{"id":105500,"date":"2026-08-04T16:01:44","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:01:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/buddha-gautama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:02:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:02:22","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105500\" class=\"elementor elementor-105500 elementor-3035\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, \u00eentemeietorul budismului<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama este, ca persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103, \u00eentemeietorul budismului. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, trebuie s\u0103 se disting\u0103 \u00eentre figura didactic\u0103 identificabil\u0103 biografic \u0219i suprastructura mito-religioas\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce punctele esen\u021biale ale activit\u0103\u021bii sale pot fi situate \u00een nord-estul Indiei din secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., descrierea vie\u021bii sale \u00een textele canonice este deja puternic modelat\u0103 hagiografic. Cercetarea actual\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 prin urmare o lectur\u0103 dubl\u0103, care trateaz\u0103 separat plauzibilitatea istoric\u0103 \u0219i atribuirea de semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i p\u0103zitori ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i paznici ai infernului.\">Budism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3273\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cuprins<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mult timp, a\u0219a-numita &#8222;cronologie lung\u0103&#8221;, cu datele de referin\u021b\u0103 563 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 483 \u00eenaintea erei noastre, a fost considerat\u0103 standard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert a reevaluat critic sursele \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1980, \u00een mai multe volume (&#8222;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1997), consolid\u00e2nd indiciile privind o &#8222;cronologie scurt\u0103&#8221;, cu date de via\u021b\u0103 aproximativ 480 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 400 \u00eenaintea erei noastre.<\/p><p>Cercetarea interna\u021bional\u0103 tinde de atunci spre o dat\u0103 a decesului situat\u0103 \u00eentre 410 \u0219i 380 \u00eenaintea erei noastre. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (&#8222;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982) ap\u0103rase anterior datele mai lungi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 discu\u021bie nu este \u00eencheiat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 a demonstrat din punct de vedere metodologic c\u0103 datarea depinde de cronologia regilor Maurya, \u00een special a lui Ashoka, \u0219i este astfel relativ, nu absolut, stabilit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ca nucleu biografic este acceptat: Siddhartha s-a n\u0103scut \u00een teritoriul tribal al Shakya, la Lumbini, pe versantul sudic al Himalayei; tat\u0103l s\u0103u, Suddhodana, era un aristocrat sau un conduc\u0103tor tribal ales, nu o demnitate regal\u0103 ereditar\u0103 \u00een sensul ulterior al termenului. Lumbini se afl\u0103 \u00een actualul Nepal, aproape de grani\u021ba cu India.<\/p><p>Identificarea locului se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe coloana lui Ashoka de la Lumbini, ridicat\u0103 \u00een secolul al III-lea \u00eenaintea erei noastre, care desemneaz\u0103 explicit locul na\u0219terii. Klaus-Josef Notz (&#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002) evalueaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport fix.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> drept cel mai timpuriu document arheologic care \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Buddha de un loc concret.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Mult timp a fost considerat\u0103 standard a\u0219a-numita \u201ecronologie lung\u0103\", cu datele-cadru 563-483 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert a reevaluat critic sursele \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1980, \u00een mai multe volume (\u201eDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\", G\u00f6ttingen 1991-1997), \u00eent\u0103rind indiciile \u00een favoarea unei \u201ecronologii scurte\" cu date de via\u021b\u0103 \u00een jurul anilor 480-400 \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Cercetarea interna\u021bional\u0103 tinde de atunci spre o dat\u0103 a mor\u021bii situat\u0103 \u00eentre 410 \u0219i 380 \u00ee.Hr. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u201eDer historische Buddha\", K\u00f6ln 1982) ap\u0103rase anterior datele mai vechi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 discu\u021bie nu este \u00eencheiat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 a demonstrat metodologic c\u0103 datarea depinde de cronologia regilor Maurya, \u00een special a lui Ashoka, \u0219i este prin urmare relativ, nu absolut, sigur\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ca nucleu biografic este acceptat: Siddhartha s-a n\u0103scut pe teritoriul tribului Shakya, \u00een Lumbini, la poalele sudice ale Himalayei; tat\u0103l s\u0103u Suddhodana era un aristocrat sau conduc\u0103tor tribal ales, nu un rang regal ereditar \u00een sensul ulterior. Lumbini se afl\u0103 \u00een actualul Nepal, aproape de grani\u021ba indian\u0103.