{"id":105481,"date":"2026-08-04T15:59:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T15:59:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ksitigarbha-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T16:00:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T16:00:23","slug":"ksitigarbha","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/ksitigarbha\/","title":{"rendered":"Ksitigarbha"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105481\" class=\"elementor elementor-105481 elementor-3038\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e868ac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e868ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe78d0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe78d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a4c167 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a4c167\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e09f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e09f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha, Bodhisattva al Infernurilor<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54a838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha (sanskrit\u0103: \u201ep\u00e2ntecul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;) este o figur\u0103 central\u0103 de bodhisattva \u00een budismul Mahayana \u0219i \u00een budismul est-asiatic. Este cunoscut pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un angajament religios solemn fa\u021b\u0103 de o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul<\/span> s\u0103u de a nu primi deplina stare de buddha p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd toate fiin\u021bele vor fi eliberate din sferele infernale.<\/p><p>\u00cen China este numit Dizang, \u00een Japonia Jizo, \u00een Coreea Jijang Bosal. Leg\u0103tura sa deosebit\u0103 cu cei deceda\u021bi, cu c\u0103l\u0103toria prin lumile intermediare \u0219i cu ocrotirea copiilor \u00eel face una dintre cele mai populare figuri de bodhisattva din Asia de Est.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44f4a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a44f4a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1765563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1765563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, zeit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite fl\u0103m\u00e2nde \u0219i paznici ai infernului.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3325e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3325e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"90cd16e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__90cd16e\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b2456 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b2456\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4716c iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4716c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3274\" alt=\"Ksitigarbha - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_ksitigarbha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0214908 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0214908\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b1329 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0b1329\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc79855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc79855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse sanscrite \u0219i sutre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f19d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f19d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 este Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, pe scurt Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>. Este p\u0103strat\u0103 doar \u00een traducere chinez\u0103 din secolul al VII-lea, originalul s\u0103u indian fiind pierdut sau inexistent.<\/p><p>Robert Buswell \u0219i Donald Lopez (&#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014) evalueaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> ca o compozi\u021bie ap\u0103rut\u0103 probabil \u00een Asia Central\u0103 sau \u00een China, care reune\u0219te motive mai vechi ale bodhisattva \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> descrie mai multe existen\u021be anterioare ale lui Ksitigarbha, \u00een care acesta, ca femeie sau ca brahman, a depus \u00een mod repetat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un angajament religios solemn fa\u021b\u0103 de o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul<\/span> eliber\u0103rii din infern. Versul central sun\u0103 aproximativ astfel: &#8222;C\u00e2t timp infernurile nu sunt goale, nu voi deveni Buddha; c\u00e2t timp nu toate fiin\u021bele sunt eliberate, nu voi intra \u00een Nirvana.