{"id":105185,"date":"2026-08-04T14:09:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:09:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/leviathan-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T14:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:10:12","slug":"leviathan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/leviathan\/","title":{"rendered":"Leviathan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105185\" class=\"elementor elementor-105185 elementor-1021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan, zeu al tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan este zeu al tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine.<\/p><p>\u0218arpe primordial al m\u0103rii, figur\u0103 a haosului din tradi\u021bia ebraic\u0103 \u0219i cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p><p>Leviathan apare \u00een Biblie ca dragon al haosului \u0219i adversar al crea\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/christentum\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 cu \u00eengerii, demonii \u0219i fiin\u021bele sale mistice.\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/anti-goetter\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Puteri ale haosului \u0219i adversari cosmici, figuri antagoniste \u00een dualismul istoriei religiilor.\">Anti-zeu<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1566\" alt=\"Leviathan - G\u00f6tter aus der Christentum-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan (ebr. <em>Liwjatan<\/em>) este una dintre cele mai vechi figuri ale haosului din Orientul Antic, prezent \u00een Vechiul Testament \u00een locuri de prim rang (Iov 40, 41, Ps 74, Is 27) deopotriv\u0103 ca fiin\u021b\u0103 primordial\u0103 amenin\u021b\u0103toare \u0219i ca juc\u0103rie divin\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen literatura apocaliptic\u0103 devine du\u0219manul escatologic al sf\u00e2r\u0219itului de veacuri; \u00een demonologia cre\u0219tin\u0103 urc\u0103 \u00een ierarhia demonilor superiori, adesea ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> al invidiei sau ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al ad\u00e2ncurilor.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Structural, Leviathan face parte din familia \u0219erpilor haosului din Orientul Antic: Ti\u0101mat, Yamm (Ugarit), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Vrtra, \u0219arpele Midgard din tradi\u021bia germanic\u0103. Motivul de baz\u0103, impunerea ordinii prin \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea monstrului primordial, este larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een spa\u021biul indo-european \u0219i semitic. Thomas Hobbes folose\u0219te Leviathan ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al puterii de stat (1651); imaginarul modern \u00eel transform\u0103 \u00een \u00eentruchiparea prin excelen\u021b\u0103 a for\u021bei cople\u0219itoare.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Lotan ugaritic ca precursor<\/strong><\/p><p>Leviathan este, din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, unul dintre cele mai bine documentate exemple ale tradi\u021biei orientale antice a \u0219arpelui haosului. Cel mai vechi atestat este termenul ugaritic <em>Lotan<\/em> (\u00een textele KTU 1.5 \u0219i 1.83, datate \u00een jurul anului 1400 \u00ee.Hr.), unde monstrul marin cu \u0219apte capete Lotan este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt de zeul furtunii Baal.<\/p><p>Acest model este str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> mesopotamian al Tiam\u0103t (Enuma Elish); ambele apar\u021bin tradi\u021biei orientale antice a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> luptei (<em>Chaoskampf<\/em>), care serve\u0219te drept model tradi\u021biei iudaice a lui Liwjatan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea (John Day, <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>, 1985; Mark S. Smith, <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em>, 2001) a elaborat \u00een detaliu conexiunile difuzioniste.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prezentare succint\u0103: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Fiin\u021b\u0103 marin\u0103 primordial\u0103, figur\u0103 a haosului, demon superior al iadului<br>Origine: Lotan ugaritic, Liwjatan ebraic<br>Texte: Iov 40, 41, Ps 74, Is 27, Apoc 13, Henoh, grimoaruri<br>Perioad\u0103: din epoca bronzului t\u00e2rziu p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<br>Func\u021bie: \u00eentruchipare a haosului, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> escatologic al sf\u00e2r\u0219itului de veacuri<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529077 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><span data-nosnippet><em><strong>Distinc\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de Satan:<\/strong> Spre deosebire de <a href=\"\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, adversarul personificat al tradi\u021biei iudeo-cre\u0219tine, Leviathan nu este o figur\u0103 activ\u0103, ci o <strong>simbolic\u0103 a monstruosului cosmic<\/strong>, monstrul marin din textele despre Iov, folosit ulterior ca imagine a haosului ne\u00eembl\u00e2nzit \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> \u0219i filozofie politic\u0103 (Hobbes 1651).