{"id":105203,"date":"2026-08-04T14:11:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gallu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T14:11:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:11:41","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105203\" class=\"elementor elementor-105203 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, demon al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Demoni ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, soli \u0219i executori ai t\u0103r\u00e2mului de dincolo.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ Demon\u0103: Fiin\u021b\u0103 supranatural\u0103 cu efecte preponderent d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente. Se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre zei \u0219i oameni, provoac\u0103 boal\u0103, ispit\u0103 sau nenorocire \u0219i este respins\u0103 prin incanta\u021bii, apotropaica \u0219i ritualuri.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate, Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (aprox. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1707\" alt=\"Gallu - D\u00e4monen aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene.<\/p><p>Gall\u00fb se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi figuri demonice atestate din Mesopotamia. Sunt asocia\u021bi cu lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u0219i cu st\u0103p\u00e2na ei, Ere\u0219kigal, \u0219i apar at\u00e2t \u00een mituri, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een texte rituale ca executori ai mor\u021bii. Tr\u0103s\u0103tura lor definitorie este inaccesibilitatea: textele subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 nu primesc nici hran\u0103, nici b\u0103utur\u0103, nu cunosc nici daruri, nici dulcea\u021b\u0103. Nu sunt negociabili.<\/p><p>\u00cen celebra nara\u021biune despre cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, Gall\u00fb sunt cei care cer un \u00eenlocuitor pentru zei\u021b\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel conduc pe Dumuzi \u00een t\u0103r\u00e2mul mor\u021bilor. Aceast\u0103 scen\u0103 configureaz\u0103 imaginea lor p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi: Gall\u00fb sunt solii care vin atunci c\u00e2nd vremea unui om s-a \u00eemplinit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu (akkadian\u0103: gal-lu, \u201ecel mare&#8221;) sunt fiin\u021be demonice sau demoni ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mesopotamian\u0103. Sunt atesta\u021bi \u00een texte cuneiforme de la Sumer p\u00e2n\u0103 la Babilon \u0219i sunt descri\u0219i adesea ca subalterni ai zei\u021beibai a lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, Ere\u0219kigal, sau ai zeului mor\u021bilor, Nergal. Personific\u0103 boala, ciuma \u0219i moartea subit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atest\u0103rile Gall\u00fb se \u00eentind de la primele mituri sumeriene (mileniul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr.) p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een epoca neobabilonian\u0103 \u0219i ahemenid\u0103. Niciun alt tip demonic nu este documentat cu o asemenea constan\u021b\u0103 de-a lungul istoriei culturale mesopotamiene.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, unul dintre demonii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, este o fiin\u021b\u0103 care sluje\u0219te lui <em>Ere\u0219kigal<\/em>, regina t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor. <em>Gallu<\/em> nu sunt neap\u0103rat malefici \u00een sens moral, ci mai degrab\u0103 agen\u021bi ai voin\u021bei lui <em>Ere\u0219kigal<\/em>, executori ai poruncilor ei, prind\u0103tori de suflete \u0219i \u00eenso\u021bitori ai mor\u021bilor \u00een lumea de dincolo.<\/p><p>Sunt temu\u021bi deoarece sosirea lor semnaleaz\u0103 moartea. <em>Gallu<\/em> pot fi \u00een\u021bele\u0219i \u0219i ca demoni ai bolii \u0219i ai mor\u021bii rapide, care \u00eei smulg pe oameni de pe p\u0103m\u00e2ntul celor vii. Ei reprezint\u0103 inevitabilitatea \u0219i obiectivitatea mor\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu sunt documenta\u021bi cu prec\u0103dere \u00een seriile de t\u0103bli\u021be de lut babiloniene \u0219i asiriene, \u00eendeosebi \u00een redact\u0103rile cobor\u00e2rii \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 (ciclul Inana-Ere\u0219kigal, cu texte par\u021bial paralele \u0219i \u00een tradi\u021bia hitit\u0103). Au fost temuti \u00een \u00eentreg \u021binutul Mesopotamiei, de la Sumer p\u00e2n\u0103 la Asiria, \u0219i comb\u0103tu\u021bi prin incanta\u021bii \u0219i ritualuri apotropaice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Situa\u021bia surselor privitoare la Gallu este fragmentar\u0103. Textele primare sunt mitologeme cuneiforme \u0219i liste din Vechiul Babilon (aprox. 