{"id":105470,"date":"2026-08-04T15:58:39","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T15:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/epona-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T15:59:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T15:59:15","slug":"epona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/epona\/","title":{"rendered":"Epona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105470\" class=\"elementor elementor-105470 elementor-3048\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0e099 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff0e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6974cef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6974cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec56d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec56d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d5167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d5167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epona, zei\u021ba celtic\u0103 a cailor<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona este o zei\u021b\u0103 galo-roman\u0103 a cailor, al c\u0103rei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> este atestat din secolul I p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al III-lea dup\u0103 Hristos \u00een \u00eentreg imperiul occidental. A fost venerat\u0103 de triburile galice de c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 departe de spa\u021biul de origine prin trupele auxiliare c\u0103lare ale armatei romane.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile \u0219i reliefurile votive o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 de obicei ca o femeie a\u0219ezat\u0103 pe un cal sau \u00eentre doi cai, \u021bin\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 o pater\u0103, un corn al abunden\u021bei sau un co\u0219 cu fructe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c120e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c120e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08de5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/keltisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religia celtic\u0103 a Europei Occidentale \u0219i a Insulelor Britanice, transmis\u0103 mitologic prin texte irlandeze \u0219i galeze.\">Celtic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3da32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3da32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5f8e1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ab5f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ab5f8e1\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b10eb2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b10eb2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa2e912 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa2e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3242\" alt=\"Epona - G\u00f6tter aus der Keltisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b775121 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b775121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a5dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a5dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf0e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf0e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor \u0219i m\u0103rturiile antice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a615986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a615986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spre deosebire de majoritatea divinit\u0103\u021bilor celtice, baza documentar\u0103 pentru Epona este excep\u021bional de bogat\u0103. Sunt documentate peste 300 de inscrip\u021bii \u0219i mai mult de 150 de opere de art\u0103, provenind \u00een special din Galia, zona Rinului \u0219i Dun\u0103rii, Britannia \u0219i Italia.<\/p><p>Apuleius o men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Metamorfozele&#8221; (III, 27) ca exemplu de venerare a statuetelor divine \u00een grajduri. Iuvenal ironizeaz\u0103 \u00een Satira VIII, 157 c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bii romani care &#8222;se \u00eenchin\u0103 Eponei \u0219i unor mirositorii chipuri de cai&#8221;. Numele ei apare \u0219i \u00een &#8222;Apologeticum&#8221; al lui Tertullian \u0219i la Minucius Felix.<\/p>\n\n<p>Bernhard Maier a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Die Religion der Kelten&#8221; (2001) c\u0103 Epona este singura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> galo-roman\u0103 care a fost inclus\u0103 \u00een calendarul oficial de s\u0103rb\u0103tori romane (Feriale Duranum), ceea ce documenteaz\u0103 \u00eenalta pre\u021buire de care se bucura \u00een unit\u0103\u021bile militare de cavalerie.