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primele atest\u0103ri \u00een texte ugaritice (mileniul II \u00ee.Hr.) sub forma <em>Lotan<\/em>. Descris pe larg \u00een Vechiul Testament, \u00een Iov 40, 41. Prelucrare apocaliptic\u0103 \u00een perioada celui de-al Doilea Templu (Henoh). Receptare cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00een Apocalips\u0103 \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologia \u0219i scrierile P\u0103rin\u021bilor Bisericii (sec. II-VIII), de ex. Augustin, Ieronim, Origen, Hrisostom.\">patristic\u0103<\/span>. Grimoaruri \u0219i Hobbes \u00een epoca modern\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pornind din spa\u021biul siro-canaanit antic (Ugarit) spre Israelul biblic; de acolo \u00een \u00eentreaga lume cre\u0219tin\u0103, cu o prezen\u021b\u0103 puternic\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografie<\/span> (gura iadului) \u0219i \u00een literatur\u0103 (Hobbes, Moby Dick).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Texte ugaritice (KTU 1.5); Iov 40, 41; Ps 74, Ps 104; Is 27,1; 1 Henoh 60; Apoc 12, 13; grimoaruri (Dictionnaire Infernal); Hobbes; receptare modern\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ebraic\u0103:<\/strong> <em>Liwjatan<\/em>, \u201ecel care se \u00eencol\u0103ce\u0219te&#8221;, \u201ecel \u00eencol\u0103cit&#8221;.<br>Ugaritic\u0103: <em>Lotan<\/em>, cu continuitate etimologic\u0103 \u0219i motivic\u0103 direct\u0103.<br>Greac\u0103 (LXX): <em>drak\u014dn<\/em>.<br>Latin\u0103 (Vulgata): <em>Leviathan<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u00cenrudirea motivic\u0103 cu Ti\u0101mat, Apophis \u0219i Vrtra este indiscutabil\u0103; din punct de vedere lingvistic, Leviathan se afl\u0103 pe o linie direct\u0103 cu Lotan ugaritic. \u00cen tradi\u021bia cabalistic\u0103, este uneori conceput ca feminin (so\u021bie a unui \u201eLeviathan r\u0103u&#8221;) sau dublu (doi Leviathani).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tr\u0103s\u0103turi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0218arpe marin uria\u0219 sau monstru marin \u00een form\u0103 de dragon. Iov 40, 41 \u00eel descrie cu gur\u0103 arunc\u00e2nd foc, plato\u0219\u0103 de solzi, for\u021b\u0103 de nebiruit. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> medieval\u0103: dragon, Leviathan ca gur\u0103 a iadului care \u00eenghite damna\u021bii.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen Iov, juc\u0103ria lui Dumnezeu, dovad\u0103 a superiorit\u0103\u021bii divine. \u00cen Is 27,1, du\u0219manul pe care Dumnezeu \u00eel va birui cu sabia la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul zilelor. \u00cen Apocalips\u0103, dragonul apocaliptic ie\u0219it din mare.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>Marea, ad\u00e2ncul, haosul. \u00cen interpretarea escatologic\u0103: sf\u00e2r\u0219itul veacurilor; \u00een iconografia medieval\u0103 a iadului: iadul \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p><strong>Origine mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> ugaritic al lui Lotan, integrat \u00een lupta haosului a zeului Baal \u00eempotriva for\u021bei marine Yamm. Biblic: moment al crea\u021biei (\u00eembl\u00e2nzirea) deopotriv\u0103 cu cel al sf\u00e2r\u0219itului (nimicirea).<\/p><div><p><strong>Iov 40, 41 ca surs\u0103 cea mai detaliat\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 descriere a lui Leviathan din Biblie se afl\u0103 \u00een Iov 41 (\u00een unele numerot\u0103ri 40,25 &#8211; 41,26): un portret de 34 de versete al fiin\u021bei cu solzi, suflare de foc, gur\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 \u0219i de nebiruit.<\/p><p>Contextul teologic este r\u0103spunsul lui Dumnezeu adresat lui Iov din furtun\u0103 (Iov 38-41), \u00een care Dumnezeu \u00ee\u0219i demonstreaz\u0103 suveranitatea cosmic\u0103 inclusiv asupra puterilor haosului. Leviathan apare aici al\u0103turi de Behemoth ca dubl\u0103 dovad\u0103 c\u0103 Crea\u021bia con\u021bine puteri sustrase st\u0103p\u00e2nirii omene\u0219ti, dar supuse celei divine.