<\/p><p>Identificarea locului se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe st\u00e2lpul lui Ashoka de la Lumbini, ridicat \u00een secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i care desemneaz\u0103 explicit locul na\u0219terii. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u201eBuddhismus\", Stuttgart 2002) evalueaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> ca cel mai vechi testimoniu arheologic care leag\u0103 Buddha de un loc concret.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai ampl\u0103 surs\u0103 canonic\u0103 privind sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii este Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Aceasta descrie ultimele luni, c\u0103l\u0103toria de la Rajagriha la Kushinagara \u0219i trecerea \u00een nefiin\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre doi copaci Sala. Textul este considerat compozi\u021bionalmente complex, \u00eembin\u00e2nd o cronic\u0103 a peregrin\u0103rilor cu discursuri doctrinare \u0219i o descriere a riturilor funerare.<\/p><p>Alte texte, precum Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), relateaz\u0103 la persoana \u00eent\u00e2i despre c\u0103utarea cunoa\u0219terii, plecarea din casa p\u0103rinteasc\u0103 \u0219i ruptura fa\u021b\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii asce\u021bi Alara Kalama \u0219i Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, un text \u00een sanscrit\u0103 din secolul al III-lea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al IV-lea al erei noastre, dezvolt\u0103 aceste relat\u0103ri \u00eentr-o hagiografie ornamentat\u0103 cu minuni cosmice.<\/p>\n<p>Celebrele \u201epatru ie\u0219iri&#8221;, \u00een cursul c\u0103rora t\u00e2n\u0103rul Siddhartha vede un b\u0103tr\u00e2n, un bolnav, un mort \u0219i un ascet r\u0103t\u0103citor, nu sunt atestate \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103 unitar\u0103 \u00een straturile cele mai vechi ale canonului.<\/p><p>Ele condenseaz\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> teologic care interpreteaz\u0103 confruntarea cu impermanen\u021ba drept factor declan\u0219ator al plec\u0103rii. Edward Conze (\u201eBudismul&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953) a atras aten\u021bia c\u0103 este vorba despre o compozi\u021bie narativ\u0103 care preia tipare narative mai vechi din literatura ascetic\u0103 prebudist\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 surs\u0103 canonic\u0103 despre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii este Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Aceasta descrie ultimele luni, c\u0103l\u0103toria de la Rajagriha la Kushinagara \u0219i moartea \u00eentre doi arbori Sala. Textul este considerat compozi\u021bional complex, \u00eembin\u00e2nd o cronic\u0103 itinerant\u0103 cu discursuri doctrinare \u0219i o descriere a riturilor funerare.<\/p><p>Alte texte, precum Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), relateaz\u0103 la persoana \u00eent\u00e2i c\u0103utarea ilumin\u0103rii, plecarea din casa p\u0103rinteasc\u0103 \u0219i ruptura cu mae\u0219trii asce\u021bi Alara Kalama \u0219i Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, un text \u00een sanscrit\u0103 din secolul al III-lea-IV-lea d.Hr., dezvolt\u0103 aceste relat\u0103ri \u00eentr-o hagiografie ornamentat\u0103 cu minuni cosmice.<\/p>\n<p>Celebrele \u201epatru ie\u0219iri\", \u00een care t\u00e2n\u0103rul Siddhartha vede un b\u0103tr\u00e2n, un bolnav, un mort \u0219i un ascet r\u0103t\u0103citor, nu sunt atestate \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103 unitar\u0103 \u00een straturile cele mai vechi ale Canonului.<\/p><p>Ele condenseaz\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\">motiv<\/span> teologic care interpreteaz\u0103 confruntarea cu impermanen\u021ba drept declan\u0219atorul plec\u0103rii. Edward Conze (\u201eDer Buddhismus\", Stuttgart 1953) a subliniat c\u0103 este vorba despre o compozi\u021bie narativ\u0103 care preia tipare narative mai vechi din literatura asce\u021bilor pre-budisti.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predica de la Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formuleaz\u0103 cele patru &#8222;Nobile Adev\u0103ruri&#8221;: existen\u021ba este marcat\u0103 de suferin\u021b\u0103 (dukkha), suferin\u021ba are o cauz\u0103 \u00een dorin\u021b\u0103 (tanha), \u00eencetarea suferin\u021bei este posibil\u0103 (nirodha), exist\u0103 o cale spre aceasta, calea cu opt ramuri (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Cele opt ramuri sunt viziunea just\u0103, inten\u021bia just\u0103, vorbirea just\u0103, ac\u021biunea just\u0103, mijlocul de trai just, efortul just, aten\u021bia just\u0103 \u0219i concentrarea just\u0103. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 este atestat\u0103 de mai multe ori \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> \u0219i este considerat\u0103 cel mai vechi nucleu doctrinar sistematic care poate fi atribuit \u00een mod plauzibil lui Buddha cel istoric.