{"id":105278,"date":"2026-08-04T14:19:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:19:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ra-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T14:19:54","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:19:54","slug":"ra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/ra\/","title":{"rendered":"Ra"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105278\" class=\"elementor elementor-105278 elementor-1878\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, zeul tradi\u021biei egiptene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra este zeul tradi\u021biei egiptene.<\/p><p>Zeu solar egiptean \u0219i divinitate suprem\u0103, creator al ordinii \u0219i \u00eennoitor zilnic al lumii. Ra se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul religiei \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> egiptene ca figur\u0103 suprem\u0103 a cosmosului.<\/p><p>El \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba soarelui, re\u00eennoirea ciclic\u0103 \u0219i lupta etern\u0103 dintre lumin\u0103 \u0219i haos. Numele s\u0103u este sinonim cu puterea divin\u0103 \u0219i garan\u021bia c\u0103 ziua urmeaz\u0103 nop\u021bii \u0219i c\u0103 binele triumf\u0103 asupra r\u0103ului.<\/p><p>Ra, \u00een calitate de zeu solar egiptean, este totodat\u0103 creator \u0219i sus\u021bin\u0103tor al lumii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/aegypten\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia V\u0103ii Nilului antic, aprox. 3000 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 30 \u00ee.Hr.\">Egipt<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/hochgottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeii supremi ai unui panteon, suveranitate cosmic\u0103, aspect creator sau conduc\u0103tor.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1547\" alt=\"Ra - G\u00f6tter aus der \u00c4gypten-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sintez\u0103: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Divinitate suprem\u0103, zeu solar, zeu creator<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Egipt<br>Func\u021bie: Creator al ordinii, Re\u00eennoire zilnic\u0103 a lumii, Lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva haosului<br>Atribute principale: Discul solar, \u0218arpele uraeus, Cap de \u0219oim, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">Scarabeu<\/span><br>Principale centre de cult: Heliopolis (On), Teba (Karnak-Luxor\/Amun-Ra), Abu Gurob<br>Corespondent roman: Sol Invictus, Helios (Grecia)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> despre Ra se \u00eentinde din Regatul Vechi (aprox. 2700-2200 \u00ee.Hr.), unde este venerat deja ca divinitate suprem\u0103 \u00een <em>Textele Piramidelor<\/em>, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een perioadele Regatului Mijlociu \u0219i Nou \u0219i \u00een epoca ptolemaico-roman\u0103.<\/p><p>Cele mai importante m\u0103rturii literare sunt <em>Textele Piramidelor<\/em> (Regatul Vechi), <em>Textele Sicraielor<\/em> (Regatul Mijlociu), <em>Cartea Egiptean\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor<\/em> (\u00eendeosebi <em>Cartea Zilei<\/em> \u0219i <em>Cartea Nop\u021bii<\/em>) \u0219i <em>Litaniile Solare<\/em> din temple. Sincretismele cu Atum \u0219i Amun se contureaz\u0103 mai ales \u00een Regatul Nou \u0219i se men\u021bin p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca roman\u0103.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em>, zeul solar, este principiul cosmic fundamental al universului egiptean \u0219i manifestarea zilnic\u0103 a for\u021bei creatoare. El c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te zilnic pe cer \u00een barca sa solar\u0103, coboar\u0103 seara \u0219i traverseaz\u0103 noaptea lumea de dincolo (<em>Duat<\/em>) \u00eentr-o lupt\u0103 epic\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u0219arpelui <em>Apophis<\/em>, care \u00eencearc\u0103 \u00een fiecare zi s\u0103-l \u00eenghit\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 natura ciclic\u0103 a vie\u021bii, mor\u021bii \u0219i rena\u0219terii. El se contope\u0219te cu al\u021bi zei (<em>Amun-Ra<\/em>, <em>Ra-Horachte<\/em>) \u0219i formeaz\u0103 astfel o figur\u0103 complex\u0103 a for\u021bei universale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra este venerat \u00een \u00eentregul Egipt antic, cu centre principale la Heliopolis (Iunu, eg. On), cel mai vechi loc de cult solar, \u0219i la Teba (cu figura sincretic\u0103 Amun-Ra).