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>O a doua lucrare, mai pu\u021bin ampl\u0103, este Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> a lui Ksitigarbha. Aceasta trateaz\u0103 cele zece ro\u021bi pe care bodhisattva le pune \u00een mi\u0219care pentru a opri declinul moral al epocilor t\u00e2rzii. Ambele texte sunt ancorate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd corpusului scripturistic obligatoriu recunoscut al unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonic<\/span> \u00een colec\u021biile Tripitaka est-asiatice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe85b6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe85b6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0183d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac0183d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d06f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d06f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Mahayana-ul chinez, Dizang se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cei patru mari bodhisattva, al\u0103turi de Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), Manjushri (Wenshu) \u0219i Samantabhadra (Puxian). Fiecare dintre cei patru este asociat unui munte sf\u00e2nt din China, Dizang muntelui Jiuhua Shan din Anhui. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a celor patru mun\u021bi este atestat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al IX-lea \u0219i structureaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi peisajul pelerinajelor budiste chineze.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere func\u021bional, Ksitigarbha \u00eemparte cu Avalokiteshvara rolul de bodhisattva al compasiunii, cu o specializare \u00een sferele de dincolo de via\u021ba uman\u0103. \u00cen timp ce Avalokiteshvara ocrote\u0219te fiin\u021bele din aceast\u0103 lume, Ksitigarbha ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een celelalte cinci dintre cele \u0219ase sfere ale existen\u021bei, mai ales \u00een sferele infernale (naraka) \u0219i printre spiritele fl\u0103m\u00e2nde (preta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5f7b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5f7b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ksitigarbha este de regul\u0103 reprezentat ca monah, ceea ce \u00eel distinge de majoritatea celorlal\u021bi bodhisattva, care poart\u0103 podoabe regale. El poart\u0103 Khakkhara, un toiag monahal cu inele cu zurg\u0103l\u0103i, menit s\u0103 deschid\u0103 por\u021bile infernului \u0219i s\u0103 alunge insectele din jur, pentru ca monahul s\u0103 nu r\u0103neasc\u0103 nicio fiin\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen m\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 \u021bine un Cintamani, giuvaerul dorin\u021belor, care aduce lumin\u0103 \u00een sferele \u00eentunecate. Capul s\u0103u este ras ca al unui monah pe deplin hirotonit. Iconografia japonez\u0103 Jizo a preluat aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 de baz\u0103 \u0219i a simplificat-o totodat\u0103; micile statui de piatr\u0103 de la marginea drumului reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 religioas\u0103 popular\u0103 caracteristic\u0103, derivat\u0103 din modelul canonic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2620dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2620dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2e2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb2e2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan \u0219i legenda Kim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17f5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e17f5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Muntele Jiuhua din provincia Anhui este, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al VIII-lea, principalul centru al vener\u0103rii lui Dizang. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Legenda<\/span> leag\u0103 muntele de un prin\u021b coreean pe nume Kim Gyo-gak (chinez\u0103: Jin Qiaojue), care a venit \u00een China \u00een jurul anului 720 ca monah \u0219i a dus o via\u021b\u0103 ascetic\u0103 pe munte.<\/p><p>Se spune c\u0103 a murit la v\u00e2rsta de 99 de ani, iar trupul s\u0103u a fost g\u0103sit neputrezit dup\u0103 trei ani, ceea ce, \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea budist\u0103, era considerat semn al ilumin\u0103rii sale. El a fost venerat ca \u00eentrupare a lui Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>Persoana istoric\u0103 este greu de delimitat din perspectiva criticii surselor, \u00eens\u0103 materialul arheologic \u0219i literar indic\u0103 un nucleu real. Hans Steininger (&#8222;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976) a reconstruit \u00een detaliu formarea cultului pe Jiuhua Shan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a107da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a107da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-125645b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"125645b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jizo \u00een Japonia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Japonia, Jizo a urmat o dezvoltare proprie, care l-a transformat, dep\u0103\u0219ind cu mult cadrul canonic clasic, \u00een zeitate popular\u0103 a copiilor, a c\u0103l\u0103torilor, a femeilor gravide \u0219i a muribunzilor.<\/p><p>Venerarea Mizuko-Jizo, deosebit de cunoscut\u0103 ast\u0103zi, se refer\u0103 la \u201ecopiii apei&#8221; (mizuko), adic\u0103 la copiii deceda\u021bi prin na\u0219tere moart\u0103, avort spontan sau avort provocat. Aceasta este o dezvoltare modern\u0103 a secolului al XX-lea, mai ales dup\u0103 1948, c\u00e2nd avortul a fost legalizat \u00een Japonia.<\/p><p>William LaFleur a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Liquid Life. Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221; (Princeton 1992) c\u0103 aceast\u0103 form\u0103 nu are r\u0103d\u0103cini canonice, ci este un complex contemporan alc\u0103tuit din lucrare de doliu, oferte comerciale ale templelor \u0219i simbolic\u0103 budist\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen contrast cu aceasta se afl\u0103 vechile statui Jizo de la intersec\u021bii, din trec\u0103torile montane \u0219i din cimitire, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een Japonia \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XII-lea, menite s\u0103 ocroteasc\u0103 deopotriv\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torii \u0219i pe cei deceda\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f37fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93f37fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd22f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cd22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cei zece regi ai infernului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-442474d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"442474d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia popular\u0103 religioas\u0103 chinez\u0103, Ksitigarbha este str\u00e2ns legat de sistemul celor zece regi ai infernului (shidian yanjun). Ace\u0219tia reprezint\u0103 cele zece judec\u0103\u021bi intermediare prin care trece sufletul dup\u0103 moarte. Ksitigarbha nu este el \u00eensu\u0219i un judec\u0103tor, ci instan\u021ba care aduce compasiune \u0219i ajutor \u00een fiecare dintre aceste sfere.<\/p><p>\u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> celor zece regi&#8221; (Shiwang jing), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen afara canonului recunoscut.\" tabindex=\"0\">apocrif\u0103<\/span> din secolul al IX-lea, descrie aceast\u0103 constela\u021bie. Stephen Teiser a urm\u0103rit \u00een &#8222;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221; (Honolulu 1994) dezvoltarea acestei lumi de reprezent\u0103ri din fuziunea elementelor budiste, taoiste \u0219i confucianiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5afb81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5afb81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae3159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ae3159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liturghie \u0219i ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abac0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ordinea fixat\u0103 a slujbei religioase a unei comunit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Liturghia<\/span> Ksitigarbha cuprinde recitarea Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, mai ales \u00een perioada de dup\u0103 un deces. Faza de patruzeci \u0219i \u0219apte de zile a st\u0103rii intermediare (chinez\u0103: zhongyin), pus\u0103 la dispozi\u021bia sufletului conform \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii budiste p\u00e2n\u0103 la rena\u0219tere, este considerat\u0103 faza \u00een care Dizang ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cel mai direct.<\/p><p>Membrii familiei recit\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, aduc ofrande de t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u0219i transfer\u0103 meritele astfel acumulate (punya) celui decedat. Cele dou\u0103sprezece zile comemorative ale anului, \u00een care Dizang este venerat \u00een mod deosebit, sunt stabilite \u00een calendarul lunar chinez; principala sa s\u0103rb\u0103toare cade \u00een ziua a 30-a a celei de-a 7-a luni lunare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38727b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38727b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3434ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3434ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u00een istoria religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ca3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ca3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Buswell a ar\u0103tat \u00een lucrarea &#8222;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221; (Princeton 1989) cum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Ksitigarbha a devenit un element de mediere \u00eentre doctrina budist\u0103 \u0219i venerarea ancestral\u0103 chinez\u0103. Budismul a putut s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 durabil \u00een China numai pentru c\u0103 a oferit r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentrebarea privind locul \u00een care se afl\u0103 mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>Dizang une\u0219te \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura budist\u0103 despre karma \u0219i rena\u0219tere cu nevoia chinez\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u0219i mijlocire \u00een favoarea str\u0103mo\u0219ilor. \u00cen aceast\u0103 func\u021bie de mediere rezid\u0103 unul dintre principalele motive ale popularit\u0103\u021bii sale extraordinare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c335c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c335c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd98313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae558d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae558d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Ksitigarbha-Bodhisattva-Purvapranidhana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Dizang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>); Dasakra-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> a lui Ksitigarbha; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> celor zece regi (Shiwang jing).