1800-1600 \u00ee.Hr.), precum \u0219i texte paralele asiriene ulterioare.<\/p><p>Asiriologii Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann \u0219i Schwemer au analizat aceste tradi\u021bii \u0219i le-au \u00eencadrat \u00een contextul demonologiei mesopotamiene. O identificare sigur\u0103 a tipurilor individuale de Gallu este ast\u0103zi dificil\u0103, deoarece t\u0103bli\u021bele sunt adesea par\u021bial deteriorate \u0219i prezint\u0103 varia\u021bii de denumire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante ortografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumerian\u00e3:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadian\u0103: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Utilizat ca grup: frecvent \u201ecei \u0219apte Gall\u00fb&#8221;, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> numeric tipic al demonologiei mesopotamiene.<\/p><p>Etimologia este disputat\u0103; s-au discutat conexiuni cu termeni pentru \u201eexecutor&#8221; sau \u201eviolen\u021b\u0103&#8221;. Mai important\u0103 dec\u00e2t originea este rolul stabil: Gall\u00fb sunt \u00eentotdeauna organ de execu\u021bie, rareori figuri autonome. Apar de obicei \u00een grupuri, ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een numele lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u0219i sunt anonimi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Textele \u00eei descriu pe Gall\u00fb mai degrab\u0103 prin ceea ce <em>nu<\/em> sunt. Nu cunosc hran\u0103, nu cunosc setea, nu cunosc daruri, nu cunosc dulcea\u021ba. Acolo unde reprezent\u0103rile iconografice pot fi identificate, sunt vagi, \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare \u0219i greu de fixat. Ei apar\u021bin astfel categoriei demonilor nefigurativi ai Mesopotamiei.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fb vin s\u0103 ia. Ei conduc sufletele muribunzilor \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, cer un \u00eenlocuitor atunci c\u00e2nd ordinea a fost perturbat\u0103 \u0219i execut\u0103 sentin\u021bele t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor. Ac\u021biunile lor sunt precise \u0219i nenegociabile; darurile sau incanta\u021biile func\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar \u00een limite rituale stricte.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Trecerea dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, patul de moarte, locurile mor\u021bii violente, situa\u021biile rituale de prag. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 acolo unde se ia o decizie de via\u021b\u0103 sau de moarte, ori acolo unde ordinea cosmic\u0103 cere un \u00eenlocuitor.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Gall\u00fb sunt slujitorii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, \u00een special ai lui Ere\u0219kigal. \u00cen \u201eCobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103&#8221; apar ca grup care o sile\u0219te pe zei\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 coboare \u0219i cere ulterior pe Dumuzi ca \u00eenlocuitor. Rolul lor este astfel fixat structural: sunt instrumentul \u00eentins al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene \u00een spa\u021biul celor vii.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are \u0219i simbolic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> sunt adesea reprezenta\u021bi ca figuri \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare \u0219i \u00eentunecate cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi supranaturale, posibil cu trupuri de animale (leu, taur), ochi \u00eenfl\u0103c\u0103ra\u021bi \u0219i gheare. Pot fi \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219a\u021bi \u0219i hominoid, cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi demonice, coarne, fa\u021b\u0103 \u00eennegrit\u0103 \u0219i expresie terifiant\u0103.<\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> poart\u0103 adesea lan\u021buri sau c\u0103tu\u0219e, fiind r\u0103pitori \u0219i \u00eenl\u0103n\u021buitori. Trupul lor este \u00eentunecat, adesea negru sau ro\u0219u ad\u00e2nc. Se mi\u0219c\u0103 rapid \u0219i nea\u0219teptat. Prezen\u021ba lor este rece \u0219i \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale Gall\u00fb dintr-o privire. Detalii despre denumire, descriere, ap\u0103rare \u0219i paralele se g\u0103sesc \u00een capitolele 2, 3, 5 \u0219i 6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Slujitori ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, \u00een special ai lui Ere\u0219kigal. Men\u021biona\u021bi adesea ca grup, \u201ecei \u0219apte Gall\u00fb&#8221;. Nu sunt figuri individuale, ci executori colectivi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u021aintele lui Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Muribunzii, oamenii afla\u021bi \u00een situa\u021bii rituale de prag, cei care au \u00eenc\u0103lcat tabuuri, vinova\u021bii, persoanele desemnate ca \u00eenlocuitori pentru altele (precum Dumuzi pentru Inana).