<\/p><p>Psalmul 74,14 face aluzie la preistoria cosmologic\u0103 (\u201eTu ai zdrobit capetele Leviath\u0103nului&#8221;); Psalmul 104,26 adaug\u0103 o not\u0103 mai t\u00e2rzie, aproape juc\u0103u\u0219\u0103 (\u201eLeviathan, pe care l-ai f\u0103cut ca s\u0103 se joace \u00een el&#8221;). Tradi\u021bia rabinic\u0103 iudaic\u0103 (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic, \u00een versiunea babilonian\u0103 \u0219i ierusalimitean\u0103; con\u021bine Mi\u0219na \u0219i Ghemara.\">Talmud<\/span> Bavli Bava Batra 75a) poveste\u0219te despre un osp\u0103\u021b escatologic al drep\u021bilor, la care se m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 din carnea lui Leviathan.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Leviathan, privire de ansamblu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lotan ugaritic, Liwjatan ebraic. \u00cen Vechiul Testament, deopotriv\u0103 fiin\u021b\u0103 primordial\u0103 supus\u0103 Crea\u021biei \u0219i du\u0219man escatologic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obiect al ac\u021biunii<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amenin\u021bare cosmic\u0103; \u00een receptarea medieval\u0103, damna\u021bii (gura iadului). Tematic: oamenii la limita a ceea ce poate fi st\u0103p\u00e2nit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0218arpe marin uria\u0219, gur\u0103 arunc\u00e2nd foc, plato\u0219\u0103 de solzi. Medieval: gur\u0103 a iadului care \u00eenghite suflete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00centruchipare a haosului, amenin\u021b\u0103 ordinea, este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt la sf\u00e2r\u0219it. \u00cen tradi\u021bia grimoarurilor: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> al invidiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ap\u0103rarea \u00eempotriva lui Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nicio ap\u0103rare cotidian\u0103. Teologic: \u00eencrederea \u00een Dumnezeu ca cel care \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge. \u00cen literatura cabalistic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een grimoaruri: formule specifice de legare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralelele lui Leviathan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ti\u0101mat (Mesopotamia), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (Egipt), Vrtra (vedic), \u0219arpele Midgard, dragonul din Apocalips\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Func\u021bie \u00een ritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Liturgic<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen nara\u021biunea iudaic\u0103 a osp\u0103\u021bului escatologic, Leviathan serve\u0219te drept hran\u0103 a drep\u021bilor (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic cu interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Baba Batra 74b, 75a). \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00e2nduiala fixat\u0103 a slujbei religioase a unei comunit\u0103\u021bi, cu texte, c\u00e2nt\u0103ri \u0219i acte rituale.\">liturgia<\/span> cre\u0219tin\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un raport direct; dar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> dragonului din liturgia Pa\u0219telui rezoneaz\u0103 cu aceasta.<\/p><p><strong>Invoca\u021bii<\/strong><\/p><p>Grimoarurile (Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Dictionnaire Infernal) \u00eel \u00eenscriu pe Leviathan ca unul dintre demonii superiori, cu sigiliu \u0219i rang. \u00cen tradi\u021bia cabalistic\u0103 este parte a <em>Sitra Achra<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Simbolic<\/strong><\/p><p>Ca figur\u0103 a haosului, contrapunct al ordinii divine; ca gur\u0103 a iadului, punct fix iconografic al reprezent\u0103rilor medievale ale sf\u00e2r\u0219itului de veacuri. La Hobbes, simbol al puterii suverane a statului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i posteritate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Orientul Apropiat:<\/strong> Lotan ugaritic, Ti\u0101mat babilonian, aceea\u0219i familie de motive. Tiparul de baz\u0103: Crea\u021bia prin \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea for\u021bei m\u0103rii primordiale.<\/p><p><strong>Tradi\u021bii indo-europene:<\/strong> Vrtra \u00een Rigveda, \u0219arpele Midgard, dragonul din epopeea eroic\u0103 greac\u0103. Toate desemneaz\u0103 principiul primordial ce trebuie \u00eenfr\u00e2nt de zeul erou.<\/p><p><strong>Receptare modern\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Leviathan<\/em> al lui Hobbes ca metafor\u0103 politic\u0103 a puterii de stat. Melville citeaz\u0103 Leviathan \u00een Moby-Dick. Modern: film, literatur\u0103, vocabular politic (statul supravegherii = \u201eLeviathan&#8221;).