{"id":105489,"date":"2026-08-04T16:00:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gula-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:01:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:01:22","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105489\" class=\"elementor elementor-105489 elementor-3020\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula este zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii \u0219i este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 ca st\u0103p\u00e2n\u0103 a c\u00e2inilor, al c\u0103rei animal este considerat un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al \u00eens\u0103n\u0103to\u0219irii. Gula este cea mai important\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare a religiei mesopotamiene vechi. Ea este venerat\u0103 mai ales \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 veche \u0219i neoasirian\u0103 \u0219i era considerat\u0103 patroana artei vindec\u0103rii, a medicilor \u0219i a moa\u0219elor.<\/p><p>Atributul ei este c\u00e2inele, un animal care \u00een concep\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 veche era asociat at\u00e2t cu vindecarea, c\u00e2t \u0219i cu pragul dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. Cele mai importante <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> ale ei se aflau la Isin, Nippur \u0219i Babilon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate - Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (aprox. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3251\" alt=\"Gula - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula este forma t\u00e2rzie \u0219i mai cuprinz\u0103toare a mai multor zei\u021be vindec\u0103toare mai vechi, \u00een special Ninisina, Bau \u0219i Ninkarrak, venerate \u00een ora\u0219ele-stat sumeriene vechi din Isin, Laga\u0219 \u0219i Sippar. Ninisina, &#8222;Doamna din Isin&#8221;, este cea mai important\u0103 precursoare.<\/p><p>\u00cenc\u0103 din inscrip\u021biile regale ale dinastiei din Isin, \u00een jurul anului 2000 \u00ee.Hr., ea apare ca suprem\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare \u0219i zei\u021b\u0103 ocrotitoare a ora\u0219ului. \u00cen perioada babilonian\u0103 veche, func\u021biile \u0219i atributele ei s-au contopit \u00een figura unitar\u0103 a Gulei.<\/p>\n<p>Numele Gula \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een akkadian\u0103 &#8222;cea Mare&#8221;. Inscrip\u021biile o numesc azugallu, adic\u0103 &#8222;marea doctori\u021b\u0103&#8221;. Ea este fiica lui Anu, zeul cerului, sau, \u00een alte tradi\u021bii, fiica lui Enlil. So\u021bul ei este Ninurta, zeul r\u0103zboinicilor \u0219i al plugului, cu care formeaz\u0103 un cuplu complementar: el pentru cucerirea militar\u0103, ea pentru restabilirea vindec\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>Cele mai importante sanctuare ale ei se aflau la Isin, un ora\u0219 \u00een sudul Mesopotamiei, \u0219i la Nippur, centrul religios principal. La Babilon i s-a construit \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 veche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> E-galmah. La Sippar era venerat\u0103 sub \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area Ninkarrakului. Aceast\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire geografic\u0103 demonstreaz\u0103 importan\u021ba supraregional\u0103 a zei\u021bei.<\/p>\n<p>Un imn cunoscut dedicat Gulei, &#8222;Imnul lui Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, dateaz\u0103 din perioada babilonian\u0103 mijlocie \u0219i ofer\u0103 o prezentare de sine cuprinz\u0103toare a zei\u021bei. Ea se descrie ca doctori\u021b\u0103, infirmier\u0103, moa\u0219\u0103 \u0219i totodat\u0103 judec\u0103toare dreapt\u0103. Imnul este important din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece rezum\u0103 func\u021biile centrale ale zei\u021bei \u00eentr-o form\u0103 literar\u0103 elevat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important atribut al Gulei este c\u00e2inele. Pe pietrele de hotar kudurru \u0219i pe reliefuri, un c\u00e2ine st\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 tronul ei sau la picioarele ei.