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area lui Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neclar\u0103, \u00een mod deliberat retras\u0103: \u201enu m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 hran\u0103, nu beau ap\u0103, nu cunosc dulcea\u021ba&#8221;. Vag\u0103, \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, nedefinit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Moarte subit\u0103, r\u0103pirea sufletului, boal\u0103 cu evolu\u021bie rapid\u0103, acces condi\u021bionat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. Venirea lor nu este negociabil\u0103, ci doar am\u00e2nabil\u0103 sau deviabil\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Incanta\u021bii cu \u00eendemnul de a se \u00eentoarce \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, ritualuri de purificare, jertfe substitutive (o figur\u0103 \u00eenlocuitoare care este luat\u0103 \u00een locul omului).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eriniile \u0219i Kerele (grece\u0219ti), Thanatos (grec), Tzitzimime (aztece), motive ale solilor mor\u021bii \u00een Europa, figura Mor\u021bii cu coasa \u00een credin\u021ba popular\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rarea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualuri de ap\u0103rare<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritualurile \u00eempotriva Gall\u00fb nu vizeaz\u0103 nimicirea lor, ci am\u00e2narea sau devierea. Cunoscut este principiul substitu\u021biei: o figur\u0103 \u00eenlocuitoare simbolic\u0103, un animal, o mic\u0103 efigieconfec\u021bionat\u0103 din aluat sau lut, este \u201epredat\u0103&#8221; Gall\u00fb \u00een locul omului. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> prime\u0219te cea mai puternic\u0103 amprent\u0103 mitologic\u0103 \u00een \u201eCobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Incanta\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Formulele \u00eei invoc\u0103 pe Gall\u00fb, le numesc originea \u0219i \u00eei trimit \u00eenapoi \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103. Frecvent este invocat\u0103 simultan o autoritate divin\u0103, al c\u0103rei mandat face posibil\u0103 devierea. Structura r\u0103m\u00e2ne asem\u0103n\u0103toare \u00een toate incanta\u021biile mesopotamiene: identificare, legitimare, trimitere \u00eenapoi.<\/p><p><strong>Amulete \u0219i simboluri de protec\u021bie<\/strong><\/p><p>Amuletele specifice \u00eempotriva Gall\u00fb nu reprezint\u0103 punctul central; mai importante sunt preceptele de puritate \u0219i ritualurile colective de protec\u021bie a casei, locului sau ora\u0219ului. Protec\u021bia se bazeaz\u0103 mai pu\u021bin pe un obiect \u0219i mai mult pe disciplina ritual\u0103 \u0219i pe rela\u021bia corect\u0103 cu zeii.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cult<\/span> \u0219i venerare<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> nu erau venera\u021bi direct ca zeii, ci temuti \u0219i respin\u0219i prin incanta\u021bii \u0219i vr\u0103ji de protec\u021bie. Amuletele de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva <em>Gallu<\/em> erau frecvente, mai ales \u00een casele \u00een care z\u0103ceau bolnavi sau muribunzi.<\/p><p>Magicienii \u0219i preo\u021bii efectuau ritualuri de protec\u021bie pentru a-i \u021bine pe <em>Gallu<\/em> la distan\u021b\u0103. Totu\u0219i, uneori magicienii \u00eei invocau pe <em>Gallu<\/em> \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> pentru a-i v\u0103t\u0103ma pe du\u0219mani sau a ob\u021bine rezultate rapide. <em>Gallu<\/em> erau trata\u021bi cu team\u0103 \u0219i fric\u0103, nu cu venera\u021bie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lumea greco-roman\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Kerele \u0219i Eriniile reprezint\u0103 cele mai clare paralele func\u021bionale. Kerele iau sufletele celor c\u0103zu\u021bi, Eriniile r\u0103zbun\u0103 vinov\u0103\u021bia de s\u00e2nge. Thanatos, ca personificare a mor\u021bii, preia func\u021bii similare de sol \u0219i migreaz\u0103 motivic \u00een reprezent\u0103rile romane \u0219i elenistice.<\/p><p><strong>Mesoamerica:<\/strong> Tzitzimime aztece sunt demoni nocturni care amenin\u021b\u0103 via\u021ba oamenilor \u00een momentele critice ale ciclului cosmic. Rolul lor de executori ai unui sf\u00e2r\u0219it cosmic iminent seam\u0103n\u0103 ca structur\u0103 \u0219i func\u021bie cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> Gall\u00fb.