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green a catalogat sistematic materialul iconografic \u00een &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> and Image in Celtic Religious Art&#8221; (1989) \u0219i a distins trei tipuri iconografice: Epona c\u0103lare, Epona \u00eentre doi cai, Epona ca matroan\u0103 imperial\u0103 cu referin\u021b\u0103 la cai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b771b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b771b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5baf139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5baf139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f92fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f92fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Epona se compune din r\u0103d\u0103cina celtic\u0103 *epo- (&#8222;cal&#8221;, \u00eenrudit\u0103 cu latinescul equus \u0219i grecescul hippos) \u0219i sufixul -ona, frecvent utilizat \u00een teonimele galo-romane pentru formarea numelor feminine de zei\u021be, comparabil cu Sirona, Damona sau Belisama.<\/p><p>Semnifica\u021bia poate fi redat\u0103 ca &#8222;st\u0103p\u00e2na cailor&#8221; sau &#8222;zei\u021ba cailor&#8221;. Wolfgang Meid a descris, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale de onomastic\u0103 galic\u0103, formarea cuv\u00e2ntului ca tipic galic\u0103 \u0219i compatibil\u0103 cu distribu\u021bia epigrafic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Din perspectiv\u0103 celtologic\u0103, Epona apar\u021bine unui grup de zei\u021be animale al c\u0103ror domeniu func\u021bional este legat de un anumit animal. Helmut Birkhan a interpretat acest grup \u00een &#8222;Kelten&#8221; (1997) ca expresie tipic\u0103 a unei societ\u0103\u021bi marcate de cre\u0219terea vitelor \u0219i de c\u0103l\u0103rie, \u00een care calul nu era doar central din punct de vedere economic, ci \u00eendeplinea \u0219i un rol de mediator spiritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f305b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f305b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2ca642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a73cf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a73cf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Schema iconografic\u0103 cea mai frecvent\u0103 o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Epona ca o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 femeie a\u0219ezat\u0103 \u00een \u0219a pe un cal care p\u0103\u0219e\u0219te spre dreapta. Poart\u0103 o tunic\u0103 lung\u0103, are p\u0103rul adesea prins sus \u0219i \u021bine o pater\u0103, un corn al abunden\u021bei sau un co\u0219 cu fructe.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o a doua variant\u0103, ea st\u0103 \u00eentre doi cai dispu\u0219i simetric, pe care \u00eei hr\u0103ne\u0219te sau \u00eei conduce, o compozi\u021bie ce aminte\u0219te de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> matronelor renane. O a treia variant\u0103 o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe tron cu un m\u00e2nz la picioare.<\/p>\n\n<p>Atributele simbolice indic\u0103 func\u021bii dincolo de simpla competen\u021b\u0103 ecvestr\u0103. Cornul abunden\u021bei \u0219i co\u0219ul cu p\u00e2ine o asociaz\u0103 cu fertilitatea \u0219i hr\u0103nirea, suger\u00e2nd o sfer\u0103 mai larg\u0103 de &#8222;\u00eengrijire&#8221;.<\/p><p>Marie-Louise Sjoestedt a subliniat \u00eenc\u0103 din 1940 aceast\u0103 \u00eempletire a cre\u0219terii cailor, bog\u0103\u021biei \u0219i fertilit\u0103\u021bii ca o leg\u0103tur\u0103 tipic\u0103 a religiosit\u0103\u021bii galice. Lucr\u0103rile recente ale lui Garrett Olmsted \u0219i Miranda Aldhouse-Green sus\u021bin aceast\u0103 interpretare cu material iconografic extins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf68cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bf68cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f16de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f16de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103sp\u00e2ndire geografic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a463e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a463e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zonele centrale ale cultului Eponei sunt Galia oriental\u0103, regiunea Rinului cu marile tabere militare din Mainz, K\u00f6ln \u0219i Bonn, pre-alpii norici \u0219i provinciile dun\u0103rene.