<\/p><p>\u00cen concep\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 veche, c\u00e2inele lega vindecarea de moarte: saliva lui era considerat\u0103 t\u0103m\u0103duitoare, fapt atestat arheologic prin oase de c\u00e2ine \u00een sanctuare \u0219i prin texte de vindecare care rostesc formule de incanta\u021bie invoc\u00e2nd saliva c\u00e2inelui. Totodat\u0103, c\u00e2inii erau \u00eenso\u021bitori ai divinit\u0103\u021bii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i puteau fi concepu\u021bi ca tovar\u0103\u0219i ai mor\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>Un alt atribut este lanceta sau toiagul medical. \u00cen unele imagini ea \u021bine un instrument care aminte\u0219te de unelte chirurgicale. Pe impresiunile de sigilii apare frecvent \u00een fa\u021ba unei persoane bolnave, c\u0103reia i se adreseaz\u0103 cu bun\u0103voin\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>Pe multe pietre kudurru apare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> c\u00e2inelui a\u0219ezat al\u0103turi de alte semne astrale sau cosmice. Astfel, Gula era parte integrant\u0103 a geografiei teologice a pietrelor de hotar.<\/p><p>Simbolistica c\u00e2inelui a r\u0103mas semnul distinctiv care o f\u0103cea inconfundabil\u0103. Descoperirile arheologice de la Isin au confirmat semnifica\u021bia ritual\u0103 a c\u00e2inelui \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> ei, \u00eentruc\u00e2t acolo au fost g\u0103site oase de c\u00e2ine \u00eentr-o dispunere special\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Reliefurile templelor o arat\u0103 pe Gula uneori cu o stea sau semilun\u0103, ca indiciu al dimensiunii astrale a vener\u0103rii ei. Leg\u0103tura dintre vindecare, astrologie \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> era str\u00e2ns\u0103 \u00een g\u00e2ndirea mesopotamian\u0103 veche, iar Gula, ca zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare, apar\u021binea totodat\u0103 fondului de cunoa\u0219tere astral\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cultul principal al Gulei se afla la Isin, \u00een sudul Mesopotamiei. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sanctuarul<\/span> E-gal-mah era locul de \u00eentrunire al medicilor, moa\u0219elor \u0219i pacien\u021bilor. Ofrande votive din lut reprezent\u00e2nd p\u0103r\u021bi bolnave ale corpului, comparabile cu ofrandele voto din cultele vindec\u0103toare din sudul Italiei, au fost g\u0103site acolo \u00een num\u0103r mare.<\/p><p>Ele ofer\u0103 o imagine direct\u0103 a practicii: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerini<\/span> \u00eei consacrau modele de ochi bolnavi, membre sau organe abdominale \u00een speran\u021ba vindec\u0103rii.<\/p>\n<p>La Nippur, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> ei era E-mah, unde se \u00eentrunea colegiul medicilor.<\/p><p>Un termen neoasirian curent pentru medic, asu, deriv\u0103 din func\u021bia ei. La Sippar era venerat\u0103 sub numele Ninkarrak, la Babilon \u00een E-galmah. La Borsippa, ora\u0219ul-sor\u0103 al Babilonului, era integrat\u0103 ca zei\u021b\u0103 \u00eenso\u021bitoare a lui Nabu, zeul scriiturii.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> ei era deosebit de popular \u00een r\u00e2ndul femeilor \u0219i al medicilor. Texte de incanta\u021bie din perioada babilonian\u0103 veche \u0219i neoasirian\u0103 o invoc\u0103 la na\u0219teri, \u00een caz de febr\u0103, mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 de \u0219arpe \u0219i tulbur\u0103ri psihice. Colec\u021biile de incanta\u021bii din biblioteca regal\u0103 a lui Assurbanipal con\u021bin numeroase texte \u00een care Gula este invocat\u0103 ca divinitate vindec\u0103toare \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Marduk, Ea \u0219i Shamash.<\/p>\n<p>Practica incanta\u021biilor la c\u0103p\u0103t\u00e2iul pacientului cuprindea adesea mai multe etape. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, asipu, preotul incantator, o invoca pe Gula \u00een form\u0103 ritual\u0103 consacrat\u0103. Urmau apoi instruc\u021biuni concrete, adesea cu amestecuri de ierburi sau ac\u021biuni rituale precum ungerea cu un fir de l\u00e2n\u0103, care era apoi ars pentru a distruge simbolic boala.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103, adesea asociat\u0103 cu c\u00e2inele ca animal ritual, este documentat\u0103 \u00een sute de t\u0103bli\u021be de lut.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen perioada neoasirian\u0103, venerarea statal\u0103 a Gulei a crescut. Assurbanipal a dispus copierea textelor ei \u0219i includerea lor \u00een biblioteca sa. \u0218i femeile din familia regal\u0103 \u00eei aduceau ofrande personale, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 leg\u0103tura zei\u021bei cu na\u0219terea \u0219i maternitatea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula apare mai rar \u00een textele narative dec\u00e2t Inanna sau Marduk. Cel mai important text al ei este &#8222;Imnul lui Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, o mare autoprezentare a zei\u021bei \u00een 200 de versuri.