<\/p><p>Venerarea sa nu este legat\u0103 de un singur ora\u0219, ci str\u0103bate practica religioas\u0103 de la Delta Nilului p\u00e2n\u0103 la grani\u021ba nubian\u0103. Dup\u0103 cucerirea de c\u0103tre puterile elenistice \u0219i romane, Ra este identificat cu Helios grec \u0219i cu Sol Invictus roman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nucleul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> \u00eel constituie <em>Textele Piramidelor<\/em> din Giza, Memphis \u0219i Abydos (dinastiile 5-6), care \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe Ra deja ca zeu al cerului \u0219i creator. <em>Textele Sicraielor<\/em> din Regatul Mijlociu extind miturile cu cicluri cosmice.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><em>Cartea Egiptean\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor<\/em> (aprox. 1550-1070 \u00ee.Hr.) descrie c\u0103l\u0103toria nocturn\u0103 a lui Ra prin lumea de dincolo \u00eentr-un limbaj imagistic bogat. Inscrip\u021biile de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>, picturile funerare \u0219i comentariile preo\u021be\u0219ti din bibliotecile templelor (de ex. Edfu, Dendera) explic\u0103 sincretismele \u0219i via\u021ba ritual\u0103 cotidian\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Egiptean:<\/strong> Ra (\u0219i <em>Re<\/em>, eg. <em>R\u02e4<\/em> sau <em>Ra\u02e4<\/em>), determinativ: discul solar. R\u0103d\u0103cina trimite la \u201esoare&#8221;. Variante de scriere: <em>Re<\/em> (transliterare latin\u0103, frecvent\u0103 \u00een lucr\u0103rile mai vechi de specialitate), <em>Ra<\/em> (conven\u021bie modern\u0103), <em>Pre<\/em> (lectur\u0103 din hieroglife, mai rar\u0103).<\/p><p>Nume sincretice: <em>Atum-Ra<\/em> (contopire cu zeul creator Atum din Heliopolis, mai ales forma matinal\u0103), <em>Amun-Ra<\/em> (contopire cu zeul suprem Amun din Teba, dominant \u00een Regatul Nou), <em>Ra-Horachte<\/em> (Horus la orizont, figura unificat\u0103 a lui Horus r\u0103s\u0103ritor \u0219i a zeului solar), <em>Khnum-Ra<\/em> (contopire cu zeul creator-berbec Khnum la grani\u021ba sudic\u0103).<\/p><p>Ep\u00edtete: <em>Khepri<\/em> (forma matinal\u0103 ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span>, \u201ecel care devine&#8221;), <em>Atum<\/em> (forma de sear\u0103 ca b\u0103tr\u00e2n sau berbec), <em>Khenti-Amentiu<\/em> (St\u0103p\u00e2nul Occidentului, \u00een lumea de dincolo), <em>Neb-Tawy<\/em> (St\u0103p\u00e2nul celor dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri, al cosmosului). Reprezentare hieroglific\u0103: Discul solar (Aten), adesea cu un punct sau cerc dedesubt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra este reprezentat \u00een mod tipic ca un b\u0103rbat cu <em>cap de \u0219oim<\/em>, pe al c\u0103rui cre\u0219tet se afl\u0103 str\u0103lucitorul <em>disc solar<\/em>. \u00cen jurul discului solar se \u00eencol\u0103ce\u0219te <em>\u0219arpele uraeus<\/em> (eg. <em>wadjet<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> puterii regale \u0219i al protec\u021biei. \u00cen reprezent\u0103rile timpurii (Regatul Vechi), Ra st\u0103 \u00eentr-o barc\u0103 \u0219i este tras de al\u021bi zei.<\/p><p>Reprezent\u0103rile ulterioare \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 uneori ca <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, forma matinal\u0103, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are de g\u00e2ndac de b\u0103legar), care rostogole\u0219te bila solar\u0103 toat\u0103 noaptea p\u00e2n\u0103 o expulzeaz\u0103 diminea\u021ba \u0219i soarele rena\u0219te. \u00cen forma de sear\u0103 apare ca b\u0103tr\u00e2n sau <em>berbec<\/em> (forma Atum).<\/p><p><strong>Natur\u0103 \u0219i ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra este zeul soarelui de pe cer \u0219i, mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, <em>for\u021ba crea\u021biei \u0219i a re\u00eennoirii<\/em> \u00eens\u0103\u0219i. Potrivit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Reprezentarea structurii \u0219i a ordinii lumii \u00een cadrul unei culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologiei<\/span> egiptene, prin c\u0103l\u0103toria sa zilnic\u0103 pe cer \u00een barca de zi <em>Mandjet<\/em> el creeaz\u0103 ziua \u0219i ordoneaz\u0103 lumea.<\/p><p>Noaptea c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te \u00een barca de noapte <em>Mesektet<\/em> prin lumea de dincolo (Duat), unde se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te cu demonul haosului <em>Apophis<\/em>, un \u0219arpe uria\u0219 care amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103-l \u00eenghit\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen fiecare noapte Ra lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui Apophis; \u00een fiecare noapte iese victorios, \u0219i astfel lumea este re\u00eennoit\u0103. Aceast\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie cosmic\u0103 este echivalent\u0103 cu victoria ordinii (Maat) asupra haosului (Isfet).<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> este reprezentat ca b\u0103rbat cu cap de \u0219oim \u0219i disc solar, \u00eempodobit cu <em>Uraeus<\/em>, \u0219arpele sacru al faraonilor.