<\/p><p><strong>Europa (cultura popular\u0103 ulterioar\u0103)<\/strong><\/p><p>Figura Mor\u021bii cu coasa din Evul Mediu european \u0219i din epoca modern\u0103 condenseaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> celui care vine s\u0103 ia, impersonal \u0219i nenegociabil. Chiar dac\u0103 o linie direct\u0103 nu poate fi demonstrat\u0103, tiparul de baz\u0103 este acela\u0219i: un sol care vine atunci c\u00e2nd timpul s-a \u00eemplinit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu \u00een nara\u021biunea cobor\u00e2rii Inanei \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 apari\u021bie literar\u0103 a lui Gallu se afl\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> sumerian al cobor\u00e2rii Inanei \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u0219i \u00een continuarea sa despre zeul-p\u0103stor Dumuzi. Textul este transmis pe t\u0103bli\u021be de lut \u0219i se num\u0103r\u0103 printre operele amplu reconstituite ale literaturii sumeriene.<\/p><p>Zei\u021ba Inana coboar\u0103 \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, regatul surorii sale Ere\u0219kigal, unde este ucis\u0103 \u0219i at\u00e2rnat\u0103 de un st\u00e2lp.<\/p><p>Prin interven\u021bia zeului Enki este readus\u0103 la via\u021b\u0103, dar lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 nu elibereaz\u0103 pe nimeni f\u0103r\u0103 un \u00eenlocuitor. Inana trebuie s\u0103 desemneze un substitut care s\u0103 coboare \u00een locul ei. La urcare este \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de Gallu, demonii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene.<\/p><p>Textul \u00eei descrie pe ace\u0219ti Gallu cu mare for\u021b\u0103 de expresie. Nu cunosc nici foamea, nici setea, nu m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 hran\u0103 \u0219i nu beau ap\u0103, nu accept\u0103 nici jertfe, nici mit\u0103. Nu cunosc familie, nu cunosc copii, nu cunosc prietenie.<\/p><p>Smulg femeia din bra\u021bele b\u0103rbatului \u0219i copilul de la s\u00e2nul doicii. Astfel sunt exact opusul unui interlocutor uman sau divin cu care s-ar putea negocia.<\/p><p>Ca \u00eenlocuitor pentru Inana este desemnat \u00een cele din urm\u0103 so\u021bul ei Dumuzi, care nu pl\u00e2nsese pentru ea. Gallu \u00eel v\u00e2neaz\u0103, el fuge \u0219i se transform\u0103, dar este prins \u0219i t\u00e2r\u00e2t \u00een lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103.<\/p><p>Abia prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfa<\/span> surorii sale Ge\u0219tinanna, care \u00eei ia locul o parte din an, soarta lui este \u00eembl\u00e2nzit\u0103. Gallu sunt \u00een aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune executorii incorruptibili ai ordinii lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu \u00een textele de incanta\u021bie \u0219i \u00een ap\u0103rarea \u00eempotriva bolii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen afara literaturii narative, Gallu apar mai ales \u00een textele de incanta\u021bie \u0219i ap\u0103rare ale Mesopotamiei. Aceste texte, transmise \u00een limbile akkadian\u0103 \u0219i sumerian\u0103pe numeroase t\u0103bli\u021be, serveau protec\u021biei \u00eempotriva bolii, nenorocului \u0219i atacului demonic.<\/p><p>\u00cen forma akkadian\u0103, numele apare ca <em>gallu<\/em> sau \u00een combina\u021bie cu alte denumiri demonice. Un grup deosebit de frecvent sunt Cei \u0218apte, o ceat\u0103 de spirite malefice \u00een ale c\u0103ror enumer\u0103ri Gallu revine.<\/p><p>Aceste texte descriu cum demonii p\u0103trund prin u\u0219i \u0219i z\u0103voare, se \u021bin de drumuri \u0219i ziduri \u0219i \u00eel cuprind pe om f\u0103r\u0103 ca acesta s\u0103 se poat\u0103 ap\u0103ra.<\/p><p>Ap\u0103rarea era realizat\u0103 de preo\u021bii-incantatori, numi\u021bi \u00een Mesopotamia <em>a\u0219ipu<\/em>. Ace\u0219tia recitau formule fixe, invocau marii zei, \u00een special pe Ea, fiul s\u0103u Marduk \u0219i zeul focului, \u00eempotriva demonilor \u0219i efectuau ac\u021biuni \u00eenso\u021bitoare, precum prezentarea sau arderea unor figuri substitutive, t\u0103m\u00e2ierea \u0219i stropirea cu ap\u0103.<\/p><p>Un rol important \u00eel jucau \u00een aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 figurile de protec\u021bie \u0219i amuletele. Din casele mesopotamiene sunt cunoscute mici figurine de lut reprezent\u00e2nd fiin\u021be protectoare, \u00eengropate sub praguri, precum \u0219i pl\u0103cu\u021be inscrip\u021bionate.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 eviden\u021b\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 Gallu nu era pentru oameni o fiin\u021b\u0103 mitic\u0103 abstract\u0103, ci o amenin\u021bare tr\u0103it\u0103, fa\u021b\u0103 de care exista un repertoriu ritual elaborat. Textele unesc astfel demonologia \u0219i medicina \u00eentr-un tot, \u00een care boala \u0219i atacul demonic semnific\u0103 adesea acela\u0219i lucru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la cuv\u00e2ntul sumerian la demonul akkadian: etimologie \u0219i clasificare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Gallu ridic\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 \u0219i istorico-religioas\u0103 mai multe \u00eentreb\u0103ri discutate \u00een asiriologie. Cuv\u00e2ntul este de origine sumerian\u0103\u0219i desemneaz\u0103 \u00een cele mai vechi atest\u0103ri un demon al lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, un slujitor sau prinz\u0103tor al t\u0103r\u00e2mului mor\u021bilor. A fost preluat \u00een akkadian\u0103 ca \u00eemprumut lexical.