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (&#8222;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996) \u00eencadreaz\u0103 cele Patru Adev\u0103ruri \u00een diagnostica medicinei indiene vechi: simptom, cauz\u0103, vindecabilitate, terapie. Acest fond medical este explicitat de mai multe ori \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonul<\/span> Pali, de pild\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd Buddha se desemneaz\u0103 pe sine drept &#8222;medic&#8221;. \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura nu este astfel conceput\u0103 \u00een mod speculativ, ci orientat\u0103 spre eliberarea practic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Predica de la Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formuleaz\u0103 cele patru \u201eAdev\u0103ruri Nobile\": existen\u021ba este marcat\u0103 de suferin\u021b\u0103 (dukkha), suferin\u021ba are o cauz\u0103 \u00een dorin\u021b\u0103 (tanha), \u00eencetarea suferin\u021bei este posibil\u0103 (nirodha), exist\u0103 o cale spre aceasta, calea octupl\u0103 (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Cele opt membri sunt: viziunea just\u0103, inten\u021bia just\u0103, vorbirea just\u0103, ac\u021biunea just\u0103, mijloacele de trai juste, str\u0103dania just\u0103, aten\u021bia just\u0103 \u0219i concentrarea just\u0103. Aceast\u0103 structurare este atestat\u0103 de mai multe ori \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca normativ\u0103.\">Canon<\/span> \u0219i este considerat\u0103 cel mai vechi nucleu doctrinar sistematic care poate fi atribuit \u00een mod plauzibil Buddha-lui istoric.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u201eGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\", Reinbek 1996) \u00eencadreaz\u0103 Cele Patru Adev\u0103ruri \u00een diagnostica medicinei antice indiene: simptom, cauz\u0103, vindecabilitate, terapie. Acest fundal medical este explicit \u00een Canonul Pali de mai multe ori, de exemplu c\u00e2nd Buddha se autodesemneaz\u0103 drept \u201emedic\". \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura nu este astfel conceput\u0103 speculativ, ci orientat\u0103 spre eliberarea practic\u0103.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dup\u0103 iluminarea de la Bodh Gaya, a \u00eenceput o activitate de predare de 45 de ani, concentrat\u0103 asupra regiunii Magadha, Kosala \u0219i Videha. Cele mai vechi comunit\u0103\u021bi monastice au luat na\u0219tere la Sarnath, Rajagriha (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cr\u00e2ng sacru care a servit drept loc de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">cr\u00e2ng<\/span>) \u0219i Shravasti (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un cr\u00e2ng sacru care a servit drept loc de cult.\" tabindex=\"0\">cr\u00e2ng<\/span>). Acesta din urm\u0103 ar fi fost donat ordinului de negustorul Anathapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha era structurat \u00een patru grupuri: c\u0103lug\u0103ri (bhikkhu), c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021be (bhikkhuni), laici \u0219i laice. Admiterea femeilor, mijlocit\u0103 de Ananda \u0219i de mama adoptiv\u0103 Mahapajapati, este consemnat\u0103 \u00een Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Cercetarea consider\u0103 aceasta un pas neobi\u0219nuit pentru istoria religioas\u0103 a Indiei antice, a c\u0103rui fiabilitate istoric\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eens\u0103 controversat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Dup\u0103 iluminarea de la Bodh Gaya a \u00eenceput o activitate didactic\u0103 de 45 de ani, concentrat\u0103 pe teritoriul Magadha, Kosala \u0219i Videha. Cele mai vechi comunit\u0103\u021bi monastice au ap\u0103rut la Sarnath, Rajagriha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O p\u0103dure sacr\u0103 care a servit drept loc de cult.\">cr\u00e2ngul<\/span> Veluvana) \u0219i Shravasti (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O p\u0103dure sacr\u0103 care a servit drept loc de cult.\">cr\u00e2ngul<\/span> Jetavana). Aceasta din urm\u0103 ar fi fost donat\u0103 ordinului de negustorul Anathapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha era structurat\u0103 \u00een patru grupuri: c\u0103lug\u0103ri (bhikkhu), c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021be (bhikkhuni), laici \u0219i laice. Admiterea femeilor, mijlocit\u0103 de Ananda \u0219i mama adoptiv\u0103 Mahapajapati, este consemnat\u0103 \u00een Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un pas neobi\u0219nuit pentru istoria religioas\u0103 a Indiei antice, a c\u0103rui fiabilitate istoric\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eens\u0103 disputat\u0103.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimboluri, iconografie \u0219i relicve\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Arta budist\u0103 timpurie, de exemplu reliefurile de la Sanchi \u0219i Bharhut (sec. II-I \u00ee.Hr.), nu cunoa\u0219te nicio reprezentare antropomorf\u0103 a lui Buddha.<\/p><p>\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul este simbolizat prin tronuri goale, urme de pa\u0219i, roata Legii (dharmacakra), arborele Bodhi \u0219i stupa. Abia \u0219coala Gandhara, din sec. I-III d.Hr., influen\u021bat\u0103 de sculptura elenistic\u0103, dezvolt\u0103 iconografia antropomorf\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele treizeci \u0219i dou\u0103 de \u201etr\u0103s\u0103turi principale\" (mahapurusalaksana) ale textelor ulterioare, printre care ushnisha (protuberan\u021ba cranian\u0103), urna (p\u0103rul frun\u021bii), lobii urechilor alungi\u021bi \u0219i amprentele de lotus pe t\u0103lpi, formalizeaz\u0103 reprezentarea. Gesturile m\u00e2inilor (mudra) codific\u0103 situa\u021bii doctrinare: atingerea p\u0103m\u00e2ntului (bhumisparsha), gestul lipsei de fric\u0103 (abhaya), cel al \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii (dharmacakra) \u0219i cel al medita\u021biei (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 Parinirvana, cenu\u0219a \u0219i oasele au fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00eentre opt regate \u0219i depuse \u00een stupa. Se spune c\u0103 Ashoka a redeschis aceste stupa \u00een sec. al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i a redistribuit relicvele \u00een 84.000 de noi construc\u021bii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 cifr\u0103 este simbolic\u0103, dar descoperirile arheologice indic\u0103 o extindere considerabil\u0103 a cultului stupa sub dinastia Maurya.