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021bii se g\u0103sesc \u0219i \u00een Britannia \u0219i Hispania, adesea la loca\u021biile trupelor auxiliare c\u0103lare. \u00cen spa\u021biul italic central, Epona este mai rar\u0103, dar este atestat\u0103 indirect prin includerea \u00een calendarul roman \u0219i prin referin\u021be literare precum cele la Iuvenal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Inscrip\u021biile sunt redactate \u00een latin\u0103 \u0219i o numesc pe Epona de obicei cu epitetul &#8222;Augusta&#8221; sau &#8222;Regina&#8221;, ceea ce documenteaz\u0103 trecerea de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> local la religia oficial\u0103 imperial\u0103. Dedican\u021bii sunt frecvent solda\u021bi ai trupelor auxiliare, dar \u0219i cresc\u0103tori civili de cai, vizitii \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi. Distribu\u021bia social\u0103 este mai larg\u0103 dec\u00e2t la multe alte divinit\u0103\u021bi galice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9972cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4899a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4899a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bii \u0219i rol religios<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona era responsabil\u0103 de fertilitatea cailor, de f\u0103tarea lor \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103, de ocrotirea lor \u00een grajd \u0219i pe drumuri lungi. C\u0103l\u0103re\u021bii o invocau \u00eenaintea b\u0103t\u0103liilor, vizitiii \u00eenaintea c\u0103l\u0103toriilor lungi, agricultorii \u00eenaintea sem\u0103natului. Combina\u021bia dintre competen\u021ba ecvestr\u0103 \u0219i simbolistica abunden\u021bei generale a f\u0103cut din ea o zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare a cur\u021bii, a casei \u0219i a c\u0103l\u0103toriei.<\/p>\n\n<p>Un rol special ca figur\u0103 psihopomp\u0103, adic\u0103 de \u00eenso\u021bitoare a sufletelor \u00een lumea de dincolo, a fost dedus de unii cercet\u0103tori din asocierea cal-c\u0103l\u0103torie, de exemplu de R\u00e9ne Magnen \u0219i Garrett Olmsted.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier consider\u0103 aceast\u0103 interpretare posibil\u0103, dar nesus\u021binut\u0103 \u00een mod clar de sursele antice. Majoritatea inscrip\u021biilor \u0219i a imaginilor au caracter votiv \u0219i donativ, f\u0103r\u0103 valoare semantic\u0103 referitoare la lumea de dincolo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec119bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec119bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c034a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bie cu alte zei\u021be ale cailor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> galez\u0103, Rhiannon apare \u00een &#8222;Mabinogi&#8221; ca mo\u0219tenitoare medieval\u0103 t\u00e2rzie a unei vechi zei\u021be a cailor. Ea vine pe un cal alb str\u0103lucitor la Pwyll, este acuzat\u0103 pe nedrept de uciderea copilului s\u0103u \u0219i este obligat\u0103, ca pedeaps\u0103, s\u0103 care c\u0103l\u0103torii pe spate \u00een cetate.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este considerat\u0103 de mul\u021bi celtologi o amintire fragmentar\u0103 a unei zei\u021be a cailor de tipul Eponei. O filia\u021bie lingvistic\u0103 nu poate fi stabilit\u0103, dar \u00eenrudirea func\u021bional\u0103 este evident\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>De asemenea, irlandeza Macha, care alearg\u0103 gravid\u0103 \u00eentr-o curs\u0103 de cai \u0219i cade \u00een durerile facerii dup\u0103 victorie, apar\u021bine acestui context. Marie-Louise Sjoestedt a grupat Macha, Rhiannon \u0219i Epona sub denumirea de &#8222;zei\u021be celtice ale cailor&#8221;, a c\u0103ror func\u021bie comun\u0103 const\u0103 \u00een asocierea calului cu suveranitatea \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>John Carey a nuan\u021bat aceast\u0103 grupare \u00een lucr\u0103ri mai recente; el vede \u00een Macha \u00een primul r\u00e2nd o zei\u021b\u0103 a regalit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i suveranit\u0103\u021bii, al c\u0103rei aspect ecvestru constituie un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41645b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b41645b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3a198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenl\u0103turarea cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i posteritatea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc42d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc42d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu cre\u0219tinarea Galiei \u00een secolele IV \u0219i V, Epona dispare din inscrip\u021biile publice. \u00cen mediul rural, r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele cultului ei au persistat mai mult timp, dup\u0103 cum arat\u0103 actele sinodale din secolul al VI-lea, care interzic cultele p\u0103g\u00e2ne ale cailor \u0219i riturile din grajduri.