{"id":105471,"date":"2026-08-04T15:58:40","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T15:58:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/minerva-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T15:59:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T15:59:17","slug":"minerva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/minerva\/","title":{"rendered":"Minerva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105471\" class=\"elementor elementor-105471 elementor-3011\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b58201 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8b58201\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da51ea3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da51ea3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6417cf4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6417cf4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1266072 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1266072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Minerva, zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-322afdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"322afdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Minerva este zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii, a me\u0219te\u0219ugului \u0219i a r\u0103zboiului strategic. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Iuppiter \u0219i Iuno, ea face parte din Triada Capitolin\u0103, care constituia centrul religios al statului roman. Spre deosebire de impetuosul Mars, ea \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 aspectul planificat, tehnic al r\u0103zboiului.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> ei reunea breslele me\u0219te\u0219ugarilor, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii, medicii \u0219i muzican\u021bii \u0219i se \u00eentindea de la r\u0103d\u0103cinile etrusce p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea T\u00e2rzie<\/span>. P\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, Minerva st\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia educa\u021bional\u0103 european\u0103 drept <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al cunoa\u0219terii dob\u00e2ndite prin experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i disciplin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5c66e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5c66e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdacb15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"fdacb15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia roman\u0103 de la regalitate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Antichitatea T\u00e2rzie - sincretic\u0103, cu straturi grece\u0219ti \u0219i etrusce.\">Roma<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45ca86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e45ca86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b3478 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"47b3478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a503ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a503ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c2b35 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c4c2b35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3258\" alt=\"Minerva - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4670358 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4670358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6a7ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c6a7ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f49b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f49b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd645ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd645ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Minerva roman\u0103 este str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit\u0103 cu etr\u0443\u0441a Menrva, care, la r\u00e2ndul ei, apar\u021binea vastului univers divin italic al Romei tarhviniene. \u00cenc\u0103 din epoca regal\u0103, c\u00e2nd influen\u021bele etrusce modelau religia roman\u0103, Menrva era o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> central\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului, me\u0219te\u0219ugului \u0219i na\u0219terii.<\/p><p>Prin Triada Capitolin\u0103 etrusc\u0103, ea a ajuns la cultul principal de pe Capitoliu \u0219i a devenit, sub numele de Minerva, zei\u021b\u0103 al\u0103turi de Iuppiter Optimus Maximus \u0219i Iuno Regina. Asocierea a trei divinit\u0103\u021bi \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 cella nu era de la sine \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul italic \u0219i este considerat\u0103, din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, un indiciu al arhitecturii templiere etrusce.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Roma de factur\u0103 elenistic\u0103 a avut loc timpuriu o identificare aproape deplin\u0103 cu Athena greac\u0103. Ovidiu o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Minerva \u00een \u201eMetamorfoze&#8221; ca patroan\u0103 a \u021besutului, care o transform\u0103 pe Arachne \u00een p\u0103ianjen din cauza hybris-ului ei. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune apar\u021bine \u00een origine cercului mitologic grec, dar a fost integrat\u0103 definitiv \u00een imaginea zeilor romani \u00een limb\u0103 latin\u0103.<\/p><p>Vergiliu men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een repetate r\u00e2nduri \u00een \u201eEneida&#8221; imaginea Pallas a Minervei, acel obiect de cult din lemn care se afla la Troia \u0219i care, dup\u0103 tradi\u021bia roman\u0103, a fost adus \u00een Italia de Aeneas.<\/p><p>Credin\u021ba c\u0103 acest Palladium era p\u0103strat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Vestei din Forum o lega pe Minerva str\u00e2ns de cultul statal \u0219i \u00eei conferea un rol central \u00een mitologia de stat augusteic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0219terea Minervei din capul lui Iuppiter este un topos curent al tradi\u021biei literare. \u00cen practica religioas\u0103, aceast\u0103 filia\u021bie mitic\u0103 a jucat un rol mai redus dec\u00e2t func\u021bia ei de protectoare a cunoa\u0219terii \u0219i a preciziei me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103re\u0219ti.<\/p><p>Varro \u0219i Cicero o trateaz\u0103 pe Minerva drept una dintre cele mai importante zei\u021be ale panteonului roman; Cicero, \u00een \u201eDe natura deorum&#8221;, distinge mai multe Minervae, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd astfel c\u0103 \u0219i erudi\u021bii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> au \u00eencercat s\u0103 separe diferite linii de cult.<\/p><p>\u00cen modelul stratificat teologic al Republicii T\u00e2rzii, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Minerva capitolin\u0103 sunt recunoscute o Minerva r\u0103zboinic\u0103, una medical\u0103 \u0219i una mai degrab\u0103 legat\u0103 de comer\u021b. Aceast\u0103 multiplicitate pledeaz\u0103 pentru un vechi fascicul de culte italice diferite reunite sub un singur nume.<\/p>\n<p>Etimologia este discutat\u0103 \u00een mod neunitar \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103. Probabil st\u0103 la baz\u0103 o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 indo-european\u0103 cu sensul de \u201ea g\u00e2ndi&#8221; sau \u201ea m\u0103sura&#8221;, din care deriv\u0103 \u0219i cuv\u00e2ntul latin mens, adic\u0103 \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">minte<\/span>&#8222;.<\/p><p>Astfel, Minerva este, din punct de vedere lingvistic, de la bun \u00eenceput zei\u021ba m\u0103sur\u0103rii spirituale a lumii, fie c\u0103 e vorba de me\u0219te\u0219ug, scriere sau planificare strategic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c75cded e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c75cded\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c0c2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37c0c2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1512d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1512d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Minerva apare \u00een arta figurativ\u0103 de obicei cu coif, suli\u021b\u0103 \u0219i scut. Pe scut sau pe pieptarul de armur\u0103 apare frecvent Gorgoneionul, capul Meduzei, un semn apotropaic care respinge r\u0103ul \u0219i indic\u0103 leg\u0103tura cu Athena greac\u0103.<\/p><p>Coiful ei este de regul\u0103 de tip corintic \u0219i, \u00een epoca imperial\u0103, adesea \u00eempodobit cu pana\u0219 elaborat. Suli\u021ba nu este ridicat\u0103 agresiv, ci sprijinit\u0103, indic\u00e2nd func\u021bia ei de veghetoare, nu de atacatoare.<\/p>\n<p>Bufni\u021ba este considerat\u0103 animalul ei sacru \u0219i simbolizeaz\u0103 privirea ascu\u021bit\u0103 a \u00een\u021belep\u021bilor. \u00cen numismatica roman\u0103, bufni\u021ba apare pe monede care abordeaz\u0103 teme me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103re\u0219ti sau erudite. Al\u0103turi de aceasta, \u0219arpele este un atribut \u00eenso\u021bitor care trimite la stratul htonic al zei\u021bei.<\/p><p>M\u0103slinul, central pentru Athena \u00een Grecia, joac\u0103 la Roma un rol mai redus, dar demonstrabil \u00een contextul agronomiei. \u00cen inscrip\u021bii din Pompeii \u0219i Ostia, Minerva este reprezentat\u0103 cu ramur\u0103 de m\u0103slin \u0219i pater\u0103, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie cultic\u0103 a m\u0103slinului \u00een contextul rural-me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103resc.<\/p>\n<p>Relevante din punct de vedere profesional sunt fusul, suveica \u0219i stilus-ul, adic\u0103 uneltele me\u0219te\u0219ugului textil \u0219i al scrisului. La s\u0103rb\u0103torile lucr\u0103toarelor de l\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i ale \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torilor, aceste unelte erau depuse simbolic \u00eenaintea imaginii sale.