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInfluen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i suprastructur\u0103 religioas\u0103\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>\u00cen budismul Mahayana, care apare din sec. I \u00ee.Hr., al\u0103turi de Buddha-ul istoric este introdus\u0103 o doctrin\u0103 a \u201ecelor trei corpuri\" (trikaya): corpul transform\u0103rii (nirmanakaya), \u00een care Siddhartha a ap\u0103rut ca persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103, corpul bucuriei (sambhogakaya) \u0219i corpul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen religiile indiene, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura \u0219i ordinea dreapt\u0103 a ac\u021biunii.\">Dharma<\/span>-ei (dharmakaya) ca adev\u0103r atemporal.<\/p><p>\u00cen Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Sutra<\/span> (Sutra Lotusului, cca. sec. I d.Hr.), Shakyamuni este doar o form\u0103 de manifestare a unei fiin\u021be iluminate \u00een vremuri imemoriale. Donald Lopez (\u201eThe Story of Buddhism\", San Francisco 2001) urm\u0103re\u0219te aceast\u0103 deplasare ca o generalizare din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, \u00een care persoana individual\u0103 devine func\u021bie cosmic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell \u0219i Donald Lopez (\u201ePrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\", Princeton 2014) arat\u0103 c\u0103 cercetarea istorico-critic\u0103 a lui Buddha \u0219i venerarea religioas\u0103 a lui Buddha \u00een budismul asiatic modern evolueaz\u0103 \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00een paralel.<\/p><p>Discu\u021biile academice occidentale de datare, precum cea a lui Bechert, nu au g\u0103sit p\u00e2n\u0103 acum dec\u00e2t un ecou redus \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirile tradi\u021bionale din Sri Lanka, Thailanda sau Tibet. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, aceast\u0103 tensiune este ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i obiect de cercetare, conduc\u00e2nd la \u00eentrebarea cum se raporteaz\u0103 realitatea biografic\u0103 \u0219i semnifica\u021bia religioas\u0103 \u00een cadrul transmiterii prin tradi\u021bie.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReceptarea \u00een Europa\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Cunoa\u0219terea european\u0103 a lui Buddha \u00eencepe cu traducerile din Pali \u0219i sanscrit\u0103 \u00een sec. al XIX-lea. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf a pus bazele cu \u201eIntroduction \u00e0 l'histoire du buddhisme indien\" (Paris 1844). Hermann Oldenberg a \u00eembinat filologia cu istoria religiilor \u00een \u201eBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\" (Berlin 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer a receptat motivele budiste indirect \u0219i a influen\u021bat astfel cercuri mult mai largi dec\u00e2t indianistica academic\u0103. \u00cen sec. al XX-lea, c\u0103lug\u0103rul theravadin Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) a marcat profund studiul doctrinar al lui Buddha \u00een spa\u021biul german prin traduceri sistematice din Pali. Aceast\u0103 linie se prelunge\u0219te p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een dezbaterea academic\u0103 \u0219i de practic\u0103 meditativ\u0103 de ast\u0103zi.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (ed.), &#8222;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, 3 volume, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, &#8222;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, &#8222;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, &#8222;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, &#8222;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell \u0219i Donald Lopez, &#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, &#8222;Buddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221;, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\">Sutra<\/span> (Sutra Lotusului).<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (Hg.), \"Die Datierung des historischen Buddha\", 3 B\u00e4nde, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \"Der historische Buddha\", K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \"Buddhismus\", Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \"Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\", Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \"Der Buddhismus\", Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \"The Story of Buddhism\", San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, \"Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism\", Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \"Buddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\", Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPrima comunitate monastic\u0103 \u0219i formarea \u0219colilor\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Activitatea didactic\u0103 a lui Buddha a condus, chiar \u00een timpul vie\u021bii sale, la formarea unei comunit\u0103\u021bi relativ eterogene. Deja \u00een cadrul primei genera\u021bii dup\u0103 Parinirvana s-au conturat practici interpretative diferite, care au dus la o prim\u0103 sciziune la cel de-al doilea Conciliu de la Vaishali (circa 100 de ani dup\u0103 Parinirvana).