<\/p><p>Poart\u0103 podoabe de aur \u0219i \u021bine <em>sceptrul cerului<\/em>. \u00cen fazele sale zilnice \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area: ca <em>Khepri<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span>) \u00een zorii zilei, ca <em>Ra<\/em> la amiaz\u0103, ca <em>Atum<\/em> seara \u0219i ca <em>Auf<\/em> noaptea \u00een lumea de dincolo.<\/p><p>Discul solar este cel mai dominant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al s\u0103u, reprezent\u00e2nd via\u021ba, c\u0103ldura \u0219i inteligen\u021ba con\u0219tient\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Ra dintr-o privire. Tabelul rezum\u0103 originea, func\u021bia, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area, venerarea, simbolurile \u0219i coresponden\u021bele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra apare ca <em>autocreator<\/em> sau este creat de <em>Atum<\/em> (miturile variaz\u0103). \u00cen unele versiuni este fiul lui Atum \u0219i al zei\u021be cerului <em>Nut<\/em>. La Heliopolis (On), cel mai vechi centru de cult, este venerat ca manifestare direct\u0103 a energiei solare.<\/p><p>Faraonii \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu dinastia a 5-a (aprox. 2500 \u00ee.Hr.) se numeau \u201eFiul lui Ra&#8221; (<em>Sa Ra<\/em>), legitim\u00e2nd astfel domnia lor ca reflectare p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 a ordinii cosmice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bia lui Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Divinitate suprem\u0103 \u0219i garant al ordinii cosmice (Maat). Creator \u0219i re\u00eennoitor zilnic al lumii. Conduc\u0103tor al luptei \u00eempotriva haosului \u0219i \u00eentunericului. Protector al faraonilor \u0219i al poporului egiptean. Func\u021bia sa este cosmic\u0103, independent\u0103 de moral\u0103 \u00een sens personal: el reprezint\u0103 revenirea imperioas\u0103 a binelui \u0219i a luminii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u0103rbat cu cap de \u0219oim, disc solar \u0219i \u0219arpe uraeus pe frunte. Form\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span> (Khepri) ca form\u0103 matinal\u0103. Berbec b\u0103tr\u00e2n (Atum) ca form\u0103 de sear\u0103. St\u0103 \u00eentr-o barc\u0103 (Mandjet sau Mesektet), tras\u0103 de al\u021bi zei sau animale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea lui Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principale centre de cult: <em>Heliopolis<\/em> (On, cel mai vechi \u0219i mai important templu solar, distrus, dar bine cunoscut din surse literare), <em>Teba<\/em> (Karnak \u0219i Luxor cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> Amun-Ra), <em>Abu Gurob<\/em> (sanctuar solar al dinastiei a 5-a, loc al ritualurilor zilnice).<\/p><p>Preo\u021bie permanent\u0103: Preo\u021bii din Heliopolis conduceau imnuri solare zilnice. Faraonii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i ac\u021bionau ca reprezentan\u021bi p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti ai lui Ra. Venerare privat\u0103: Amulette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span> ca obiecte de protec\u021bie personal\u0103, invoca\u021bii la r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui \u00een momentele importante ale vie\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolurile lui Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Discul solar<\/em> (Aten), <em>\u0218oimul<\/em> (ca pas\u0103re a cerului \u0219i a vitezei), <em>\u0218arpele uraeus<\/em> (protec\u021bie \u0219i putere), <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">Scarabeul<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, forma matinal\u0103 \u0219i ciclul), <em>Berbecul<\/em> (Atum, forma de sear\u0103), <em>Barca<\/em> (Mandjet \u0219i Mesektet, vehiculele prin cosmos).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Helios<\/em> (Grecia), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Roma, mai ales \u00een epoca imperial\u0103 t\u00e2rzie), <em>Surya<\/em> (vedic\/hinduism), <em>\u0218ama\u0219<\/em> (Mesopotamia, zeu solar, dar nu divinitate suprem\u0103), <em>Apollo<\/em> (Grecia, par\u021bial cu atribute de zeu solar), <em>Savitar<\/em> (vedic, trezitorul \u0219i impulsionatorul). Divinit\u0103\u021bile solare egiptean\u0103 \u0219i vedic\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc func\u021bia re\u00eennoirii zilnice \u0219i a \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u0103rii haosului.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Venerarea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra era zeul garant al ordinii, nu un zeu al promisiunilor personale de m\u00e2ntuire sau al misterelor. Venerarea sa se desf\u0103\u0219ura pe dou\u0103 planuri:<\/p><p><strong>Preo\u021besc \u0219i statal:<\/strong> Faraonii \u0219i preo\u021bii oficiau ritualuri zilnice \u00een templele din Heliopolis, Karnak \u0219i alte centre de cult. Diminea\u021ba se c\u00e2ntau imnuri pentru a-l sprijini pe Ra la r\u0103s\u0103ritul s\u0103u; seara se rosteau desc\u00e2ntece de protec\u021bie \u0219i c\u00e2ntece de lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui Apophis.