<\/p><div><p><strong>Receptarea politic\u0103 \u0219i din epoca modern\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Thomas Hobbes a f\u0103cut \u00een 1651, prin opera sa politic\u0103 fundamental\u0103 <em>Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill<\/em>, din aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 o alegorie a statului absolut: \u201eDumnezeul muritor&#8221; Leviathan este suveranul creat prin contract din starea de natur\u0103 (<em>bellum omnium contra omnes<\/em>) \u0219i care st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te via\u021ba \u0219i moartea cet\u0103\u021benilor.<\/span><\/p><p>Alegerea tocmai a acestei imagini de c\u0103tre Hobbes este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor: ea identific\u0103 statul cu puterea haosului a c\u0103rei \u00eembl\u00e2nzire biblic\u0103 \u00eei confer\u0103 statului func\u021bia sa.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen receptarea modern\u0103 (Carl Schmitt, <em>Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes<\/em>, 1938) \u0219i \u00een dezbaterile despre suveranitatea statului, Leviathan r\u0103m\u00e2ne o figur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 central\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aceast\u0103 receptare politic\u0103 se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00een paralel cu cea teologico-demonologic\u0103, \u00een care Leviathan este \u00eenscris \u00een ierarhia medieval\u0103 a iadului (Peter Binsfeld, <em>De confessionibus maleficarum<\/em>, 1589) ca unul dintre cei \u0219apte principi ai iadului, responsabil de p\u0103catul capital al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103, doctrin\u0103 ce se abate de la pozi\u021bia ortodox\u0103; \u00een Antichitate \u0219i Evul Mediu, sanc\u021bionat\u0103.\">ereziei<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0fa89a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0fa89a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45b6119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp45b6119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviathan \u00een Cartea lui Iov: Cuv\u00e2ntarea lui Dumnezeu din furtun\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b95145 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5b95145\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1068a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1068a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 descriere a lui Leviathan din Biblia ebraic\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00een Cartea lui Iov, capitolul 41. Ea face parte din cuv\u00e2nt\u0103rile lui Dumnezeu, prin care Dumnezeu \u00eei r\u0103spunde lui Iov din furtun\u0103.<\/p><p>Dumnezeu \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 monstrul printr-un lung \u0219ir de \u00eentreb\u0103ri, toate indic\u00e2nd c\u0103 niciun om nu poate sta fa\u021b\u0103 \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 cu Leviathan. Nimeni nu \u00eei poate trece un c\u00e2rlig prin n\u0103ri, nu \u00eei poate \u00eenfr\u00e2na gura cu z\u0103bal\u0103 \u0219i nici nu \u00eei poate str\u0103punge pielea cu suli\u021be.<\/p><p>Descrierea este concret\u0103 \u0219i bogat\u0103 \u00een imagini. Leviathan are solzi de nep\u0103truns, lipi\u021bi ca ni\u0219te scuturi, din gur\u0103 \u00eei ies tor\u021be, din n\u0103ri se ridic\u0103 fum, suflarea lui aprinde c\u0103rbunii.<\/p><p>C\u00e2nd se ridic\u0103, chiar \u0219i cei puternici se tem. Fierul \u00eel socote\u0219te ca paie \u0219i bronzul ca lemn putred. Ad\u00e2ncul \u00eel face s\u0103 clocoteasc\u0103 ca un cazan. El este regele tuturor celor \u00eeng\u00e2mfa\u021bi.<\/p><p>\u00cen istoria interpret\u0103rii s-a disputat ce anume se \u00een\u021belege prin aceasta. O linie mai veche interpreta Leviathan ra\u021bionalist, ca un crocodil; o alta, ca un pur simbol al haosului. Ast\u0103zi cercetarea subliniaz\u0103 contextul retoric: \u00een Cartea lui Iov, Leviathan simbolizeaz\u0103 limita puterii \u0219i a \u00een\u021belegerii omene\u0219ti.<\/p><p>Dumnezeu \u00eei arat\u0103 lui Iov o creatur\u0103 pe care omul nu o poate nici controla, nici \u00een\u021belege, dar care nu \u00eel amenin\u021b\u0103 pe Dumnezeu \u00eensu\u0219i. Cuv\u00e2ntarea divin\u0103 transform\u0103 \u00een mod paradoxal monstrul haosului \u00eentr-o parte a ordinii crea\u021biei, de o vastitate de nepriceput, al c\u0103rei sens r\u0103m\u00e2ne inaccesibil omului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f647dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f647dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9f0c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe9f0c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fundalul vest-semitic: Lotan \u0219i lupta haosului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp10055ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp10055ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9e4b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf9e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviathan nu este o inven\u021bie biblic\u0103 izolat\u0103. Descoperirea textelor ugaritice de la Ras Shamra, pe coasta sirian\u0103, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1929, a scos la iveal\u0103 un fundal mai vechi.