: <em>The Sacred Pipe<\/em> (1953)<\/li><li>John Neihardt: <em>Black Elk Speaks<\/em> (1932)<\/li><li>James Walker: <em>Lakota Belief and <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span><\/em> (1980)<\/li><li>Vine Deloria Jr.: <em>God Is Red<\/em> (1973)<\/li><li>Aase Hultkrantz: <em>Belief and Worship in Native North America<\/em> (1981)<\/li><li>Charles Eastman: <em>The Soul of the Indian<\/em> (1911)<\/li><li>George Tinker: <em>American Indian Liberation<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Wakan Tanka Lakota Sioux Sweat Lodge Sun Dance Black Elk Vision Quest Chanunpa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-wakan-tanka\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/zeitati-indigene-nord-americane\/\">Native American<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-wakantanka-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-wakantanka-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wakan Tanka, marea putere sacr\u0103 \u0219i fiin\u021ba suprem\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Lakota Wakan Tanka (Lakota: Wakan Thanka, Marea putere sacr\u0103) reprezint\u0103, \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea religioas\u0103 a lako\u021bilor \u0219i a familiei lingvistice Sioux \u00een ansamblul ei, realitatea numinoas\u0103 suprem\u0103 \u0219i atotcuprinz\u0103toare. Este mai pu\u021bin o divinitate personificat\u0103 \u00een sens occidental, c\u00e2t o putere sacr\u0103 care p\u0103trunde totul. CreatorNative [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Wakan Tanka Lakota","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Wakan Tanka - Fiin\u021ba suprem\u0103 a lako\u021bilor","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Wakan Tanka, marea putere sacr\u0103 a lako\u021bilor, desemneaz\u0103 mai pu\u021bin o divinitate personificat\u0103, c\u00e2t o realitate numinoas\u0103 care p\u0103trunde totul.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105534","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Wakan Tanka - 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