<\/p><p>Aceste ritualuri erau considerate <em>munc\u0103 cosmic\u0103<\/em>, garant\u00e2nd existen\u021ba lumii \u00eense\u0219i, mult dincolo de o simpl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavie<\/span> privat\u0103.<\/p><p>Personal \u0219i popular: Persoanele private purtau amulette <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span> cu simboluri sau nume ale lui Ra pentru a-\u0219i asigura protec\u021bia zilnic\u0103. La r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui se rosteau scurte rug\u0103ciuni sau invoca\u021bii. Mai ales sub faraonii dinastiei a 5-a au fost ridicate sanctuare solare ca monumente funerare, pentru a-l integra pe faraon \u00een orbita cosmic\u0103 a lui Ra.<\/p><p>\u00cen nume personale: Numele <em>Ra<\/em> \u00eensu\u0219i purta o mare putere. Numele compuse precum <em>Si-Ra<\/em> (Fiul lui Ra) sau <em>Ra-Hotep<\/em> (Ra este mul\u021bumit) erau larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een familiile egiptene, mai ales \u00een r\u00e2ndul elitei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Grecia \u0219i Roma<\/strong><\/p><em>Helios<\/em> de\u021bine toate atributele lui Ra: zeu solar, c\u0103l\u0103torie zilnic\u0103 pe cer \u00eentr-o quadrig\u0103 (car), purt\u0103torul luminii lumii. \u00cen epoca roman\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, Ra se contope\u0219te cu <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Soarele Ne\u00eenvins), mai ales sub \u00eemp\u0103ratul Aurelian (270-275 d.Hr.), care l-a instituit pe Sol Invictus ca divinitate suprem\u0103. Paralela se extinde p\u00e2n\u0103 la cre\u0219tinismul timpuriu, care leag\u0103 simbolic \u00eenvierea lui Hristos de r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui.<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia vedic\u0103 \u0219i hindus\u0103<\/strong><\/p><em>Surya<\/em> (zeu solar) \u0219i <em>Savitar<\/em> (trezitorul, impulsionatorul) \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc cu Ra func\u021bia re\u00eennoirii zilnice. Rigveda (aprox. 1500 \u00ee.Hr.) descrie c\u0103l\u0103toria lui Surya pe cer \u00eentr-o quadrig\u0103 de aur. \u00cens\u0103 spre deosebire de Ra, care r\u0103m\u00e2ne divinitate suprem\u0103, Surya este eclipsat \u00een hinduismul t\u00e2rziu de Brahma, Vishnu \u0219i Shiva ca Trimur\u021bi suprem\u0103.<p><strong>Mesopotamia<\/strong><\/p><em>\u0218ama\u0219<\/em> este zeu solar \u0219i judec\u0103tor mesopotamian. Spre deosebire de Ra, \u0218ama\u0219 nu este divinitatea cosmic\u0103 suprem\u0103, ci un zeu cu atribu\u021bii specifice printre mul\u021bi al\u021bii. <em>Marduk<\/em> prime\u0219te la Babilon rolul creatorului lumii \u0219i al \u00eenfr\u00e2ng\u0103torului haosului (lupta \u00eempotriva lui Tiamat), ceea ce \u00eel aseam\u0103n\u0103 func\u021bional cu Ra, dar nu este limitat la soare.<p><strong>Tradi\u021bia germanic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Soarele<\/em> (Sol, Sunna) este reprezentat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> germanic\u0103 de o zei\u021b\u0103 care c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te de asemenea \u00eentr-o quadrig\u0103 pe cer, urm\u0103rit\u0103 de lupul Sk\u00f6ll. Func\u021bia este similar\u0103 (re\u00eennoire zilnic\u0103), dar genul \u0219i simbolica difer\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd075236 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd075236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp733d0d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp733d0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Barca solar\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103toria prin cele dou\u0103sprezece ore ale nop\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd140f1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd140f1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6d26802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6d26802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Imaginea teologic\u0103 central\u0103 a lui Ra este c\u0103l\u0103toria sa zilnic\u0103.<\/p><p>Ziua, zeul solar traverseaz\u0103 cerul \u00een barca de zi; seara urc\u0103 \u00een barca de noapte \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te prin lumea de dincolo, <em>Duat<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torie nocturn\u0103 este descris\u0103 \u00een detaliu \u00een texte proprii, mai ales \u00een <em>Amduat<\/em>, literal \u201eceea ce se afl\u0103 \u00een lumea de dincolo&#8221;, \u0219i \u00een <em>Cartea Por\u021bilor<\/em>. Ambele apar\u021bin c\u0103r\u021bilor lumii de dincolo, pictate pe pere\u021bii mormintelor regale din Valea Regilor \u00een Regatul Nou.