<\/p><p>De asemenea, p\u0103tratul, conceput ca m\u0103sur\u0103 a preciziei, apare \u00een alegoriile t\u00e2rz-antice \u00een care Minerva este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 ca patroan\u0103 a septem artes liberales. Un atribut mai pu\u021bin cunoscut este flautul, a c\u0103rui inven\u021bie \u00eei este atribuit\u0103, dar pe care, dup\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, l-a respins singur\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 de tranzi\u021bie \u00eentre Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, aproximativ secolele III-VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitatea T\u00e2rzie<\/span>, Minerva apare cu sul de papirus \u0219i stilus sau \u00een fa\u021ba unei arhitecturi cu coloane care simbolizeaz\u0103 m\u0103sura geometric\u0103. Aceast\u0103 deplasare iconografic\u0103 eviden\u021biaz\u0103 transformarea de la zei\u021ba r\u0103zboiului sus\u021bin\u0103toare a statului la patroana culturii erudite, care a preg\u0103tit trecerea spre allegoresis-ul cre\u0219tin al Sapientiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0ebfe1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0ebfe1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d2d10d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d2d10d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-434fec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"434fec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> roman al Minervei se afla pe Aventin \u0219i se numea Aedes Minervae. Era \u00een mod tradi\u021bional locul de adunare al scribaelor \u0219i histrionilor, adic\u0103 al scriitorilor \u0219i arti\u0219tilor de scen\u0103, care \u00ee\u0219i organizau aici asocia\u021biile profesionale.<\/p><p>Acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> era considerat principalul punct de \u00eent\u00e2lnire pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori \u0219i medici, motiv pentru care sursele t\u00e2rzii o consider\u0103 pe Minerva zei\u021ba educa\u021biei prin excelen\u021b\u0103. Amplasarea pe Aventin, colina plebeilor, conferea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultului<\/span> un accent social dincolo de elita senatorial\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen templul capitolin, ea \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bea o cella cu Iuppiter \u0219i Iuno. \u00cen aceast\u0103 func\u021bie era zei\u021b\u0103 a statului \u00een sensul cel mai strict. Consulii \u0219i magistra\u021bii \u00eei aduceau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> la intrarea \u00een func\u021bie, iar comandan\u021bii militari \u00eei ofereau pr\u0103zi ca daruri votive dup\u0103 victorii. Inscrip\u021biile din epoca imperial\u0103 o men\u021bioneaz\u0103 frecvent al\u0103turi de Iuppiter Conservator ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> protectoare a imperiului.<\/p>\n<p>Cea mai important\u0103 s\u0103rb\u0103toare era Quinquatrus, celebrat\u0103 \u00eentre 19 \u0219i 23 martie. Ovidiu \u00eei dedic\u0103 un pasaj amplu \u00een \u201eFaste&#8221; \u0219i descrie leg\u0103turile cu \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii, elevii, medicii, vopsitorii \u0219i lucr\u0103torii de l\u00e2n\u0103. \u00cen primele zile, activit\u0103\u021bile militare \u00eencetau; urmau luptele de gladiatori \u0219i competi\u021biile artistice.<\/p><p>O a doua s\u0103rb\u0103toare mai mic\u0103, Quinquatrus minusculae din iunie, era dedicat\u0103 flauti\u0219ilor, a c\u0103ror asocia\u021bie profesional\u0103 era str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>. Ambele s\u0103rb\u0103tori reprezentau prilejuri importante pentru asocia\u021biile profesionale de a-\u0219i re\u00eennoi statutele \u0219i de a adopta hot\u0103r\u00e2ri comune.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen provincii, Minerva era adesea sincretizat\u0103 cu zei\u021be locale. \u00cen Britania s-a contopit cu Sulis \u00een Sulis Minerva, al c\u0103rei izvor vindec\u0103tor din Aquae Sulis constituia un important centru de pelerinaj. \u00cen Galia apare ca patroan\u0103 a fierarilor, \u021besoarelor \u0219i scriitorilor; \u00een zona dun\u0103rean\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te \u00een inscrip\u021bii al\u0103turi de divinit\u0103\u021bi me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103re\u0219ti locale.<\/p><p>\u00cen Africa de Nord este atestat\u0103 ca Minerva Augusta, str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de cultul imperial al dinastiei severiene. Aceast\u0103 diversitate provincial\u0103 ilustreaz\u0103 capacitatea sistemului religios roman de a integra referin\u021bele locale \u00eentr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> unificat\u0103 la scara imperiului.<\/p>\n<p>Cursele de cai, \u00eenceputurile anului \u0219colar \u0219i prima \u00eencercare de scriere a unui copil erau plasate cu predilec\u021bie \u00een preajma Quinquatrus-ului. Aceast\u0103 \u00eempletire a vie\u021bii cotidiene cu calendarul festiv arat\u0103 c\u0103 Minerva era invocat\u0103 nu doar cu ocazii speciale, ci \u0219i \u00een activitatea zilnic\u0103 de predare. Cadrele didactice primeau la ziua ei de s\u0103rb\u0103toare minerval-ul, un fel de tax\u0103 \u0219colar\u0103; termenul a supravie\u021buit \u00een francezul minerval.