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier \u0219i Bernadette Filotas (&#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Termen latin \u00eensemn\u00e2nd p\u0103g\u00e2n; apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unei religii precre\u0219tine.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pagan<\/span> Survivals&#8221;, 2005) au interpretat aceste interdic\u021bii ca m\u0103rturie indirect\u0103 a unei \u00eendelungate supravie\u021buiri a zeit\u0103\u021bii cailor.<\/p>\n\n<p>Din Evul Mediu t\u00e2rziu nu mai sunt sesizabile amintiri clare despre Epona. Tradi\u021biile populare ulterioare care asociaz\u0103 calul cu protec\u021bia \u0219i norocul, cum ar fi at\u00e2rnarea potcoavelor, nu pot fi puse \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Eponei, ci reprezint\u0103 evolu\u021bii autonome, analizate \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 cultura cotidian\u0103, obiceiurile \u0219i reprezent\u0103rile transmise prin tradi\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span> secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0922de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0922de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9920ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cercetare \u0219i receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7f78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7f78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea modern\u0103 despre Epona \u00eencepe cu culegerea fundamental\u0103 de materiale realizat\u0103 de R\u00e9ne Magnen, publicat\u0103 de \u00c9mile Th\u00e9venot \u00een 1975 sub titlul &#8222;\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise des chevaux&#8221;. Aceasta r\u0103m\u00e2ne p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi colec\u021bia central\u0103 de surse. O analiz\u0103 iconografic\u0103 sistematic\u0103 a realizat Miranda Aldhouse-Green. Helmut Birkhan \u0219i Bernhard Maier au aprofundat \u00eencadrarea istorico-religioas\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> galo-roman.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen receptarea neop\u0103g\u00e2n\u0103 modern\u0103, Epona este venerat\u0103 ca zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare a cailor \u0219i a c\u0103l\u0103toriei. Asocia\u021bii de sport ecvestru din Fran\u021ba \u0219i Germania o preiau ocazional ca figur\u0103 simbolic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen literatura fantasy \u0219i \u00een jocurile de rol apare \u00een mod regulat, de exemplu ca inspiratoare a numelui \u00een jocul &#8222;The Legend of Zelda&#8221;. Aceste referin\u021be din cultura popular\u0103 au pu\u021bin \u00een comun cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> antic, \u00eens\u0103 men\u021bin numele \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba public\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83329fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83329fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da26b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da26b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Suportul social al cultului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614e44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materialul epigrafic permite o descriere relativ precis\u0103 a suportului social. Aproximativ dou\u0103 treimi din dedica\u021biile p\u0103strate provin de la militari, \u00een special de la c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bii alelor \u0219i cohortelor equitatae, sta\u021bionate \u00een provincii la frontierele imperiului. Sunt atesta\u021bi ca donatori \u0219i ofi\u021beri superiori precum prefec\u021bii \u0219i tribunii.<\/p><p>\u00cen sectoarele civile, vizitiii, cresc\u0103torii de cai, mularii \u0219i sta\u021bionarii de po\u0219t\u0103 se eviden\u021biaz\u0103 ca donatori, ceea ce subliniaz\u0103 leg\u0103tura zeit\u0103\u021bii cu transportul. Izolat, se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc dona\u021bii din partea unor femei din elitele locale, care au ales-o pe Epona ca zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare personal\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>O particularitate o constituie venerarea multipl\u0103 a Eponei \u00eempreun\u0103 cu &#8222;Eponabus&#8221;, adic\u0103 &#8222;Epone&#8221; la plural. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 rar\u0103 este atestat\u0103 mai ales \u00een spa\u021biul renan \u0219i indic\u0103 o multiplicare a figurii \u00eentr-un grup de zei\u021be ale cailor, comparabil cu triadele Matronae.