<\/p><p>Cercetarea \u00eel \u00eencadreaz\u0103 pe Gallu \u00een sistemul mai larg al fiin\u021belor inferioare mesopotamiene. Acest sistem cunoa\u0219te o \u00eentreag\u0103 serie de denumiri demonice, printre care <a href=\"\/ro\/utukku\/\">Utukku<\/a>, Rabisu, Lilu \u0219i altele, care desemneaz\u0103 domenii par\u021bial clar delimitate, par\u021bial suprapuse. Gallu apar\u021bine grupului fiin\u021belor asociate cu lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u0219i cu smulgerea violent\u0103 a oamenilor.<\/p><p>O \u00eentrebare aparte prive\u0219te posibila supravie\u021buire a cuv\u00e2ntului. \u00cen tradi\u021bia aramaic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cea iudaic\u0103 exist\u0103 denumiri demonice care amintesc fonetic de <em>gallu<\/em>, \u0219i s-a luat \u00een considerare dac\u0103 exist\u0103 o linie de transmitere din mo\u0219tenirea mesopotamian\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare nu este definitiv clarificat\u0103; similitudinea fonetic\u0103 singur\u0103 nu constituie o dovad\u0103, iar tranzi\u021biile dintre sistemele demonice ale Orientului Antic sunt complexe.<\/p><p>Important pentru \u00een\u021belegere este c\u0103 religia mesopotamian\u0103distingea clar \u00eentre marii zei numi\u021bi, venera\u021bi prin temple, \u0219i fiin\u021bele inferioare precum Gallu.<\/p><p>Gallu nu erau venera\u021bi; erau fiin\u021be func\u021bionale ale ordinii cosmice, c\u0103rora nu li se r\u0103spundea prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span>, ci prin ap\u0103rare. Aceast\u0103 distinc\u021bie define\u0219te \u00eentreaga rela\u021bie mesopotamian\u0103cu demonicul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/ro\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu, spirit al mor\u021bilor mesopotamian \u00eenrudit<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, demon\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103 \u00eenrudit\u0103<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, apotropeu \u00eempotriva lui Lamashtu \u0219i a demonilor \u00eenrudi\u021bi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/ereshkigal\/\">Ere\u0219kigal, st\u0103p\u00e2na lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, cea care \u00eei trimite pe Galla<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/nergal\/\">Nergal, zeul lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, aliat<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, demonul \u201ep\u00e2nditor&#8221; \u00eenrudit<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\">Tradi\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103, context general<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Practica de protec\u021bie descris\u0103 aici reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a tradi\u021biilor istorice. iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een aceast\u0103 linie cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o form\u0103 contemporan\u0103 a acesteia. <a href=\"\/ro\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gallu, demon al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene Demoni ai lumii subp\u0103m\u00e2ntene, soli \u0219i executori ai t\u0103r\u00e2mului de dincolo. DemonMesopotamia Cuprins Gallu Gallu este demon al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene. Gall\u00fb se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi figuri demonice atestate din Mesopotamia. Sunt asocia\u021bi cu lumea subp\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103 \u0219i cu st\u0103p\u00e2na ei, Ere\u0219kigal, \u0219i apar at\u00e2t \u00een mituri, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - Demon al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gall\u00fb se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi figuri demonice atestate din Mesopotamia. Sunt asocia\u021bi cu lumea de dincolo \u0219i cu st\u0103p\u00e2na ei, Ere\u0219kigal","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105203","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - Demon al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gall\u00fb se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi figuri demonice atestate din Mesopotamia. 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