<\/p><p>Theravadins (\u201e\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii B\u0103tr\u00e2nilor\") \u0219i Mahasanghikas (\u201eMarea Comunitate\") s-au separat; punctele litigioase priveau zece chestiuni disciplinare, inclusiv raportul cu banii \u0219i interpretarea regulilor Vinaya.<\/p><p>Din Mahasanghikas au derivat de-a lungul mai multor secole formele precursoare ale Mahayana, \u00een timp ce linia Theravada s-a consolidat \u00eendeosebi \u00een Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert a ar\u0103tat \u00een mai multe studii c\u0103 aceast\u0103 sciziune timpurie a \u0219colilor atinge metodologic cea mai important\u0103 problem\u0103 de datare din istoria timpurie a budismului, oferind un reper relativ pentru datele vie\u021bii lui Buddha.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSt\u00e2lpii lui Ashoka ca markeri istorici\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Inscrip\u021biile \u00eemp\u0103ratului Maurya Ashoka (a domnit cca. 268-232 \u00ee.Hr.) sunt cele mai vechi m\u0103rturii istorice incontestabile ale istoriei budiste.<\/p><p>Ele \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Buddha nominal, descriu pelerinaje la locurile na\u0219terii \u0219i ale activit\u0103\u021bii sale didactice \u0219i documenteaz\u0103 sprijinul imperial acordat Sanghei. St\u00e2lpul de la Lumbini (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\">inscrip\u021bia<\/span> Rummindei, 250 \u00ee.Hr.) marcheaz\u0103 locul na\u0219terii.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> de la Nigali Sagar se refer\u0103 la un Buddha anterior numit Konagamana, ceea ce arat\u0103 c\u0103 Ashoka era deja interesat de un \u0219ir de Buddhe \u00een care Shakyamuni este integrat.<\/p><p>Aceste inscrip\u021bii sunt metodologic centrale, deoarece atest\u0103 cu certitudine existen\u021ba unei comunit\u0103\u021bi budiste organizate \u0219i a unei geografii Buddha \u00een sec. al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. Astfel este asigurat\u0103 \u0219i existen\u021ba persoanei Buddha \u00eenainte de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ca prin aceasta s\u0103 fie stabilit\u0103 cu precizie durata vie\u021bii sale.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O \u00eentrebare adesea subestimat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103 prive\u0219te atitudinea lui Buddha fa\u021b\u0103 de zeii (deva) tradi\u021biei vedice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca autoritar\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonul<\/span> Pali nu \u00eei prezint\u0103 pe zei ca inexisten\u021bi; ei sunt mai degrab\u0103 \u00eencadra\u021bi \u00eentr-un cosmos ierarhic structurat, \u00een care \u0219i ei sunt supu\u0219i rena\u0219terii \u0219i, prin urmare, suferin\u021bei.<\/p><p>Indra (\u00een Pali Sakka), Brahma, divinit\u0103\u021bile inferioare \u0219i fiin\u021bele din lumile superioare apar \u00een mod repetat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca autoritar\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canon<\/span> ca interlocutori ai lui Buddha.<\/p><p>Ace\u0219tia nu \u00eei sunt superiori, ci \u00eel recunosc drept \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul lor. Aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie este fenomenologic-religioas\u0103 \u00een mod aparte: budismul nu este nici ateist, nici teist \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit. Klaus-Josef Notz a descris aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie \u00een &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221; drept o \u201ereligie ateist\u0103 cu lume divin\u0103&#8221;. Zeii au func\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103 nu reprezint\u0103 repere ultime.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>O chestiune adesea subestimat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103 prive\u0219te atitudinea lui Buddha fa\u021b\u0103 de zeii (deva) tradi\u021biei vedice. Canonul Pali nu prezint\u0103 zeii ca inexisten\u021bi; ei sunt mai degrab\u0103 integra\u021bi \u00eentr-un cosmos ierarhic structurat, \u00een care \u0219i ei sunt supu\u0219i rena\u0219terii \u0219i astfel suferin\u021bei.<\/p><p>Indra (\u00een Pali Sakka), Brahma, divinit\u0103\u021bile inferioare \u0219i fiin\u021bele din lumile superioare apar de mai multe ori \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca normativ\u0103.\">Canon<\/span> ca interlocutori ai lui Buddha.<\/p><p>Ei nu \u00eei sunt superiori, ci \u00eel recunosc drept \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul lor. Aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie este fenomenologic religioas\u0103 specific, budismul nefiind nici ateist, nici teist \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit. Klaus-Josef Notz a descris aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie \u00een \u201eBuddhismus\" drept \u201ereligie ateist\u0103 cu lume a zeilor\". Zeii au func\u021bii, dar nu sunt referin\u021be ultime.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVinaya \u0219i ordinea monastic\u0103\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Regulile disciplinare (Vinaya), care reglementeaz\u0103 via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 a c\u0103lug\u0103rilor \u0219i c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021belor, sunt atribuite lui Buddha \u00eensu\u0219i. \u00cen realitate, Vinaya-Pitaka este o colec\u021bie stratificat\u0103, al c\u0103rei nucleu cel mai vechi dateaz\u0103 din perioada activit\u0103\u021bii didactice a lui Buddha. Cele 227 de reguli Patimokkha pentru c\u0103lug\u0103ri (311 pentru c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021be) reglementeaz\u0103 \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103mintea, alimenta\u021bia, condi\u021biile de locuire, abstinen\u021ba sexual\u0103 \u0219i rela\u021bia cu laicii.