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele mitologice de la Ugarit, care apar\u021bin mileniului al doilea \u00ee.Hr., apare un \u0219arpe numit <em>Lotan<\/em>, aflat \u00een str\u00e2ns\u0103 \u00eenrudire fonic\u0103 cu ebraicul Liwjatan. Lotan este descris acolo ca un \u0219arpe \u00eencol\u0103cit, cu multe capete, ucis de zeul furtunii Baal sau de zei\u021ba Anat.<\/p><p>Prin aceasta, Leviathan se \u00eenscrie \u00een r\u0103sp\u00e2nditul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> oriental antic al luptei haosului. \u00cen Mesopotamia, zeul Marduk lupt\u0103 \u00een <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00eempotriva apelor primordiale Tiamat; la Ugarit, Baal \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge pe zeul m\u0103rii Yamm \u0219i pe dragonul Lotan.<\/p><p>Tiparul de baz\u0103 este pretutindeni asem\u0103n\u0103tor: o putere a ordinii \u00eenfr\u00e2nge o putere apoas\u0103 \u0219i haotic\u0103, adesea \u00een chip de \u0219arpe, statornicind sau confirm\u00e2nd prin aceasta ordinea lumii.<\/p><p>Biblia ebraic\u0103 cunoa\u0219te acest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> \u0219i \u00eel valorific\u0103, dar printr-o prelucrare proprie. Mai mul\u021bi psalmi \u0219i texte profetice vorbesc despre faptul c\u0103 Dumnezeu a zdrobit capetele lui Leviathan sau ale dragonului marin.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cercet\u0103tori ai religiilor precum John Day au ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985) cum supravie\u021buiesc aceste imagini mai vechi \u00een textele biblice, atribuite \u00eens\u0103 unicului Dumnezeu al lui Israel.<\/span><\/p><p>Leviathan devine astfel din adversar divin de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor o creatur\u0103 pe care Dumnezeu o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge sau, ca \u00een Cartea lui Iov, o las\u0103 s\u0103 par\u0103 chiar doar o juc\u0103rie a sa puternic\u0103, dar nepericuloas\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab2b5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab2b5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe388ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfe388ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Osp\u0103\u021bul escatologic: Leviathan \u00een tradi\u021bia iudaic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6217c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6217c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe28435f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe28435f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen literatura iudaic\u0103 postbiblic\u0103, Leviathan este g\u00e2ndit mai departe \u00eentr-un mod propriu. O vast\u0103 tradi\u021bie, recognoscibil\u0103 \u00een apocalipse, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Opera principal\u0103 a iudaismului rabinic cu interpretarea tradi\u021biei religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> \u0219i \u00een literatura midra\u0219ic\u0103, \u00eel leag\u0103 de sf\u00e2r\u0219itul veacurilor.<\/p><p>Apare frecvent ca pereche cu monstrul terestru <em>Behemoth<\/em>; uneori li se al\u0103tur\u0103 ca al treilea \u0219i pas\u0103rea <em>Ziz<\/em>. Leviathan st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te marea, Behemoth uscatul.<\/p><p>O concep\u021bie larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 sus\u021bine c\u0103 Dumnezeu a creat la \u00eenceput cele dou\u0103 fiin\u021be primordiale ca pereche, dar le-a \u00eempiedicat \u00eenmul\u021birea pentru ca ele s\u0103 nu cotropeasc\u0103 lumea.<\/p><p>La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul zilelor, potrivit unei nara\u021biuni atestate \u00een mai multe surse, Leviathan \u0219i Behemoth vor fi uci\u0219i, iar carnea lor va fi pus\u0103 \u00eenaintea drep\u021bilor ca osp\u0103\u021b. Din pielea lui Leviathan, dup\u0103 o amplificare talmudic\u0103, Dumnezeu va face un cort sau un baldachin pentru cei evlavio\u0219i.