<\/p><p><em>Amduat<\/em> \u00eemparte noaptea \u00een dou\u0103sprezece ore, fiecare reprezent\u00e2nd un domeniu propriu cu fiin\u021be proprii. \u00cen ora de mijloc, adesea a \u0219asea, se petrece procesul decisiv: zeul solar se une\u0219te cu trupul ne\u00eensufle\u021bit al lui Osiris \u0219i din aceast\u0103 unire dob\u00e2nde\u0219te for\u021ba rena\u0219terii.<\/p><p>Cercetarea, de exemplu Erik Hornung, care a editat \u0219i tradus cuprinz\u0103tor c\u0103r\u021bile lumii de dincolo, vede \u00een aceasta nucleul concep\u021biei egiptene despre re\u00eennoirea cosmosului.<\/p><p>C\u0103l\u0103toria nu este lipsit\u0103 de pericole. \u00cen fiecare or\u0103 p\u00e2ndesc obstacole, por\u021bi trebuie trecute, fiin\u021be d\u0103un\u0103toare respinse. Cel mai mare du\u0219man este \u0219arpele Apophis, care caut\u0103 s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 barca. \u00censo\u021bitori precum <a href=\"\/ro\/aegypten\/\">alte divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/a> \u0219i mor\u021bii ferici\u021bi din lumea de dincolo \u00eel sprijin\u0103 pe zeu.<\/p><p>La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul celei de-a dou\u0103sprezecea ore, Ra rena\u0219te ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span> sau prunc \u0219i se ridic\u0103 la orizontul de est. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 narativ\u0103 le-a oferit egiptenilor un model prin care cursul zilnic al soarelui, moartea \u0219i speran\u021ba \u00een rena\u0219tere puteau fi cuprinse \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 imagine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ebeaf6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ebeaf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cd4822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cd4822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apophis: Lupta zilnic\u0103 pentru ordinea lumii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a24bfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0a24bfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29eac91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29eac91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adversarul lui Ra este Apophis, \u00een pronun\u021bia egiptean\u0103 <em>Apep<\/em>, un \u0219arpe uria\u0219 care amenin\u021b\u0103 barca solar\u0103 \u00een c\u0103l\u0103toria sa nocturn\u0103.<\/p><p>Apophis \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 haosul \u00eensu\u0219i, dezordinea care amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenghit\u0103 lumea creat\u0103 \u00een fiecare zi; un du\u0219man singular ar fi o reprezentare prea restr\u00e2ns\u0103. Spre deosebire de zei, Apophis nu se na\u0219te niciodat\u0103 \u0219i nu este ucis definitiv; el este o amenin\u021bare permanent\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen c\u0103r\u021bile lumii de dincolo \u0219i \u00een texte rituale proprii este descris\u0103 lupta \u00eempotriva lui Apophis. \u0218arpele \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenghit\u0103 apa pe care navigheaz\u0103 barca sau s\u0103-i blocheze calea. Zei precum Seth, care st\u0103 la prora b\u0103rcii, sau zei\u021ba Selket \u00eel leag\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel str\u0103pung pe monstru.<\/p><p>Cel mai important text \u00een acest sens este a\u0219a-numita <em>Carte a lui Apophis<\/em>, transmis\u0103 \u00een manuscrisul din epoca t\u00e2rzie al Papirusului Bremner-Rhind. Con\u021bine formule \u0219i instruc\u021biuni pentru a-l lega, t\u0103ia \u0219i arde pe Apophis.<\/p><p>Aceste texte erau executate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>. Preo\u021bii confec\u021bionau figurine ale \u0219arpelui din cear\u0103 sau \u00eel desenau pe papirus pentru a-l c\u0103lca \u00een picioare, a-l str\u0103punge \u0219i a-l arde, o form\u0103 de distrugere ritual\u0103 a haosului.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, acest fapt este semnificativ, deoarece arat\u0103 c\u0103 religia egiptean\u0103 nu considera existen\u021ba ordinii lumii ca de la sine \u00een\u021beleas\u0103. <em>Maat<\/em>, ordinea dreapt\u0103, trebuia ap\u0103rat\u0103 zilnic, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> de c\u0103tre zeul solar, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> de c\u0103tre preo\u021bime. R\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui era astfel \u00een fiecare diminea\u021b\u0103 o victorie dob\u00e2ndit\u0103, nu un automatism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5c618a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc5c618a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06da435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp06da435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heliopolis \u0219i teologia Enneadei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5790fae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5790fae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp540b63f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp540b63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalul centru al cultului lui Ra era Heliopolis, ora\u0219ul soarelui, \u00een egiptean\u0103 <em>Iunu<\/em>, situat \u00een nordul Cairului de ast\u0103zi. De aici provine unul dintre cele mai importante sisteme cosmogonice ale Egiptului. \u00cen centru se afl\u0103 zeul creator, care \u00een func\u021bie de text se nume\u0219te Atum, Ra sau combina\u021bia Ra-Atum.<\/p><p>El apare din apele primordiale Nun \u0219i na\u0219te din sine \u00eensu\u0219i prima pereche de zei, Shu, aerul, \u0219i Tefnut, umiditatea. Din ace\u0219tia provin Geb, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, \u0219i Nut, cerul, \u0219i din ei, la r\u00e2ndul lor, Osiris, Isis, Seth \u0219i Nephthys.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 serie de nou\u0103 divinit\u0103\u021bi se nume\u0219te <em>Enneada<\/em> din Heliopolis. Ea ordoneaz\u0103 cele mai importante divinit\u0103\u021bi ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> \u00eentr-o structur\u0103 genealogic\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel face pe Ra-Atum originea a toate.<\/p><p>Preotul heliopolitan era \u00een Regatul Vechi unul dintre cei mai influen\u021bi func\u021bionari religio\u0219i, iar cultul solar a marcat ideologia regal\u0103: \u00eenc\u0103 din Regatul Vechi, regii au adoptat titlul de Fiu al lui Ra, iar Textele Piramidelor, cele mai vechi texte religioase ale Egiptului, sunt puternic marcate de teologia solar\u0103.<\/p><p>Semnul vizibil al cultului heliopolitan era <em>Benbenul<\/em>, un st\u00e2lp de piatr\u0103 sacru legat de primul p\u0103m\u00e2nt care a ap\u0103rut din apele primordiale, precum \u0219i obeliscul, al c\u0103rui v\u00e2rf trebuia s\u0103 capteze razele soarelui.<\/p><p>Sanctuarele solare ale dinastiei a 5-a, precum cel al lui Niuserre la Abu Gurob, erau construc\u021bii independente dedicate teologiei solare. Heliopolis \u00eensu\u0219i este ast\u0103zi aproape complet supraedificat, dar descoperirile de texte, obeliscurile \u0219i relat\u0103rile autorilor antici permit s\u0103 se recunoasc\u0103 pozi\u021bia central\u0103 a acestui loc \u00een religia egiptean\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6535370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6535370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9466707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9466707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitul revoltei omenirii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe57068a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe57068a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd90c983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd90c983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> rar povestit, dar teologic important, este distrugerea omenirii, transmis \u00een textul <em>Vaca Cereasc\u0103<\/em>, consemnat \u00een mai multe morminte regale din Regatul Nou.<\/p><p>Poveste\u0219te despre o vreme c\u00e2nd Ra mai domnia ca rege peste oameni \u0219i zei pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Zeul solar a \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nit, trupul s\u0103u este din aur, argint \u0219i lapis-lazuli, iar oamenii pl\u0103nuiesc o revolt\u0103 \u00eempotriva lui.<\/p><p>Ra convoac\u0103 zeii la sfat. La decizia lor, el trimite propriul ochi \u00een chipul zei\u021bei Hathor sau Sekhmet pentru a-i pedepsi pe r\u0103scula\u021bi. Zei\u021ba intr\u0103 \u00eentr-o frenezie s\u00e2ngeroas\u0103 \u0219i amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 extermine \u00eentreaga omenire.<\/p><p>Ra, care nu vrea s\u0103 distrug\u0103 complet oamenii, porunce\u0219te s\u0103 se coloreze \u00een ro\u0219u cantit\u0103\u021bi uria\u0219e de bere \u0219i s\u0103 se verse pe tot p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Zei\u021ba o crede s\u00e2nge, o bea, se \u00eembat\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 mai ucid\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> se \u00eencheie cu retragerea lui Ra. Obosit de lume, se las\u0103 luat pe spinarea vacii cere\u0219ti \u0219i urc\u0103 la cer; domnia direct\u0103 pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt se \u00eencheie astfel \u0219i este transmis\u0103 altor zei \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 faraonilor.