<\/p><p>Ele sunt citite de dou\u0103 ori pe lun\u0103 \u00een adunarea Uposatha, asigur\u00e2nd o con\u0219tientizare continu\u0103 a disciplinei. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este atestat\u0103 continuu din sec. al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i reprezint\u0103 astfel una dintre cele mai vechi forme de disciplin\u0103 religioas\u0103 din lume.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Imediat dup\u0103 Parinirvana, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, la Rajagriha a avut loc primul conciliu budist, convocat de Mahakassapa. Ananda a recitat discursurile doctrinare (Sutta-Pitaka), iar Upali regulile disciplinare (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie este transmis\u0103 \u00een Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (&#8222;Histoire du bouddhisme indien&#8221;, Louvain 1958) evalueaz\u0103 tradi\u021bia conciliilor ca o nara\u021biune de legitimare ulterioar\u0103, care con\u021bine totu\u0219i un nucleu plauzibil din punct de vedere istoric: asigurarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii transmise oral prin recit\u0103ri standardizate.<\/p><p>Al doilea conciliu de la Vaishali (aproximativ 380 \u00eenaintea erei noastre) a tratat zece puncte disciplinare controversate. Al treilea conciliu de la Pataliputra sub Ashoka (aproximativ 250 \u00eenaintea erei noastre) este considerat \u00een tradi\u021bia Theravada drept finalizarea canoniz\u0103rii Tipitaka.<\/p><p>Linia Mahasanghika nu cunoa\u0219te aceast\u0103 a treia adunare \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103, ceea ce atest\u0103 istoriografia specific\u0103 fiec\u0103rei \u0219coli \u00eenc\u0103 din faza timpurie.<\/p>\n<p>Fixarea scris\u0103 definitiv\u0103 a Canonului Pali a avut loc abia \u00een Sri Lanka, sub regele Vattagamani Abhaya, \u00een secolul I \u00eenaintea erei noastre. La al patrulea conciliu de la Aluvihara, textele au fost consemnate pentru prima dat\u0103 pe frunze de palmier.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 cezur\u0103 este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor: ea marcheaz\u0103 trecerea de la o cultur\u0103 pur memorial\u0103 la o cultur\u0103 a scrierii. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, grupuri monahale specializate (bhanaka) transmiseser\u0103 prin memorare grupuri individuale de texte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Imediat dup\u0103 Parinirvana, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\">tradi\u021biei<\/span>, a avut loc la Rajagriha primul conciliu budist, convocat de Mahakassapa. Ananda a recitat discursurile doctrinare (Sutta-Pitaka), iar Upali regulile disciplinare (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie este consemnat\u0103 \u00een Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u201eHistoire du bouddhisme indien\", Louvain 1958) evalueaz\u0103 tradi\u021bia conciliar\u0103 drept o nara\u021biune de legitimare ulterioar\u0103, care con\u021bine \u00eens\u0103 un nucleu istoric plauzibil: asigurarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii transmise oral prin recita\u021bii standardizate.<\/p><p>Al doilea Conciliu de la Vaishali (cca. 380 \u00ee.Hr.) a tratat zece puncte disciplinare controversate. Al treilea Conciliu de la Pataliputra sub Ashoka (cca. 250 \u00ee.Hr.) este considerat \u00een tradi\u021bia Theravada drept \u00eencheierea canoniz\u0103rii Tipitaka.<\/p><p>Linia Mahasanghika nu cunoa\u0219te aceast\u0103 a treia adunare \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103, ceea ce atest\u0103 istoriografia tipic\u0103 \u0219colilor deja \u00een faza timpurie.<\/p>\n<p>Fixarea scris\u0103 definitiv\u0103 a Canonului Pali s-a produs abia \u00een Sri Lanka, sub regele Vattagamani Abhaya, \u00een sec. I \u00ee.Hr. La al patrulea Conciliu de la Aluvihara, textele au fost notate pentru prima dat\u0103 pe frunze de palmier.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 cezur\u0103 este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, marc\u00e2nd trecerea de la o cultur\u0103 pur memorial\u0103 la o cultur\u0103 scriptural\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, grupuri monastice specializate (bhanaka) transmiteau pe de rost grupuri individuale de texte.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha a tr\u0103it \u0219i a activat \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 religioas\u0103 plural\u0103, descris\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> Pali drept epoca \u201ecelor \u0219ase al\u021bi mae\u0219tri&#8221;. Printre ace\u0219tia se num\u0103rau Mahavira, fondatorul jainismului, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali \u0219i Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) ofer\u0103 o prezentare comparativ\u0103 a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turilor lor.<\/p><p>Cercetarea a valorificat aceste surse pentru a reconstitui profilul istoriei ideilor din epoca axial\u0103 a Indiei. Karl Jaspers a integrat aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie \u00een lucrarea sa \u201eVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte&#8221; (1949) \u00een cadrul epocii axiale globale, \u00een care au ap\u0103rut simultan noi mi\u0219c\u0103ri filozofice \u00een China, India, Iran \u0219i Grecia.