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green a interpretat aceast\u0103 form\u0103 ca indiciu al unei vener\u0103ri colective mai vechi, din care s-a dezvoltat Epona individual\u0103 ca figur\u0103 distinct\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fde11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fde11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7ddf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a7ddf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u0103rturii epigrafice esen\u021biale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13348ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13348ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grupul central de surse pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Eponei \u00eel constituie aproximativ dou\u0103 sute cincizeci de inscrip\u021bii p\u0103strate, documentate \u00een &#8222;Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum&#8221; \u0219i \u00een &#8222;L&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique&#8221;.<\/p><p>Printre cele mai semnificative locuri se num\u0103r\u0103 dedica\u021bia votiv\u0103 pe relief de la Mainz CIL XIII 11801, \u00een care un soldat al Legiunii XXII Primigenia \u00eei consacr\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> &#8222;Eponei Augusta&#8221;, inscrip\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport dur.\" tabindex=\"0\">de la Carnuntum<\/span> CIL III 4438 din cartierul Alei I Thracum, precum \u0219i inscrip\u021biile votive de la Antunnacum (ast\u0103zi Andernach) \u0219i din Alesia galic\u0103.<\/p><p>O pozi\u021bie aparte o ocup\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport dur.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bia<\/span> latino-t\u00e2rzie CIL XII 1797 de la Vienne, care o desemneaz\u0103 pe Epona drept &#8222;Epona Regina&#8221;, formul\u00e2nd astfel preten\u021bia unei zei\u021be protectoare concepute la scar\u0103 supraregional\u0103.<\/p><p>Hubert Cancik \u0219i Manfred Clauss au precizat, \u00een &#8222;Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg&#8221; \u0219i \u00een comentariile \u00eenso\u021bitoare, suportul social al cultului: persoanele care dedic\u0103 ofrandele sunt preponderent c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi de profesie de sex masculin, \u00eengrijitori de grajduri \u0219i veterani cu experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een lucrul cu caii, al\u0103turi de c\u00e2\u021biva donatori priva\u021bi cu fundal rural.<\/p>\n<p>Anne-Marie Pailler a analizat statistic, \u00een &#8222;\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise&#8221; (Bordeaux 2006), distribu\u021bia inscrip\u021biilor \u0219i a semnalat concentrarea acestora \u00een spa\u021biul Rin-Mosela, \u00een Pannonia \u0219i \u00een Italia de Nord. Dat\u0103rile se \u00eentind de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului \u00eent\u00e2i p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul secolului al patrulea dup\u0103 Hristos, cu un apogeu \u00een perioada dinastiei Severilor.<\/p><p>Remarcabil\u0103 este num\u0103rul redus de atest\u0103ri provenind din inima triburilor galice din Masivul Central, fapt pe care Patrice Lajoye \u00eel interpreteaz\u0103, \u00een volumul s\u0103u de studii &#8222;Cultes des sources et des eaux en Gaule&#8221; (2017), ca indiciu c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Eponei sesizabil arheologic reprezint\u0103 deja o remodelare romano-militar\u0103 a unei venera\u021bii galice mai vechi, f\u0103r\u0103 scriere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d7250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6d7250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac05975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac05975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Men\u021biuni literare antice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5368abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5368abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pu\u021binele men\u021biuni literare ale Eponei \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> roman\u0103 sunt deosebit de interesante din perspectiva criticii surselor, deoarece reflect\u0103 statutul marginalizat al unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span> &#8222;provinciale&#8221; din perspectiva elitei romane urbane.