<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Stephen Teiser, &#8222;The Scripture of the Ten Kings&#8221;, Honolulu 1994; William LaFleur, &#8222;Liquid Life.<\/p><p>Abortion and Buddhism in Japan&#8221;, Princeton 1992; Robert Buswell, &#8222;The Formation of Ch&#8217;an Ideology in China and Korea&#8221;, Princeton 1989; Hans Steininger, &#8222;Buddhistische Pilgerst\u00e4tten Chinas&#8221;, Wiesbaden 1976; Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3d36b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd3d36b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13f3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiuhua Shan ca centru de pelerinaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcb5fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcb5fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jiuhua Shan din provincia Anhui este alc\u0103tuit din nou\u0103 v\u00e2rfuri montane apropiate, a c\u0103ror form\u0103 se spune c\u0103 amintea de un lotus.<\/p><p>Pe munte sunt ast\u0103zi r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite peste \u0219aptezeci de m\u0103n\u0103stiri \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> active, cele mai vechi dat\u00e2nd din secolul al VIII-lea. M\u0103n\u0103stirea principal\u0103 Huacheng Si a fost fondat\u0103 \u00een 401 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> pur <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoist<\/span> \u0219i transformat\u0103 \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stire budist\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 781.<\/p><p>Sezonul anual de pelerinaj atinge apogeul \u00een a \u0219aptea lun\u0103 lunar\u0103 (corespunz\u0103toare Festivalului Fantomelor), c\u00e2nd peste un milion de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerini<\/span> viziteaz\u0103 muntele. O particularitate remarcabil\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">obiceiul<\/span> de a aduce ofrande de t\u0103m\u00e2ie pentru diferi\u021bi deceda\u021bi la diversele temple de pe traseul urcu\u0219ului.<\/p><p>Un traseu de pelerinaj complet cuprinde sta\u021bii pentru p\u0103rin\u021bi, bunici, al\u021bi rude \u0219i pentru \u201espiritele fl\u0103m\u00e2nde&#8221; f\u0103r\u0103 familie, c\u0103rora nimeni altcineva nu le aduce alimentele rituale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3b676 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de3b676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b530d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85b530d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trupuri mumificate ca relicve<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8258b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8258b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O particularitate remarcabil\u0103 a cultului de la Jiuhua o constituie trupurile mumificate ale \u00eenal\u021bilor c\u0103lug\u0103ri, venera\u021bi ca \u201ebuddhas de carne&#8221; (rou shen pusa). Trupul prin\u021bului coreean Kim Gyo-gak, care, conform <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune edificatoare, de regul\u0103 despre via\u021ba sfin\u021bilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">legendei<\/span>, a tr\u0103it pe munte, este considerat primul dintre aceste trupuri-relicv\u0103.<\/p><p>P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea au fost identifica\u021bi \u00een mun\u021bii Jiuhua c\u00e2teva zeci de astfel de c\u0103lug\u0103ri mumifica\u021bi; unii proveneau din epoca Tang, al\u021bii din epoca Ming \u0219i Qing, \u0219i chiar c\u00e2\u021biva din sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 etnografic\u0103 religioas\u0103; ea \u00eembin\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> budist\u0103 a rena\u0219terii cu reprezent\u0103rile chineze despre corpul nemuritor, provenite mai degrab\u0103 din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoism<\/span>. Bernard Faure a cercetat aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 \u00een mai multe studii privind istoria budismului chinez \u0219i i-a analizat sincretismele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22bf0c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22bf0c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-436cae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"436cae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practica Jizo \u00een Japonia modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b3aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Japonia, Jizo a dob\u00e2ndit o ancorare deosebit de larg\u0103 \u00een cultura cotidian\u0103. Micile statui de piatr\u0103, plasate la marginea drumurilor, \u00een cimitire \u0219i \u00een \u00eemprejurimile templelor, sunt \u00een mod regulat \u00eenzestrate de locuitorii din jur cu bavetu\u021be ro\u0219ii, c\u0103ciuli\u021be sau juc\u0103rii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 \u00eenzestrare este un semn al \u00eengrijirii din partea comunit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen Tokio urban exist\u0103 incinte templiere \u00een care sunt amplasate c\u00e2teva sute de statui Mizuko-Jizo.