<\/p>\n<p>Apropierea fa\u021b\u0103 de Mahavira este deosebit de izbitoare. Am\u00e2ndoi au predicat \u00een aceea\u0219i regiune, am\u00e2ndoi \u0219i-au recrutat adep\u021bii din aristocra\u021bia Kshatriya, am\u00e2ndoi au criticat cultul vedic al jertfei. Padmanabh Jaini (\u201eThe Jaina Path of Purification&#8221;, Berkeley 1979) a sistematizat asem\u0103n\u0103rile \u0219i deosebirile dintre ei.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce jainii sus\u021bineau o ascez\u0103 strict\u0103 \u0219i o doctrin\u0103 a karmei de natur\u0103 cvasimaterial\u0103, Buddha a formulat o \u201ecale de mijloc&#8221; \u00eentre pl\u0103cerea sim\u021burilor \u0219i automortificare, \u00eenlocuind doctrina sufletului substan\u021bial cu principiul anatta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Buddha a tr\u0103it \u0219i a activat \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 religioas plural\u0103, descris\u0103 \u00een Canonul Pali ca era \u201ecelor \u0219ase al\u021bi \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori\". Printre ace\u0219tia se num\u0103rau Mahavira, \u00eentemeietorul jainismului, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali \u0219i Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) ofer\u0103 o prezentare comparativ\u0103 a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turilor lor.<\/p><p>Cercetarea a analizat aceste surse pentru a reconstitui profilul intelectual al epocii axiale a Indiei. Karl Jaspers a integrat aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie \u00een \u201eVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\" (1949) \u00een conceptul de epoc\u0103 axial\u0103 global\u0103, \u00een care au ap\u0103rut simultan noi mi\u0219c\u0103ri filozofice \u00een China, India, Iran \u0219i Grecia.<\/p>\n<p>Apropierea de Mahavira este deosebit de remarcabil\u0103. Am\u00e2ndoi au predat \u00een aceea\u0219i regiune, am\u00e2ndoi au recrutat adep\u021bi din aristocra\u021bia Kshatriya, am\u00e2ndoi au criticat cultul sacrificial vedic. Padmanabh Jaini (\u201eThe Jaina Path of Purification\", Berkeley 1979) a elaborat sistematic asem\u0103n\u0103rile \u0219i diferen\u021bele.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce jainii sus\u021bineau o ascez\u0103 strict\u0103 \u0219i o doctrin\u0103 a karmei cvasi-materiale, Buddha a formulat o \u201ecale de mijloc\" \u00eentre pl\u0103cerile sim\u021burilor \u0219i automortificarea \u0219i a \u00eenlocuit doctrina sufletului substan\u021bial cu principiul anatta.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hagiografia t\u00e2rzie a condensat via\u021ba lui Buddha \u00een dou\u0103sprezece evenimente normative principale, codificate ca \u201ecele dou\u0103sprezece fapte&#8221; (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) \u00een special \u00een tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103.<\/p><p>Acestea cuprind cobor\u00e2rea din cerul Tushita, conceperea, na\u0219terea, m\u0103iestria artistic\u0103 a tinere\u021bii, c\u0103s\u0103toria \u0219i bog\u0103\u021bia, plecarea \u00een lume, asceza, victoria asupra lui Mara, dob\u00e2ndirea ilumin\u0103rii, activitatea didactic\u0103 \u0219i Parinirvana.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 standardizare a avut loc \u00een Mahayana \u0219i Vajrayana abia dup\u0103 secolul al VII-lea al erei noastre. Lalitavistara furnizeaz\u0103 modelul cel mai detaliat. Steven Collins (&#8222;Selfless Persons&#8221;, Cambridge 1982) a demonstrat c\u0103 aceast\u0103 codificare \u00eendepline\u0219te o func\u021bie din perspectiva sociologiei religiei: ea creeaz\u0103 o schem\u0103 de vizualizare meditativ\u0103 care poate fi reprodus\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ordinea fixat\u0103 a serviciului divin al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgie<\/span> \u0219i \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul monahal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Hagiografia ulterioar\u0103 a condensat via\u021ba lui Buddha \u00een dou\u0103sprezece evenimente normative principale, codificate ca \u201edou\u0103sprezece fapte\" (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) \u00eendeosebi \u00een tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103.<\/p><p>Acestea cuprind cobor\u00e2rea din cerul Tushita, z\u0103mislirea, na\u0219terea, m\u0103iestria tineretii, c\u0103s\u0103toria \u0219i bog\u0103\u021bia, plecarea, asceza, victoria asupra lui Mara, atingerea ilumin\u0103rii, activitatea didactic\u0103 \u0219i Parinirvana.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 standardizare s-a produs \u00een Mahayana \u0219i Vajrayana abia dup\u0103 sec. al VII-lea d.Hr. Lalitavistara furnizeaz\u0103 modelul cel mai detaliat. Steven Collins (\u201eSelfless Persons\", Cambridge 1982) a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 aceast\u0103 codificare \u00eendepline\u0219te o func\u021bie religios-sociologic\u0103: ea creeaz\u0103 o schem\u0103 vizualizare meditativ\u0103 care poate fi reprodus\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ordinea fixat\u0103 a serviciului divin al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\">liturgie<\/span> \u0219i \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul monastic.