<\/p><p>Ea se nume\u0219te \u00een acesta fiica lui Anu, so\u021bia lui Ninurta, doctori\u021ba marilor zei, moa\u0219a popoarelor \u0219i ocrotitoarea dreapt\u0103 a celor slabi. Imnul este remarcabil din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece \u00eencheie procesul de consolidare teologic\u0103 a numeroaselor zei\u021be vindec\u0103toare sub numele Gulei.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Anzu, Gula nu apare direct, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een versiunile t\u00e2rzii este men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Ninurta dup\u0103 victoria acestuia \u0219i particip\u0103 la s\u0103rb\u0103toarea triumfului. Aceast\u0103 asociere o integreaz\u0103 \u00een epopeea eroic\u0103 cosmic\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei confer\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 narativ\u0103 cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Anzu.<\/p>\n<p>O povestire scurt\u0103 relateaz\u0103 cum c\u00e2inele Gulei s-a \u00eemboln\u0103vit \u00eentr-o zi. Zei\u021ba \u00eens\u0103\u0219i a trebuit s\u0103 \u00eel ajute, folosind mai multe din plantele ei medicinale.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 suferin\u021b\u0103, se spune, i-a crescut capacitatea de vindecare, deoarece tr\u0103ise durerea mai \u00eent\u00e2i prin propriul animal. Aceast\u0103 povestire, p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva fragmente, confer\u0103 zei\u021bei un caracter empatic care o distinge de divinit\u0103\u021bile pur juridic-punitive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula este c\u0103s\u0103torit\u0103 cu Ninurta, zeul r\u0103zboinicilor \u0219i al plugului. Cei doi formeaz\u0103 un cuplu complementar, \u00een care zguduirea r\u0103zboinic\u0103 \u0219i restabilirea vindec\u0103toare sunt \u00eempletite. Cu Damu, un zeu vindec\u0103tor mai t\u00e2n\u0103r \u0219i fiul ei, are o rela\u021bie familial\u0103 str\u00e2ns\u0103. Damu este adesea interpretat ca succesor al Gulei \u00een func\u021bia vindec\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Ninisina, Bau \u0219i Ninkarrak s-a contopit cultual, ceea ce ilustreaz\u0103 procesul de consolidare teologic\u0103 din perioada babilonian\u0103 veche. Cu Marduk, zeul suprem al Babilonului, se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-un raport de cooperare cultual\u0103: \u00een incanta\u021biile medicale ambii sunt adesea invoca\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103, deoarece Marduk a dob\u00e2ndit un rol tot mai central \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> babilonian\u0103 \u0219i a suprapus par\u021bial func\u021biile vindec\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> mai larg, Gula are rela\u021bii cu Shamash, zeul soarelui \u0219i al drept\u0103\u021bii, precum \u0219i cu Ea, zeul \u00een\u021belepciunii. Leg\u0103tura cu Ea este deosebit de str\u00e2ns\u0103, deoarece acesta este considerat \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul cosmic al artei vindec\u0103rii, iar Gula \u00eei serve\u0219te ca echivalent terestru.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen lista teologic\u0103 An, Gula este identificat\u0103 cu Ninkarrak, o zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare a Akkadului, men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een formulele de blestem ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn ridicat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelei<\/span> lui Hammurabi ca destinatar\u0103 a pedepselor medicale.<\/p><p>So\u021bul ei este Pabilsag, un zeu r\u0103zboinic \u0219i vindec\u0103tor, identificat \u00een astronomia babilonian\u0103 t\u00e2rzie cu constela\u021bia S\u0103get\u0103torului. Aceast\u0103 asociere a zei\u021bei vindec\u0103toare cu un r\u0103zboinic este o constela\u021bie tipic mesopotamian\u0103, \u00een care protec\u021bia \u0219i agresivitatea sunt unite \u00een acela\u0219i cuplu divin.<\/p>\n<p>Un caz special interesant este identificarea Gula-Ishtar \u00een c\u00e2teva imnuri babiloniene t\u00e2rzii, care caut\u0103 s\u0103 cuprind\u0103 cele dou\u0103 zei\u021be ca aspecte ale unei singure puteri feminine. Aceast\u0103 contopire este controversat\u0103 \u0219i este considerat\u0103 un caz particular al specula\u021biei teologice t\u00e2rzii, care, sub influen\u021ba monola\u021biei tot mai accentuate a lui Marduk, a dorit s\u0103 unifice \u0219i principalele zei\u021be feminine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> Gulei a luat sf\u00e2r\u0219it odat\u0103 cu declinul marii civiliza\u021bii babiloniene \u00een perioada seleucid\u0103. Totu\u0219i, textele ei de vindecare au continuat s\u0103 fie copiate \u0219i p\u0103strate \u00een bibliotecile lumii elenistice. Studiile sumerologice din secolele al XIX-lea \u0219i al XX-lea au reconstituit-o ca figur\u0103 central\u0103 a istoriei medicinei mesopotamiene.