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1eed44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1eed44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13afc06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13afc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c232197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c232197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ovidiu relateaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Metamorfozele&#8221; episodul lui Arachne. Tes\u0103toarea lidic\u0103 Arachne o provoac\u0103 pe Minerva la \u00eentrecere, drept care zei\u021ba apare \u00een chip de b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103, o avertizeaz\u0103 \u0219i accept\u0103 \u00een cele din urm\u0103 competi\u021bia. Minerva \u021bese zeii \u00een demnitate olimpic\u0103, pe c\u00e2nd Arachne \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 aventurile amoroase ale zeilor \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 batjocoritoare.<\/p><p>R\u0103nit\u0103 de ocar\u0103, Minerva o transform\u0103 pe rival\u0103 \u00eentr-un p\u0103ianjen. Nara\u021biunea condenseaz\u0103 reprezentarea roman\u0103 a hybrisului fa\u021b\u0103 de ordinea divin\u0103 \u0219i ilustreaz\u0103 totodat\u0103 rolul Minervei ca protectoare a artei textile. Ea constituie, din punct de vedere literar, o reflec\u021bie asupra limitelor artei omene\u0219ti \u00een raport cu divinul.<\/p>\n<p>O a doua nara\u021biune prive\u0219te Palladiumul, acea veche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentare plastic\u0103 a unei divinit\u0103\u021bi, venerat\u0103 \u00een templu sau sanctuar.\" tabindex=\"0\">imagine de cult<\/span> a Minervei. Potrivit &#8222;Eneidei&#8221; lui Vergiliu, Aeneas salveaz\u0103 imaginea din Troia \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri. Ulterior, aceasta este p\u0103strat\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Vestei din Forum, \u00eentruc\u00e2t prezen\u021ba ei era considerat\u0103 legat\u0103 de soarta Romei.<\/p><p>Prefec\u021bii \u0219i vestalele vegheau asupra imaginii, iar \u00een momente de criz\u0103 ea era invocat\u0103 ca gaj sacru al cet\u0103\u021bii. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre Minerva \u0219i Vesta arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns erau concepute, \u00een religia roman\u0103, protec\u021bia statului \u0219i protec\u021bia cunoa\u0219terii.<\/p><p>Cicero \u0219i Livius relateaz\u0103 mai multe prilejuri \u00een care Palladiumul a fost ar\u0103tat public sau pus la ad\u0103post, deoarece cetatea se vedea \u00een primejdie.<\/p>\n<p>O a treia amintire mitic\u0103 prive\u0219te flautistul Marsyas. Se spune c\u0103 Minerva ar fi inventat flautul, \u00eens\u0103 l-a aruncat atunci c\u00e2nd \u0219i-a v\u0103zut propriul chip \u00een oglinda apei cu obrajii umfla\u021bi. Satirul Marsyas a ridicat instrumentul \u0219i l-a provocat ulterior pe Apollo la un duel muzical.<\/p><p>Apollo a ie\u0219it \u00eenving\u0103tor \u0219i l-a jupuit de viu pe Marsyas. \u00cen lectura roman\u0103, episodul reprezint\u0103 un avertisment cu privire la limitele ambi\u021biei artistice \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 func\u021bia protectoare a Minervei fa\u021b\u0103 de o art\u0103 demn\u0103 \u0219i cump\u0103tat\u0103. El reflect\u0103 totodat\u0103 respingerea roman\u0103 a dionisiacului extatic, c\u0103ruia flautul \u00eei era asociat simbolic.<\/p>\n<p>O a patra nara\u021biune, ancorat\u0103 local \u00een tradi\u021bia italic\u0103, relateaz\u0103 concursul dintre Minerva \u0219i Neptun pentru patronajul asupra Atenei, \u00een care miza o constituia m\u0103slinul. Ovidiu preia aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune greceasc\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Metamorfozele&#8221; \u0219i o plaseaz\u0103 pe imaginea de pe r\u0103zboiul de \u021besut al lui Arachne, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 \u00eempletirea tematic\u0103 cu episodul Arachne.<\/p><p>Minerva iese \u00eenving\u0103toare prin darul folositor al m\u0103slinului fa\u021b\u0103 de calul lui Neptun, ceea ce marcheaz\u0103 superioritatea culturii pa\u0219nice \u0219i hr\u0103nitoare asupra for\u021bei brute a naturii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c4525e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c4525e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cabc3c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cabc3c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff830c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff830c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen Triada Capitolin\u0103, Minerva st\u0103 al\u0103turi de Iuppiter \u0219i Iuno. Aceast\u0103 constela\u0163ie, atestat\u0103 deja la etrusci, exprim\u0103 interac\u021biunea dintre putere, familie \u0219i cunoa\u015ftere, care, \u00een concep\u021bia roman\u0103 despre sine, sus\u021bine statul.<\/p><p>Iuppiter este conduc\u0103torul suprem, Iuno protejeaz\u0103 femeile \u0219i c\u0103s\u0103toria, Minerva asigur\u0103 substan\u021ba intelectual\u0103 \u0219i me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103reasc\u0103. Cele trei formeaz\u0103 un program de teologie statal\u0103 care se repet\u0103 pe aproape toate edificiile publice din Roma \u0219i \u00een ora\u0219ele municipale ale Italiei.