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuddha ca \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor al zeilor \u0219i al oamenilor\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>\u00cen Canonul Pali, Buddha poart\u0103 titlul \u201esatthadevamanussanam\", \u201e\u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul zeilor \u0219i al oamenilor\". Acest titlu reflect\u0103 pozi\u021bia cosmologic\u0103 a Iluminatului \u00een cadrul modelului indian al celor \u0219ase domenii (zei, semizei, oameni, animale, spirite ale foamei, fiin\u021be infernale). \u0218i Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati \u0219i divinit\u0103\u021bile inferioare sunt considera\u021bi discipoli ai lui Buddha.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 ierarhizare nu serve\u0219te polemicii \u00eempotriva cerului zeilor vedici, ci integr\u0103rii acestuia \u00een schema budist\u0103. Lambert Schmithausen (\u201eBuddhism and Nature\", Tokyo 1991) trimite la strategia \u201einclusivismului\", tipic\u0103 pentru concuren\u021ba religioas\u0103 din India timpurie.<\/p><p>\u0218i Mara, antagonistul ispititor de sub Arborele Bodhi, nu este citit ca o fiin\u021b\u0103 ontologic malefic\u0103, ci ca o personificare psihico-cosmic\u0103 a prinderii \u00een capcana devenirii.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoartea lui Buddha \u0219i chestiunea Cunda\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Mahaparinibbana-Sutta relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 Buddha, \u00eenainte de moarte, a consumat un preparat la fierarul Cunda, desemnat drept \u201esukara-maddava\".<\/p><p>Traducerea este controversat\u0103: \u201ecarne fraged\u0103 de porc\" (Rhys Davids), \u201eciuperci dezgropate de porci\" (Walpola Rahula), \u201emuguri tineri de bambus\". Cercetarea este de acord c\u0103 Buddha a suferit dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 mas\u0103 o grav\u0103 criz\u0103 abdominal\u0103, probabil o toxiinfec\u021bie alimentar\u0103 bacterian\u0103 sau un episod de infarct mezenteric.<\/p><p>Buddha l-a ap\u0103rat public pe Cunda, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 masa donat\u0103 care preced\u0103 o iluminare \u0219i masa dinaintea Parinirvana sunt dou\u0103 merite supreme.<\/p><p>Acest gest a primit o aten\u021bie larg\u0103 \u00een cercetare, deoarece transfer\u0103 simbolic responsabilitatea pentru moartea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torului \u0219i degreveaz\u0103 \u00eentrebarea vinov\u0103\u021biei. Hellmuth Hecker a elaborat \u00een mai multe studii despre Cunda aspectul medical \u0219i fenomenologic religios.<\/p><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>C\u00e2nd a tr\u0103it Buddha istoric?<\/strong> Cercet\u0103rile mai vechi \u00eel datau \u00eentre 563 \u0219i 483 \u00eenainte de era noastr\u0103.<\/p><p>Studiile lui Heinz Bechert au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 \u201ecronologia scurt\u0103&#8221;, cu date ale vie\u021bii \u00eentre aproximativ 480 \u0219i 400 \u00eenainte de era noastr\u0103, se potrive\u0219te mai bine cu situa\u021bia surselor. Cercetarea interna\u021bional\u0103 tinde ast\u0103zi spre o dat\u0103 a mor\u021bii \u00eentre 410 \u0219i 380 \u00eenainte de era noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unde s-a n\u0103scut Buddha?<\/strong> \u00cen Lumbini, \u00een sudul actualului Nepal. Locul este identificat nominal printr-o coloan\u0103 a lui Ashoka din secolul al III-lea \u00eenainte de era noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Care este diferen\u021ba dintre Buddha istoric \u0219i Buddha \u00een Mahayana? \u00cen budismul Theravada, Shakyamuni este \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul istoric al acestei ere cosmice. \u00cen Mahayana, el este una dintre multele manifest\u0103ri ale unui principiu buddha \u00een\u021beles \u00een sens cosmic. Ambele concep\u021bii exist\u0103 \u00een paralel \u0219i sunt discutate separat \u00een cercetarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce limb\u0103 a vorbit Buddha?<\/strong> Cu mare probabilitate, o limb\u0103 popular\u0103 indo-arian\u0103 veche, \u00eenrudit\u0103 probabil cu actualul magadhi. Pali, \u00een care este transmis cel mai vechi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie a scrierilor sacre ale unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span>, este o form\u0103 literar\u0103 \u0219lefuit\u0103, care nu este identic\u0103 cu magadhi, dar \u00eei este \u00eenrudit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Buddha Gautama, \u00eentemeietorul budismului Siddhartha Gautama este, ca persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103, \u00eentemeietorul budismului. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, trebuie s\u0103 se disting\u0103 \u00eentre figura didactic\u0103 identificabil\u0103 biografic \u0219i suprastructura mito-religioas\u0103 ulterioar\u0103. \u00cen timp ce punctele esen\u021biale ale activit\u0103\u021bii sale pot fi situate \u00een nord-estul Indiei din secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr., descrierea vie\u021bii sale \u00een textele canonice este [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama - \u00centemeietorul budismului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha istoric - \u00eentemeietorul budismului, Cele Patru Adev\u0103ruri Nobile \u0219i Calea Octupl\u0103. Via\u021b\u0103, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105500","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buddha Gautama - \u00centemeietorul budismului | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha istoric - \u00eentemeietorul budismului, Cele Patru Adev\u0103ruri Nobile \u0219i Calea Octupl\u0103. 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