<\/p><p>Aceste imagini sunt relevante din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor. Monstrul haosului, care \u00een straturile cele mai vechi reprezenta o amenin\u021bare real\u0103 a Crea\u021biei, este aici integrat complet \u00een istoria m\u00e2ntuirii. El se afl\u0103 de la bun \u00eenceput sub control \u0219i serve\u0219te la final chiar recompens\u0103rii drep\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Concep\u021bia despre osp\u0103\u021bul cu Leviathan are o \u00eendelungat\u0103 istorie a efectelor \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00e2nduiala fixat\u0103 a slujbei unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> iudaic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religiozitatea tr\u0103it\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea al\u0103turi de doctrina oficial\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">evlavia popular\u0103<\/span>; se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i \u00een c\u00e2ntecele de mas\u0103 pentru S\u0103rb\u0103toarea Corturilor. Cercetarea vede \u00een aceasta un exemplu al modului \u00een care un vechi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> mitic a putut r\u0103m\u00e2ne viu de-a lungul secolelor prin reinterpretare repetat\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a-\u0219i pierde vreodat\u0103 cu totul originea amenin\u021b\u0103toare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb39e41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb39e41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ec3be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ec3be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretarea cre\u0219tin\u0103: De la gura iadului la simbol politic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5bb46b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5bb46b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2624cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2624cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia exegetic\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103, Leviathan a fost interpretat preponderent \u00een sens negativ. P\u0103rin\u021bi ai Bisericii precum Grigore cel Mare l-au raportat \u00een comentariile sale la Iov la diavol sau la Antihrist.<\/p><p>Din gura arunc\u00e2nd foc a C\u0103r\u021bii lui Iov s-a dezvoltat \u00een arta medieval\u0103 motivul iconografic al gurii iadului, o gur\u0103 monstruoas\u0103 larg deschis\u0103 \u00een care sunt m\u00e2na\u021bi damna\u021bii. Aceast\u0103 imagine a marcat miniatura de carte, portalele de biserici \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, teatrul religios.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 linie interpretativ\u0103 a folosit Leviathan alegoric pentru ideea m\u00e2ntuirii. \u00cen unele texte medievale, Leviathan prins \u00een c\u00e2rlig apare ca imagine a modului \u00een care diavolul este \u00een\u0219elat prin \u00eentruparea lui Hristos; crucea devine c\u00e2rligul \u00een care se prinde monstrul.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 concep\u021bie unea vechea imagine a lui Leviathan de neprins cu doctrina cre\u0219tin\u0103 a m\u00e2ntuirii.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Cea mai influent\u0103 reinterpretare a epocii moderne apar\u021bine lui Thomas Hobbes. \u00cen lucrarea sa <em>Leviathan<\/em> din 1651, a ales monstrul biblic ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al statului, un om artificial alc\u0103tuit din mul\u021bi oameni, care prin puterea sa superioar\u0103 pune cap\u0103t st\u0103rii de natur\u0103, r\u0103zboiul tuturor \u00eempotriva tuturor.<\/span><\/p><p>Hobbes s-a referit explicit la cuv\u00e2ntul din Iov despre regele tuturor celor \u00eeng\u00e2mfa\u021bi.<\/p><p>Faimosul gravat de pe frontispiciu, care \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 un suveran uria\u0219 alc\u0103tuit din multe figuri mici, este una dintre cele mai cunoscute imagini politice din toate timpurile. De la Hobbes \u00eencoace, Leviathan este \u00een limbajul politic un termen pentru puterea de stat cople\u0219itoare, un fir al semnifica\u021biei care mai este legat de dragonul haosului originar doar prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> puterii de nebiruit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/christentum\/\">Cre\u0219tinism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/luzifer\/\">Lucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/beelzebub\/\">Beelzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/legion\/\">Legion<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a> (cea mai apropiat\u0103 paralel\u0103)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\">Mesopotamia<\/a> (tradi\u021bia Ti\u0101mat)<\/li><li>Motive ale dragonului \u0219i luptei haosului<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale despre Leviathan:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Day, John: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>. Cambridge 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Uehlinger, Christoph: \u201eLeviathan.