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen istoria modern\u0103 a medicinei, Gula este recunoscut\u0103 ca una dintre cele mai timpurii zei\u021be protectoare documentate ale artei vindec\u0103toare. Reliefurile din Isin sunt reproduse \u00een numeroase manuale de istorie a medicinei. \u00cen istoria religioas\u0103 a c\u00e2inelui ea apare ca o figur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 important\u0103 pentru dubla func\u021bie a c\u00e2inelui ca \u00eenso\u021bitor al vindec\u0103rii \u0219i al mor\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cultura popular\u0103, Gula apare ast\u0103zi rareori, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een textele despre medicina orientului antic \u0219i \u00een studiile privind istoria obstetric\u0103 ea este o figur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 central\u0103. Leg\u0103tura dintre simbolistica c\u00e2inelui ei \u0219i zeii vindec\u0103tori mai t\u00e2rzii \u00eenso\u021bi\u021bi de c\u00e2ine (precum Asclepios cu \u0219arpe \u0219i c\u00e2ine \u00een lumea greac\u0103) este discutat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea religioas\u0103 comparat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Mesopotamia elenistic\u0103, Gula a fost identificat\u0103 cu Hecate, zei\u021ba greac\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> \u0219i a c\u00e2inilor. Aceast\u0103 identificare este atestat\u0103 epigrafic \u00een inscrip\u021biile seleucide din Uruk, mai ales pe o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn ridicat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u0103<\/span> bilingv\u0103 din secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr. Elementul comun const\u0103 \u00een atributul c\u00e2inelui \u0219i \u00een func\u021bia vindec\u0103toare de noapte.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert a schi\u021bat \u00een &#8222;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; linia istorico-religioas\u0103 de la Gula, prin Hecate, la Diana cea t\u00e2rzie.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen istoria medicinei, Gula este considerat\u0103 cea mai timpurie zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare numit\u0103 explicit, care patroneaz\u0103 o profesie proprie. Venerarea ei este r\u0103d\u0103cina complexului Asclepios-Hipocrate de mai t\u00e2rziu, aspect dezvoltat \u00een detaliu de Vivian Nutton \u00een &#8222;Ancient Medicine&#8221; (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>Cercetarea actual\u0103 \u00een istoria medicinei vede tradi\u021bia Gulei ca un element important al pre-istoriei artei vindec\u0103toare grece\u0219ti, cu urme concrete \u00een farmacologie \u0219i diagnostic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen \u00eencadreaz\u0103 Gula \u00een cercul marilor zei\u021be protectoare feminine, a c\u0103ror func\u021bie s-a concentrat \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 veche pe vindecare \u0219i na\u0219tere. El vede \u00een contopirea ei cu Ninisina un proces tipic de consolidare, \u00een care mai multe zei\u021be or\u0103\u0219ene\u0219ti au fuzionat \u00eentr-o figur\u0103 valabil\u0103 la nivel de imperiu.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro subliniaz\u0103 func\u021bia social\u0103 a cultului ei. Gula era patrona unui \u00eentreg grup profesional, cel al lui asu \u0219i asipu, adic\u0103 speciali\u0219tii medico-rituali. Leg\u0103tura acestui grup profesional cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> reprezenta o component\u0103 structural\u0103 important\u0103 a societ\u0103\u021bii mesopotamiene vechi.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul a documentat \u00een studiile sale despre divina\u021bie \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> str\u00e2nsa \u00eempletire a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultului<\/span> Gulei cu practica incanta\u021biilor. Walther Sallaberger \u0219i Andrew George au reconstituit cultul templier din Isin \u0219i Nippur at\u00e2t arheologic, c\u00e2t \u0219i textual.