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, textul con\u021bine mai multe explica\u021bii: pentru separarea cerului de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, pentru distan\u021ba dintre zeul suprem \u0219i oameni, pentru anumite obiceiuri festive cu bere ro\u0219ie \u0219i pentru natura dublu periculoas\u0103 a ochiului solar, care poate proteja \u0219i distruge. \u00cel arat\u0103 pe Ra totodat\u0103 ca st\u0103p\u00e2n puternic \u0219i ca figur\u0103 \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nit\u0103, distan\u021bat\u0103 de lume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp921d2ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp921d2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc03c319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc03c319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contopiri: Amun-Ra, Aton \u0219i mo\u0219tenirea cultului solar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp992dbdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp992dbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee3e772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee3e772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra a r\u0103mas prezent timp de trei milenii, dar rareori \u00een form\u0103 neschimbat\u0103. Caracteristic\u0103 pentru religia egiptean\u0103 este contopirea divinit\u0103\u021bilor, iar Ra s-a dovedit deosebit de predispus la astfel de asocieri. Devreme apare Ra-Atum, contopirea cu zeul creator heliopolitan.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu ascensiunea Tebei \u00een Regatul Nou, Ra s-a contopit cu zeul imperial de acolo, Amun, form\u00e2nd Amun-Ra, care era totodat\u0103 zeu ascuns \u0219i soare vizibil. De asemenea, Re-Horachte, contopirea cu Horus la orizont, este un tip iconografic frecvent, reprezentat ca zeu cu cap de \u0219oim \u0219i disc solar.<\/p><p>Interven\u021bia cea mai radical\u0103 a reprezentat-o politica religioas\u0103 a lui Akhenaton \u00een secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr. Akhenaton a ridicat <em>Atonul<\/em>, discul solar vizibil \u00eensu\u0219i, la rangul de unic\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> venerat\u0103 \u0219i a ac\u021bionat \u00eempotriva cultului lui Amun.<\/p><p>Atonul reprezint\u0103 din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor un caz special, deoarece era venerat f\u0103r\u0103 imagine antropomorf\u0103 sau zoomorf\u0103, reprezentat exclusiv ca disc cu raze care se termin\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2ini. Dup\u0103 moartea lui Akhenaton, aceast\u0103 reform\u0103 a fost anulat\u0103 \u0219i lumea divin\u0103 tradi\u021bional\u0103, inclusiv Amun-Ra, a fost restaurat\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 istorie a contopirilor este pentru cercetare o cheie pentru \u00een\u021belegerea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> egiptene. Hornung \u0219i al\u021bii au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 egiptenii concepeau divinit\u0103\u021bile altfel dec\u00e2t indivizi care se exclud reciproc: puteau recunoa\u0219te aspecte ale unei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span> \u00eentr-o alta, f\u0103r\u0103 ca zeii individuali s\u0103 dispar\u0103.<\/p><p>Ra este \u00een acest sens mai pu\u021bin o figur\u0103 fix\u0103 \u0219i mai mult un principiu teologic, principiul soarelui ca origine, sus\u021bin\u0103tor \u0219i garant zilnic re\u00eennoit al ordinii lumii, care putea fi asociat cu numeroase divinit\u0103\u021bi locale \u0219i supraregionale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>[Atum, Egipt](\/ro\/atum\/)<\/li><li>[Amun, Egipt](\/ro\/amun\/)<\/li><li>[Apophis, Egipt](\/ro\/apophis\/)<\/li><li>[Helios, Grecia](\/ro\/helios\/)<\/li><li>[Sol Invictus, Roma](\/ro\/sol-invictus\/)<\/li><li>[Surya, Hinduism](\/ro\/surya\/)<\/li><li>[Divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme, subcategorie](\/ro\/hochgottheiten\/)<\/li><li>[Zei, prezentare general\u0103 pe clase](\/ro\/goetter\/)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>\u00c4gypten. Eine Sinngeschichte<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hornung, Erik: <em>Der \u00e4gyptische <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythos<\/span> von der Himmelskuh. Eine Aetologie des Unvollkommenen<\/em>. Freiburg i. Br. 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Quirke, Stephen: <em>Ancient Egyptian Religion<\/em>. Dover 2013 (Nachdruck).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Te Velde, Herman: <em>The God Khenti-Amentiu. Studien zur Religionsgeschichte und zur archaologischen Topographie des Westdelta<\/em>. Leiden 1967.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Belegstellen in: Faulkner, Raymond O. (Hg.): <em>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts<\/em>. Oxford 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Goyon, Jean-Claude: <em>Le Ceremonial d&#8217;Ouverture de la Bouche dans le contexte rituel du temple d&#8217;Edfu<\/em>. Cairo 1972 (f\u00fcr priesterliche Rituale und Hymnen).