<\/p>\n<p>Minerva este str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit\u0103 cu Mars, dar rolurile lor sunt clar delimitate. Mars \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 vitejia r\u0103zboinic\u0103, Minerva \u00een\u021belepciunea strategic\u0103. Cicero subliniaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 distinc\u021bie \u00een \u201eDe natura deorum&#8221; \u0219i vede \u00een Minerva latura \u201era\u021bional\u0103&#8221; a artei militare.<\/p><p>Cu Vesta \u00eemparte grija pentru garan\u021bia statal\u0103, Palladium-ul, cu Apollo sfera muzelor, cu Mercurius patronajul asupra me\u0219te\u0219ugurilor \u0219i comer\u021bului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismul<\/span> elenistic, Minerva a preluat aproape \u00een totalitate cercul mitologic al Atenei. \u00cen allegoresis-ul t\u00e2rz-antic ea ap\u0103rea frecvent ca Sapientia personificat\u0103, prin care figura ei a influen\u021bat tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin-filozofic\u0103.<\/p><p>Augustin, care \u00eei evalueaz\u0103 critic pe zeii p\u0103g\u00e2ni, recunoa\u0219te totu\u0219i \u00een \u201eDe civitate Dei&#8221; demnitatea specific latin\u0103 a Minervei \u0219i o folose\u0219te ca alegorie a puterii ra\u021bionale a omului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f6089b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f6089b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5b6e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f5b6e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605cc71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605cc71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cenc\u0103 din epoca imperial\u0103, Minerva era un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> preferat al reprezent\u0103rii de stat. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Domi\u021bian se considera un venerat special al zei\u021bei \u0219i a pus s\u0103 fie \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 pe multe dintre monedele sale.<\/p><p>Suetoniu relateaz\u0103 despre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> privat al lui Domi\u021bian pe Albanus, \u00een care zei\u021ba era venerat\u0103 \u00een patru ipostaze. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 personal\u0103 a \u00eemp\u0103ratului cu Minerva arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de elastic era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span>, accesibil deopotriv\u0103 \u00een plan public \u0219i privat.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Rena\u0219tere, Minerva a cunoscut o nou\u0103 \u00eenflorire ca alegorie a \u00een\u021belepciunii. Botticelli a pictat-o \u00een \u201ePallas \u0219i Centaurul&#8221;, Vasari a folosit-o \u00een imaginile programatice ale Medicilor. Universit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i academiile \u0219i-au ales chipul ei ca figur\u0103 heraldic\u0103. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale din Paris, Universitatea din Berlin \u0219i numeroase alte institu\u021bii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt o prezint\u0103 pe Minerva ca patroan\u0103 a muncii erudite.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen epoca modern\u0103 ea apare \u00een alegorii de stat, de pild\u0103 pe sigilii, bancnote \u0219i monumente. Zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a devenit simbolul virtu\u021bii republicane, \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 acolo drept un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> sobru \u0219i didactic \u00een opozi\u021bie cu arogan\u021ba militar\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen istoria filosofiei, bufni\u021ba Minervei, care, dup\u0103 Hegel, \u201e\u00ee\u0219i ia zborul abia o dat\u0103 cu \u00eenserarea&#8221;, a devenit o imagine adesea citat\u0103 a reflec\u021biei filosofice. Hegel a formulat acest g\u00e2nd \u00een prefa\u021ba \u201ePrincipiilor filosofiei dreptului&#8221; \u0219i consider\u0103 acolo filosofia o ocupa\u021bie t\u00e2rzie, retrospectiv\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Numele tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i \u00een via\u021ba academic\u0103 modern\u0103. Platforma Minerva a Universit\u0103\u021bii Yale, o serie de catedre \u0219i funda\u021bii, programul Minerva al Bundeswehr-ului \u0219i numeroase premii de cercetare \u00eei poart\u0103 numele. Astronomia o onoreaz\u0103 cu asteroidul 93 Minerva, descoperit \u00een 1867 de James Craig Watson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee0599 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ee0599\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911a62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"911a62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62a9a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62a9a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil o integreaz\u0103 pe Minerva \u00een teoria sa indo-european\u0103 a celor trei func\u021bii \u0219i o vede ca reprezentant\u0103 a primei \u0219i celei de-a doua func\u021bii, adic\u0103 a suveranit\u0103\u021bii sacerdotal-juridice \u0219i a for\u021bei r\u0103zboinice, dar \u00eentr-o \u00eembinare specific\u0103 cu cunoa\u0219terea me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103reasc\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 interpretare este controversat\u0103, deoarece Minerva, ca zei\u021b\u0103 italic\u0103, are r\u0103d\u0103cini proprii \u00een religia etrusc\u0103, care nu se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een comparatismul indo-european \u00een sens strict.