<\/p><p>Acestea sunt \u00eengrijite de p\u0103rin\u021bi \u00eendolia\u021bi pentru copii nen\u0103scu\u021bi sau deceda\u021bi de timpuriu, adesea timp de mul\u021bi ani. William LaFleur \u0219i Helen Hardacre au cercetat independent unul fa\u021b\u0103 de cel\u0103lalt aspectele economice \u0219i sociale ale acestei practici.<\/p><p>Ei v\u0103d \u00een aceasta at\u00e2t o important\u0103 lucrare de doliu, c\u00e2t \u0219i o economie de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> par\u021bial comercializat\u0103, \u00een care <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templele<\/span> c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 considerabil din achizi\u021biile de statui \u0219i din ritualurile anuale comemorative.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fe866f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fe866f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3356a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3356a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha \u0219i Festivalul Fantomelor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b7018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b7018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Festivalul Fantomelor din a 15-a zi a celei de-a 7-a luni lunare (\u00een Taiwan \u0219i pe continent, ast\u0103zi cel mai adesea \u00een august) este una dintre cele mai importante s\u0103rb\u0103tori chineze\u0219ti \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een str\u00e2ns\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Ksitigarbha.<\/p><p>Pe parcursul \u00eentregii a \u0219aptea luni lunare, por\u021bile dintre lumi sunt considerate deschise, cei deceda\u021bi \u0219i spiritele \u00eenfometate pot p\u0103trunde \u00een lumea celor vii.<\/p><p>Familiile a\u0219az\u0103 mese de ofrande cu m\u00e2nc\u0103ruri, t\u0103m\u00e2ie \u0219i bani de h\u00e2rtie, destinate str\u0103mo\u0219ilor \u0219i spiritelor f\u0103r\u0103 ad\u0103post. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templele<\/span> organizeaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 liturghii speciale \u00een care se recit\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> lui Dizang, pentru a elibera fiin\u021bele din infernuri.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura dintre Festivalul Fantomelor \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Dizang este documentat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd din epoca Tang, \u00een care riturile culmineaz\u0103 cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ordinea fixat\u0103 a serviciului divin al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturghia<\/span> &#8222;Yulanpen Hui&#8221; (Adunarea Ullambana), a c\u0103rei baz\u0103 textual\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> Ullambana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f51568 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f51568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7325a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7325a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun-Sutra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b77a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b77a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 cunoscuta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un angajament religios solemn fa\u021b\u0103 de o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">jur\u0103mintele<\/span> originare ale Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (Dizang pusa benyuan jing), \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> celor zece ro\u021bi ale Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha&#8221; (Dasheng Daji Dizang Shilun jing, Taisho 411) este o lucrare doctrinar\u0103 central\u0103.<\/p><p>A fost tradus\u0103 de Xuanzang \u00een anul 651 al erei noastre. Con\u021bine fundamentarea teologic\u0103 a pozi\u021biei lui Dizang \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> Mahayana \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 func\u021bia sa ca \u201epurificator al celor zece activit\u0103\u021bi&#8221;.<\/p><p>Cercetarea lui Zhiru Ng (&#8222;The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva&#8221;, Honolulu 2007) arat\u0103 c\u0103 aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> red\u0103 stratul indian mai vechi al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> Ksitigarbha, \u00een timp ce Benyuan-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> reprezint\u0103 o dezvoltare chinez\u0103, compus\u0103 probabil \u00een perioada Sui sau la \u00eenceputul epocii Tang \u0219i care nu se raporteaz\u0103 \u00een mod univoc la un original indian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2531f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2531f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4e916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a4e916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele \u0219ase c\u0103i ale rena\u0219terii \u0219i responsabilitatea lui Ksitigarbha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7355a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7355a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia est-asiatic\u0103, Ksitigarbha este acel bodhisattva care, \u00eentre Buddha Shakyamuni \u0219i viitoarea apari\u021bie a lui Maitreya, \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 responsabilitatea pentru toate cele \u0219ase c\u0103i ale rena\u0219terii (zei, semizei, oameni, animale, spirite fl\u0103m\u00e2nde, fiin\u021be infernale). Aceast\u0103 responsabilitate \u00eei este transmis\u0103 \u00een scena Pariwarta din Benyuan-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> de c\u0103tre Buddha Shakyamuni.