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227cfcf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"227cfcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80fc4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80fc4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Ra<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine era Ra \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> egiptean\u0103?<\/h3><p>Ra (\u0219i Re, \u00een egiptean\u0103 R\u02bf, soarele) este cel mai \u00eenalt zeu solar al panteonului egiptean \u0219i \u00een multe perioade zeul imperial. Venerarea sa era deosebit de intens\u0103 \u00een Regatul Vechi la Heliopolis (\u00een egiptean\u0103 Iunu, Ora\u0219ul St\u00e2lpului).<\/p><p>Ra c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te zilnic \u00een barca sa solar\u0103 pe cer, diminea\u021ba ca Khepri (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e2ndacul b\u0103legar ca simbol al Egiptului antic pentru devenire \u0219i re\u00eennoire.\" tabindex=\"0\">scarabeu<\/span>), la amiaz\u0103 ca Ra (\u0219oim), seara ca Atum (b\u0103tr\u00e2n). Noaptea traverseaz\u0103 cele dou\u0103sprezece ore ale lumii de dincolo, unde lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u0219arpelui haosului Apophis.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Care este leg\u0103tura dintre Ra, Amun \u0219i Aton?<\/h3><p>De-a lungul istoriei egiptene, diverse concep\u021bii despre zeul solar s-au contopit. Ra era zeul solar originar din Heliopolis. \u00cen Regatul Mijlociu, Amun din Teba s-a contopit cu Ra form\u00e2nd Amun-Ra, zeul imperial al Regatului Nou.<\/p><p>Akhenaton (1351-1334 \u00ee.Hr.) a \u00eencercat prin reforma sa a lui Aton s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 to\u021bi zeii cu aspectul solar abstract Aton, singura reform\u0103 monotheist\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 din istoria religiei egiptene, care \u00eens\u0103 a fost rapid anulat\u0103 dup\u0103 moartea sa.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine era Ra \u00een mitologia egiptean\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ra (\u0219i Re, \u00een egiptean\u0103 R\u02bf, soarele) este cel mai \u00eenalt zeu solar al panteonului egiptean \u0219i \u00een multe perioade zeul imperial. Venerarea sa era deosebit de intens\u0103 \u00een Regatul Vechi la Heliopolis (\u00een egiptean\u0103 Iunu, Ora\u0219ul St\u00e2lpului). Ra c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te zilnic \u00een barca sa solar\u0103 pe cer, diminea\u021ba ca Khepri (scarabeu), la amiaz\u0103 ca Ra (\u0219oim), seara ca Atum (b\u0103tr\u00e2n). Noaptea traverseaz\u0103 cele dou\u0103sprezece ore ale lumii de dincolo, unde lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u0219arpelui haosului Apophis.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Care este leg\u0103tura dintre Ra, Amun \u0219i Aton?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"De-a lungul istoriei egiptene, diverse concep\u021bii despre zeul solar s-au contopit. Ra era zeul solar originar din Heliopolis. \u00cen Regatul Mijlociu, Amun din Teba s-a contopit cu Ra form\u00e2nd Amun-Ra, zeul imperial al Regatului Nou. Akhenaton (1351-1334 \u00ee.Hr.) a \u00eencercat prin reforma sa a lui Aton s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 to\u021bi zeii cu aspectul solar abstract Aton, singura reform\u0103 monotheist\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 din istoria religiei egiptene, care \u00eens\u0103 a fost rapid anulat\u0103 dup\u0103 moartea sa.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ra, zeul tradi\u021biei egiptene Ra este zeul tradi\u021biei egiptene. Zeu solar egiptean \u0219i divinitate suprem\u0103, creator al ordinii \u0219i \u00eennoitor zilnic al lumii. Ra se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul religiei \u0219i mitologiei egiptene ca figur\u0103 suprem\u0103 a cosmosului. El \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba soarelui, re\u00eennoirea ciclic\u0103 \u0219i lupta etern\u0103 dintre lumin\u0103 \u0219i haos. Numele s\u0103u este sinonim cu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1547,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ra","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ra - Zeul solar egiptean \u0219i creator","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"For\u021b\u0103 creatoare, sincretisme (Atum-Ra, Amun-Ra), lupta \u00eempotriva lui Apophis, Heliopolis, Cartea Mor\u021bilor \u0219i paralele cu Helios, Sol Invictus, Surya.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"aegypten","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105278","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ra - Zeul solar 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