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert a editat critic \u0219i a comentat &#8222;Imnul lui Bullussa-rabi&#8221;. Cercetarea vede \u00een Gula una dintre cele mai importante chei pentru \u00een\u021belegerea medicinei \u0219i religiei mesopotamiene vechi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Imnul Gulei de Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important text literar dedicat zei\u021bei este marele Imn al Gulei de Bullussa-rabi, o scriitoare cunoscut\u0103 pe nume din perioada babilonian\u0103 mijlocie, probabil din secolul al XII-lea \u00ee.Hr. Textul, cuprinz\u00e2nd 200 de versuri, este transmis \u00een mai multe exemplare; cele mai importante t\u0103bli\u021be provin din bibliotecile de la Assur, Ninive \u0219i Babilon.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Imnul a fost editat pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een 1967 de Wilfred G. Lambert \u00een Orientalia 36, cu un comentariu amplu \u0219i traducere. Textul este redactat \u00een stilul unei autopredika\u021bii, \u00een care Gula vorbe\u0219te la persoana \u00eent\u00e2i despre atributele, puterile \u0219i func\u021biile ei vindec\u0103toare.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi prezint\u0103 zei\u021ba \u00eentr-o enumerare enciclopedic\u0103 a numelor \u0219i func\u021biilor ei. Ea este Belet-ili, Doamna zeilor, Nintinugga, Bauu \u0219i Ninisinna, venerate \u00een diferite ora\u0219e ale Sumerului.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 concatenare a zei\u021belor regionale sub un nume dominant este un exemplu al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> sincretiste mesopotamiene, \u00een care cultele locale au fost unificate sub un nume principal. Imnul este deosebit de important din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece transmite integrarea teologic\u0103 a numeroaselor zei\u021be vindec\u0103toare \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 figur\u0103 a Gulei.<\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere al con\u021binutului, imnul descrie activitatea Gulei ca doctori\u021b\u0103. Ea este &#8222;marea doctori\u021b\u0103 care transform\u0103 pl\u00e2ngerea \u00een bucurie&#8221;, ea &#8222;lini\u0219te\u0219te rana leg\u00e2nd-o&#8221;, ea &#8222;\u00eel face pe cel mort s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 la via\u021b\u0103&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ultima formulare este hiperbolic\u0103, dar arat\u0103 amploarea for\u021bei vindec\u0103toare atribuite. Un pasaj special este enumerarea plantelor medicinale, a c\u0103ror identificare botanic\u0103 precis\u0103 ridic\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi cercet\u0103rii moderne. Stefan Maul a comentat aceast\u0103 farmacopee \u00een studiile sale despre arta vindec\u0103toare babilonian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin \u0219i arheologia templelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrul principal al cultului Gulei era Isin, un ora\u0219 de pe cursul inferior al Eufratului, al c\u0103rui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al zei\u021bei purta numele E-gal-mah, &#8222;marele palat sublim&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ora\u0219ul a cunoscut perioada de \u00eenflorire \u00een secolele al XX-lea \u0219i al XIX-lea \u00ee.Hr. sub dinastia din Isin, ai c\u0103rei regi se numeau ale\u0219ii &#8222;din Casa Ninisinei&#8221; (adic\u0103 Gula). Inscrip\u021biile de construc\u021bie ale lui Lipit-I\u0219tar \u0219i Enlil-bani documenteaz\u0103 funda\u021bii ample, printre care renov\u0103ri de temple, consacr\u0103ri de statui \u0219i amenaj\u0103ri de spa\u021bii terapeutice.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103p\u0103turile germane de la Isin, conduse de Barthel Hrouda \u00eentre 1973 \u0219i 1989, au dezvelit \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 E-gal-mahul. \u00cen curtea templului s-a g\u0103sit un pu\u021b \u00een care, dup\u0103 vindecare, se aruncau figurine de c\u00e2ini ca ofrande votive.<\/p><p>Arheologii au recuperat c\u00e2teva sute de c\u00e2ini din teracot\u0103, depu\u0219i \u00een ap\u0103 de-a lungul secolelor. Aceast\u0103 categorie insolit\u0103 de surse confirm\u0103 simbolistica c\u00e2inelui men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een imn \u0219i ofer\u0103 o perspectiv\u0103 asupra evlaviei populare a celor care c\u0103utau vindecarea.<\/p>\n<p>Un al doilea mare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> se afla la Nippur \u0219i un al treilea la Babilon, unde Gula a devenit zei\u021ba vindec\u0103toare central\u0103 din punct de vedere al teologiei de stat \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 t\u00e2rzie. Inscrip\u021biile templiere ale lui Nebucadne\u021bar al II-lea o men\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca autoare a \u00eens\u0103n\u0103to\u0219irii regelui dup\u0103 o boal\u0103 grav\u0103.