&#8221; In: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2. Aufl. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakeman, Mary K.: <em>God&#8217;s Battle with the Monster<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Batto, Bernard F.: <em>Slaying the Dragon<\/em>. Louisville 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schmidt, Brian B.: \u201eSea Monsters.&#8221; In: <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. New York 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Literatur\u0103 de referin\u021b\u0103 (cre\u0219tinism):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Atitudinea \u0219i practica religioas\u0103 tr\u0103it\u0103 a unui om.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-33e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-33e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Leviathan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Ce este Leviathan?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Leviathan este un monstru marin uria\u0219 al tradi\u021biei iudeo-cre\u0219tine. \u00cen Biblia ebraic\u0103 (Isaia, Psalmi, Iov) apare ca putere primordial\u0103 haotic\u0103 a m\u0103rii, pe care Dumnezeu o \u00eenfr\u00e2nge la \u00eenceputurile Crea\u021biei. \u00cen apocaliptica iudaic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i \u00een demonologia cre\u0219tin\u0103, Leviathan a devenit personificarea r\u0103ului. La Thomas Hobbes, numele a devenit simbolul statului atotputernic.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Este Leviathan un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> sau un animal?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia biblic\u0103 originar\u0103, Leviathan este un animal uria\u0219, cosmic, str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit cu Lotan ugaritic \u0219i cu Tiamat mesopotamian\u0103. \u00cen apocaliptica iudaic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 (Cartea lui Henoh) \u0219i \u00een demonologia cre\u0219tin\u0103 a epocii moderne timpurii, a devenit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>: la Peter Binsfeld, unul dintre cei \u0219apte arhi-demoni, responsabil de p\u0103catul capital al invidiei.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Ce este Leviathan?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Leviathan este un monstru marin uria\u0219 al tradi\\u021biei iudeo-cre\\u0219tine. \\u00cen Biblia ebraic\\u0103 (Isaia, Psalmi, Iov) apare ca putere primordial\\u0103 haotic\\u0103 a m\\u0103rii, pe care Dumnezeu o \\u00eeofr\\u00e2n\\u0103 la \\u00eenceputurile Crea\\u021biei. \\u00cen apocaliptica iudaic\\u0103 ulterioar\\u0103 \\u0219i \\u00een demonologia cre\\u0219tin\\u0103, Leviathan a devenit personificarea r\\u0103ului. La Thomas Hobbes, numele a devenit simbolul statului atotputernic.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Este Leviathan un demon sau un animal?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\\u00cen tradi\\u021bia biblic\\u0103 originar\\u0103, Leviathan este un animal uria\\u0219, cosmic, str\\u00e2ns \\u00eenrudit cu Lotan ugaritic \\u0219i cu Tiamat mesopotamian\\u0103. \\u00cen apocaliptica iudaic\\u0103 ulterioar\\u0103 (Cartea lui Henoh) \\u0219i \\u00een demonologia cre\\u0219tin\\u0103 a epocii moderne timpurii, a devenit demon: la Peter Binsfeld, unul dintre cei \\u0219apte arhi-demoni, responsabil de p\\u0103catul capital al invidiei.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leviathan, zeu al tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine Leviathan este zeu al tradi\u021biei cre\u0219tine. \u0218arpe primordial al m\u0103rii, figur\u0103 a haosului din tradi\u021bia ebraic\u0103 \u0219i cre\u0219tin\u0103. Leviathan apare \u00een Biblie ca dragon al haosului \u0219i adversar al crea\u021biei. ZeuCre\u0219tinismAnti-zeu Cuprins Leviathan Leviathan (ebr. Liwjatan) este una dintre cele mai vechi figuri ale haosului din Orientul Antic, prezent \u00een [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1566,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Leviathan haos","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leviathan - Dragon al Haosului \u0219i Adversar al Crea\u021biei","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leviathan, \u0219arpe primordial al m\u0103rii \u0219i figur\u0103 a haosului \u00een tradi\u021bia ebraic\u0103 - de la Iov \u0219i Psalmi p\u00e2n\u0103 la apocaliptica cre\u0219tin\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105185","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin 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