<\/p><p>Consecin\u021ba liturgic\u0103 este c\u0103 Ksitigarbha este invocat ca mediator \u00eentre sferele existen\u021bei. De aceea, \u00een s\u0103lile templelor este adesea reprezentat grupat al\u0103turi de \u201eCei zece regi ai lumii de dedesubt&#8221; (Shi Wang), o constela\u021bie standardizat\u0103 \u00een China \u00een secolul al IX-lea \u0219i care se perpetueaz\u0103 prin Japonia \u0219i Coreea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een practica funerar\u0103 actual\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db7b191 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db7b191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead0df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ead0df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Statuile Roku-Jizo din Japonia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4247ee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4247ee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cimitirele \u0219i la r\u0103scrucile de drumuri din Japonia se g\u0103sesc grupuri de \u0219ase statui Jizo (Roku-Jizo), fiecare corespunz\u00e2nd uneia dintre cele \u0219ase c\u0103i ale rena\u0219terii. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 dateaz\u0103 din perioada Heian (secolele IX-XII) \u0219i a fost popularizat\u0103 de \u0219coala Tendai.<\/p><p>Hank Glassman (&#8222;The Face of Jizo&#8221;, Honolulu 2012) a cercetat dezvoltarea statuilor Roku-Jizo ca fenomen socioreligios \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 practica aparent uniform\u0103 prezint\u0103 varia\u021bii regionale considerabile.<\/p><p>Statuile poart\u0103 atribute diferite: toiagul Khakkhara (pentru trezirea fiin\u021belor infernale), giuvaerul dorin\u021belor (Cintamani), sulul de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, bobocul de lotus. \u00cen Kyoto, sta\u021biile Roku-Jizo de la periferia ora\u0219ului sunt \u0219i ast\u0103zi destina\u021bie a ritualurilor de pelerinaj care \u00eencadreaz\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toarea anual\u0103 Roku-Jizo-Meguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8a91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb8a91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb04ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb04ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mizuko-Kuyo \u0219i industria ritualurilor de doliu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a53cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a53cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Practica Mizuko-Kuyo (rituri comemorative pentru fetu\u0219i \u0219i sugari deceda\u021bi de timpuriu) s-a dezvoltat \u00een Japonia mai ales dup\u0103 1948, \u00een contextul legaliz\u0103rii \u00eentreruperii de sarcin\u0103, devenind o component\u0103 stabil\u0103 a liturghiei templelor. Jizo este considerat patron al celor deceda\u021bi neelibera\u021bi, \u00een special al copiilor care nu au putut dob\u00e2ndi propria maturitate karmic\u0103.<\/p><p>William LaFleur (&#8222;Liquid Life&#8221;, Princeton 1992) a prezentat discursul eticoreligios \u00een jurul Mizuko-Kuyo drept cea mai semnificativ\u0103 contribu\u021bie a practicii religioase japoneze moderne la bioetic\u0103.<\/p><p>Dimensiunea comercial\u0103 este considerabil\u0103: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> precum Hase-dera din Kamakura ad\u0103postesc mii de mici statui Jizo, donate de p\u0103rin\u021bi. Critica la adresa comercializ\u0103rii este dus\u0103 \u00een interiorul asocia\u021biilor budiste \u00eense\u0219i, f\u0103r\u0103 ca practica s\u0103 fi sc\u0103zut \u00een mod semnificativ din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b92766 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b92766\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2068be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2068be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ksitigarbha \u00een Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ac0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8ac0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen budismul tibetan, Ksitigarbha (Sai Nyingpo) apare mai pu\u021bin proeminent dec\u00e2t \u00een Asia de Est. El face parte din grupul celor opt mari bodhisattva (rgyal sras chen po brgyad), \u00eens\u0103 este rareori venerat ca obiect central al practicii. Tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 nu cunoa\u0219te o venerare proprie comparabil\u0103 cu cea a Tarei.