<\/p><p>Iuvenal ironizeaz\u0103 \u00een a opta satir\u0103 (versurile 156-157) un consular care &#8222;iurat solam Eponam&#8221; \u00een timp ce ad\u0103p\u0103 caii, adic\u0103 nu o cunoa\u0219te dec\u00e2t pe Epona, nu \u0219i zeii romani oficiali. Apuleius men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Metamorfozele&#8221; III 27 o ni\u0219\u0103 cu o imagine a Eponei \u00eentr-un grajd al unei propriet\u0103\u021bi provinciale, \u00eempodobit\u0103 cu trandafiri proaspe\u021bi.<\/p><p>Minucius Felix aminte\u0219te \u00een &#8222;Octavius&#8221; 28 venerarea Eponei ca exemplu al &#8222;zeit\u0103\u021bilor animale \u0219i de grajd&#8221; din provincii, \u00eempotriva c\u0103rora polemizeaz\u0103.<\/p><p>Tertullian (&#8222;Apologeticum&#8221; 16, &#8222;Ad nationes&#8221; I 11) preia aceast\u0103 polemic\u0103 \u0219i o citeaz\u0103 pe Epona ca dovad\u0103 a ridicolului <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlaviei<\/span> p\u0103g\u00e2ne. Aceste noti\u021be literare \u00eent\u0103resc impresia c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Eponei era \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> al p\u0103turilor de jos, al trupelor auxiliare c\u0103lare \u0219i al gospod\u0103riilor rurale.<\/p>\n<p>Totodat\u0103, &#8222;Historia Augusta&#8221; \u00een &#8222;Vita Veri&#8221; 6 transmite o anecdot\u0103 conform c\u0103reia Lucius Verus ar fi purtat \u00een r\u0103zboiul \u00eempotriva par\u021bilor un cap de cal din lemn ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al Eponei.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier arat\u0103 \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre religia galo-roman\u0103 c\u0103 &#8222;Historia Augusta&#8221; este nesigur\u0103 din perspectiva criticii surselor, \u00eens\u0103 noti\u021ba reflect\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">obiceiul<\/span> real al deta\u0219amentelor de cavalerie romane de a plasa mici imagini ale Eponei \u00een cartierele lor. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este confirmat\u0103 arheologic prin descoperiri din castrele Saalburg, Niederbieber \u0219i Carnuntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30a6cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d09aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d09aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Probleme metodologice ale cercet\u0103rii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea despre Epona se confrunt\u0103 cu c\u00e2teva dificult\u0103\u021bi metodologice. Situa\u021bia surselor este bogat\u0103, dar \u00een mod uniform marcat\u0103 de caracterul romano-provincial. Cum ar\u0103ta forma pre-roman\u0103, pur celtic\u0103 a cultului, nu mai poate fi reconstituit\u0103.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile sunt \u00een latin\u0103, operele de art\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 conven\u021biile romane, iar m\u0103rturiile literare provin exclusiv de la autori romani. O Epona &#8222;autentic\u0103 celtic\u0103&#8221; nu poate fi extras\u0103 din acest material.<\/p>\n\n<p>Totodat\u0103, identificarea unei compozi\u021bii iconografice cu Epona comport\u0103 riscuri, deoarece iconografii similare de c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi \u0219i cai au fost utilizate \u0219i pentru alte divinit\u0103\u021bi, de exemplu pentru c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bii traci, figurile de heros ilirieni sau matronele renane cu atele de animale.<\/p><p>Garrett Olmsted a solicitat un criteriu iconografic precis: numai imaginile garantate de o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau sculptat \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> \u00eenso\u021bitoare pot fi considerate reprezent\u0103ri ale Eponei. Sintezele actuale opereaz\u0103 cu acest corpus mai strict, considerabil mai mic dec\u00e2t totalul imaginilor poten\u021biale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Epona, zei\u021ba celtic\u0103 a cailor Epona este o zei\u021b\u0103 galo-roman\u0103 a cailor, al c\u0103rei cult este atestat din secolul I p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al III-lea dup\u0103 Hristos \u00een \u00eentreg imperiul occidental. A fost venerat\u0103 de triburile galice de c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bi \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 departe de spa\u021biul de origine prin trupele auxiliare c\u0103lare ale armatei romane. Inscrip\u021biile \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3242,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Epona","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Epona - Zei\u021ba celtic\u0103 a cailor | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Epona este zei\u021ba celtic\u0103 a cailor, ocrotitoarea cailor, c\u0103l\u0103re\u021bilor \u0219i fertilit\u0103\u021bii. 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