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Schilling subliniaz\u0103 \u00een studiile sale despre religia roman\u0103 preistoria etrusc\u0103 \u0219i vede \u00een Menrva o zei\u021b\u0103 care arunca ini\u021bial fulgere \u0219i ale c\u0103rei func\u021bii s-au deplasat ulterior spre sfera me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103reasc\u0103. Mary Beard \u0219i John North analizeaz\u0103 func\u021bia social\u0103 a cultului de pe Aventin \u0219i arat\u0103 \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 Minerva a func\u021bionat ca zei\u021b\u0103 a adun\u0103rilor breslelor organizate.<\/p>\n<p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke subliniaz\u0103 str\u00e2nsa \u00eempletire a Minervei cu sistemul educa\u021bional \u0219i cu asocia\u021biile profesionale. Din aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103, Minerva este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd o zei\u021b\u0103 a cunoa\u0219terii, nu a r\u0103zboiului. Kurt Latte o \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een \u201eR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte&#8221; \u00een modelul mai vechi de stratificare italic\u0103 \u0219i atrage aten\u021bia asupra autonomiei liniilor de cult italice fa\u021b\u0103 de Athena greac\u0103. John Scheid plaseaz\u0103 \u00een centrul introducerii sale \u00een religia roman\u0103 practica ritual\u0103 de la templul de pe Aventin, a c\u0103rei form\u0103 indic\u0103 o tradi\u021bie independent\u0103, dincolo de modelele grece\u0219ti.<\/p>\n<p>Cercetarea arheologic\u0103 din secolul al XX-lea a adus descoperiri noi \u00eendeosebi la sanctuarul de pe Aventin \u0219i \u00een cultele provinciale ale Sulis Minerva \u0219i ale Minervei Medica de pe Esquilin. Aceste descoperiri, \u00eendeosebi daruri votive \u0219i inscrip\u021bii, atest\u0103 amploarea social\u0103 a cultului ei de-a lungul secolelor \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 rolul ei de mediator \u00eentre religia public\u0103 \u0219i identitatea profesional\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c03e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52c03e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ea6a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ea6a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9270b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9270b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antice<\/span> surse: Vergiliu \u201eEneida&#8221;, Ovidiu \u201eMetamorfoze&#8221; \u0219i \u201eFaste&#8221;, Liviu \u201eAb urbe condita&#8221;, Cicero \u201eDe natura deorum&#8221;, Varro \u201eDe lingua latina&#8221;, Macrobiu \u201eSaturnalia&#8221;, comentariul lui Servius la \u201eEneida&#8221;, Augustin \u201eDe civitate Dei&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Literatur\u0103 de specialitate: Georges Dum\u00e9zil, \u201eLa religion romaine archa\u00efque&#8221;, Paris 1966. Robert Schilling, \u201eRites, cultes, dieux de Rome&#8221;, Paris 1979. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, \u201eReligions of Rome&#8221;, Cambridge 1998. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, \u201eDie Religion der R\u00f6mer&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 2001. Kurt Latte, \u201eR\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 1960. John Scheid, \u201eAn Introduction to Roman Religion&#8221;, Edinburgh 2003.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Minerva, zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii Minerva este zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii, a me\u0219te\u0219ugului \u0219i a r\u0103zboiului strategic. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu Iuppiter \u0219i Iuno, ea face parte din Triada Capitolin\u0103, care constituia centrul religios al statului roman. Spre deosebire de impetuosul Mars, ea \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 aspectul planificat, tehnic al r\u0103zboiului. Cultul ei reunea breslele me\u0219te\u0219ugarilor, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii, medicii \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3258,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Minerva","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Minerva - Zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Minerva este zei\u021ba roman\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii, strategiei \u0219i me\u0219te\u0219ugului. 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