<\/p><p>\u00cen constela\u021biile de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram\u0103 circular\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 cosmosul \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>, de exemplu \u00een Garbhadhatu- \u0219i Vajradhatu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram\u0103 circular\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 cosmosul \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>, Ksitigarbha ocup\u0103 un loc fix \u00een sectorul occidental. Yael Bentor (&#8222;Consecration of Images and Stupas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism&#8221;, Leiden 1996) a evaluat sistematic pozi\u021bia de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram\u0103 circular\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 cosmosul \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> a lui Ksitigarbha \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ordinea fixat\u0103 a slujbei religioase a unei comunit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturghia<\/span> tibetan\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96aa37a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96aa37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-254f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"254f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0218coala Jiuhua \u0219i tradi\u021bia sa liturgic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d99b4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d99b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Muntele Jiuhua din Anhui este, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din perioada t\u00e2rzie Tang, principalul centru chinez al cultului Ksitigarbha. Tradi\u021bia liturgic\u0103 a dezvoltat o form\u0103 proprie de c\u00e2nt, numit\u0103 \u201eJiuhua-Yinyue&#8221;, care \u00eembin\u0103 laudele budiste cu melodii populare locale. UNESCO a recunoscut aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie \u00een 2008 ca patrimoniu cultural imaterial al Chinei.<\/p><p>M\u0103n\u0103stirile de pe munte de\u021bin o colec\u021bie proprie de \u00eenregistr\u0103ri audio ale liturghiilor, reconstruit\u0103 sistematic \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1980. Ora\u0219ul m\u0103n\u0103stiresc cuprinde ast\u0103zi peste optzeci de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u0219i schituri. Perioada central\u0103 de pelerinaj este ziua a 30-a a celei de-a \u0219aptea luni lunare, ziua de na\u0219tere a lui Ksitigarbha, c\u00e2nd regiunea Anhui prime\u0219te sute de mii de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerini<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f161d5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f161d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f87a44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f87a44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2ceb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2ceb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ce \u00eel distinge pe Ksitigarbha de Avalokiteshvara?<\/strong> Ambii sunt bodhisattva ai compasiunii, \u00eens\u0103 au domenii de specializare diferite. Avalokiteshvara \u00eei ajut\u0103 pe cei vii \u00een aceast\u0103 lume, Ksitigarbha pe fiin\u021bele din infernuri \u0219i din sferele spiritelor. Avalokiteshvara este de regul\u0103 reprezentat cu podoabe regale, Ksitigarbha ca monah cu capul ras.<\/p>\n<p><strong>De ce este Ksitigarbha legat \u00een Japonia de copii?<\/strong> Leg\u0103tura cu copiii, mai ales cu copiii nen\u0103scu\u021bi deceda\u021bi (mizuko), este o dezvoltare japonez\u0103 atestat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XII-lea \u0219i extins\u0103 considerabil \u00een secolul al XX-lea. Ea nu are o baz\u0103 canonic\u0103 \u00een sutrele timpurii, ci reprezint\u0103 o concretizare cultural\u0103 specific\u0103 a func\u021biei de protec\u021bie budist\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Care este cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al lui Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> Jiuhua Shan din provincia chinez\u0103 Anhui este sanctuarul principal. El este unul dintre cei patru mun\u021bi sfin\u021bi ai budismului chinez.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> este atribuit\u0103 lui Ksitigarbha?<\/strong> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> standard sun\u0103 \u201eom ha ha ha vismaye svaha&#8221; \u0219i este recitat\u0103 mai ales \u00een practica de retragere \u0219i \u00een ritualurile pentru cei deceda\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ksitigarbha, Bodhisattva al Infernurilor Ksitigarbha (sanskrit\u0103: \u201ep\u00e2ntecul p\u0103m\u00e2ntului&#8221;) este o figur\u0103 central\u0103 de bodhisattva \u00een budismul Mahayana \u0219i \u00een budismul est-asiatic. Este cunoscut pentru jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul s\u0103u de a nu primi deplina stare de buddha p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd toate fiin\u021bele vor fi eliberate din sferele infernale. \u00cen China este numit Dizang, \u00een Japonia Jizo, \u00een Coreea Jijang [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3274,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ksitigarbha","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ksitigarbha - Bodhisattva al Infernurilor | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ksitigarbha (jap. Jizo) este bodhisattva care nu p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te infernul p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd toate fiin\u021bele sunt eliberate. 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