<\/p><p>\u0218i \u00een ora\u0219ul Assur din Asiria exista un E-gal-mah, renovat de Sennacherib \u0219i Assurbanipal. Aceast\u0103 prezen\u021b\u0103 supraregional\u0103 face din Gula una dintre principalele divinit\u0103\u021bi ale \u00eentregii Mesopotamii, comparabil\u0103 ca influen\u021b\u0103 cu Ishtar sau Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e2inele ca atribut \u0219i practica votiv\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e2inele este cel mai important atribut al Gulei, fapt singular \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> Mesopotamiei. Al\u021bi zei au tauri, lei sau dragoni, dar numai Gula are c\u00e2inele ca animal \u00eenso\u021bitor.<\/p><p>Pe cele mai multe reliefuri kudurru din perioada babilonian\u0103 mijlocie, mai ales pe kudurrul lui Meli-Shipak (secolul al XII-lea \u00ee.Hr.), ea apare tron\u00e2nd cu un c\u00e2ine a\u0219ezat la picioarele ei. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 este atestat\u0103 \u0219i pe c\u0103r\u0103mizile glazurate ale lui Nebucadne\u021bar al II-lea din Babilon.<\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere al istoriei religioase, simbolistica c\u00e2inelui este multistratificat\u0103. C\u00e2inii sunt \u00een Mesopotamia, pe de o parte, impuri \u0219i temu\u021bi, pe de alt\u0103 parte, p\u0103zitori ai pragului. \u00cen medicina vindec\u0103toare, c\u00e2inele este probabil animalul taumaturgic prin excelen\u021b\u0103, a c\u0103rui saliv\u0103 \u0219i lingere a r\u0103nilor era considerat\u0103 t\u0103m\u0103duitoare \u00een medicina popular\u0103.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten a semnalat \u00een studiile sale despre religia babilonian\u0103 ambivalen\u021ba c\u00e2inelui, \u00een\u021beles simultan ca pur \u0219i impur. De asemenea, Karen Radner a examinat \u00een mai multe studii interac\u021biunea dintre ritul vindec\u0103tor \u0219i venerarea c\u00e2inelui.<\/p>\n<p>Practica votiv\u0103 cuprindea, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 c\u00e2inii de lut, \u0219i modele ale unor p\u0103r\u021bi bolnave ale corpului. \u00cen s\u0103p\u0103turile templiere au fost descoperite reproduceri din lut ale m\u00e2inilor, picioarelor, ochilor \u0219i organelor genitale, aduse de pacien\u021bi ca ofrande de rug\u0103ciune.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 are paralele directe \u00een templele ulterioare ale lui Asclepios din lumea greac\u0103, mai ales la Epidauros, unde cei vindeca\u021bi l\u0103sau \u00een urm\u0103 membre de lut. O continuitate direct\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religioase este discutat\u0103, dar nu poate fi demonstrat\u0103 cu certitudine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antice<\/span> Surse: &#8222;Imnul Bullussa-rabi&#8221; \u00eenchinat Gulei, texte medicale \u0219i de incanta\u021bie din perioada babilonian\u0103 veche \u0219i neo-asirian\u0103, inscrip\u021bii din Isin, Nippur \u0219i Sippar, imnuri \u00eenchinate Ninisina \u0219i Ninkarrak, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Anzu \u00een versiunile t\u00e2rzii.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8222;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, &#8222;Ancient Babylonian Medicine&#8221;, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gula, zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii Gula este zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii \u0219i este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 ca st\u0103p\u00e2n\u0103 a c\u00e2inilor, al c\u0103rei animal este considerat un simbol al \u00eens\u0103n\u0103to\u0219irii. Gula este cea mai important\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare a religiei mesopotamiene vechi. Ea este venerat\u0103 mai ales \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 veche \u0219i neoasirian\u0103 \u0219i era considerat\u0103 patroana [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula - Zei\u021ba vindec\u0103toare babilonian\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2na c\u00e2inilor | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula este zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii, medicinei \u0219i re\u00eenvierii. Animalul ei este c\u00e2inele - mit, simboluri \u0219i templul Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105489","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula - Zei\u021ba vindec\u0103toare babilonian\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2na c\u00e2inilor | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula este zei\u021ba babilonian\u0103 a artei vindec\u0103rii, medicinei \u0219i re\u00eenvierii. 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