{"id":105131,"date":"2026-08-04T14:04:50","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:04:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/mara-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T14:05:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:05:21","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"105131\" class=\"elementor elementor-105131 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, zeitate a tradi\u021biei budiste<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ispitatorul de la Arborele Bodhi, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii sim\u021burilor.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">Ispitirea lui Buddha de c\u0103tre Mara<\/h2>\n<p>Scena principal\u0103 a lui Mara este <strong>ispitirea Bodhisattvei Siddhartha<\/strong> sub <strong>Arborele Bodhi<\/strong> de la Bodhgaya. Trei faze sunt relatate <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd fondului de scripturi recunoscut ca obligatoriu al unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonic<\/span>: \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, apari\u021bia cu <strong>o\u0219tiri de demoni<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, dorin\u021b\u0103, pl\u0103cere, nepl\u0103cere); \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, trimiterea celor <strong>trei fiice<\/strong> ale sale (Tanha, Arati, Raga) \u00een chip seduc\u0103tor; \u00een al treilea r\u00e2nd, atacul prin \u00eendoial\u0103 \u0219i revendicare (\u201eCine m\u0103rturise\u0219te meritele tale?&#8221;).<\/p><p>Siddhartha atinge p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, iar zei\u021ba p\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00eei atest\u0103 des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219irea. Mara este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt. Cele patru o\u0219tiri ale sale sunt <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (dorin\u021b\u0103), <em>arati<\/em> (nelini\u0219te), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (foame \u0219i sete), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (poft\u0103). \u00cen buddhismul Mahayana, Mara se extinde \u00een <strong>patru Mara<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (cele cinci agregate), Klesha-Mara (iluziile), Mrityu-Mara (moartea), Devaputra-Mara (ispita cereasc\u0103). \u00cen tradi\u021bia budist\u0103, Mara apare ca zeitate a ispitei, opun\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103ii spre Trezire.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeitate<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu Bodhisattva, zeit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i paznici ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><a href=\"\/ro\/anti-goetter\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Puteri ale haosului \u0219i adversari cosmici, personaje opuse \u00een dualismul istoriei religiilor.\">Anti-zeitate<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1554\" alt=\"Mara - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara este figura central\u0103 a adversarului \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103. Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 scen\u0103 a sa este noaptea dinaintea Trezirii lui Buddha: sub Arborele Bodhi de la Bodhgaya, Mara \u00ee\u0219i trimite oastea \u0219i cele trei fiice ale sale, dorin\u021ba, aversiunea, l\u0103comia, pentru a-l \u00eempiedica pe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen buddhismul Mahayana, un iluminat care \u00ee\u0219i am\u00e2n\u0103 propria eliberare \u00een favoarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii pentru celelalte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> s\u0103 ating\u0103 iluminarea.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen buddhismul Mahayana, un iluminat care \u00ee\u0219i am\u00e2n\u0103 eliberarea \u00een favoarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii pentru celelalte fiin\u021be.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> atinge p\u0103m\u00e2ntul ca martor, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul se cutremur\u0103, Mara se retrage. Aceast\u0103 scen\u0103 este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 iconografic la nivel mondial \u0219i este central\u0103 din punct de vedere teologic.<\/p><p>Mara nu este un contra-zeu cosmic \u00een sens monoteist. El este st\u0103p\u00e2nul <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (lumea sim\u021burilor), o figur\u0103 Deva care, prin ata\u0219ament \u0219i m\u00e2ndrie, a devenit piedic\u0103 \u00een cale.<\/p><p>\u00centr-o interpretare budist\u0103 extins\u0103, exist\u0103 patru Mara: Skandha-Mara (agregatele), Kleshamara (impurit\u0103\u021bile), Marana-Mara (moartea), Devaputra-Mara (Deva-Mara, figura personal\u0103). To\u021bi desemneaz\u0103 obstacole pe calea spre eliberare. Aceasta face din doctrina Mara o teorie cuprinz\u0103toare a ceea ce st\u0103 \u00een calea practicii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil succint: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Ispititor, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii sim\u021burilor<br>Origine: Deva al Kamadhatu; dup\u0103 unele texte: c\u0103zut din m\u00e2ndrie<br>Patru Mara: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Texte: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia de scripturi sacre recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie a unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonul<\/span> Pali (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jataka<br>Perioad\u0103: sec. V \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perioada textelor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atestat odat\u0103 cu Buddha (sec. V \u00ee.Hr.). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia de scripturi sacre recunoscut\u0103 ca obligatorie a unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Canonul<\/span> Pali (sec. III \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een sec. I d.Hr.) cu numeroase episoade despre Mara. Sutrele <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eMarele Vehicul'; una dintre cele trei mari tradi\u021bii ale buddhismului, cu idealul Bodhisattva \u0219i reflec\u021bie filozofic\u0103 elaborat\u0103.\">Mahayana<\/span> dezvolt\u0103 tema (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201eVehiculul de Diamant'; forma tantric\u0103 a buddhismului Mahayana, \u00een principal \u00een Tibet, cu practica Yidam \u0219i tehnica mantra \u00een centru.\">Vajrayana<\/span> integreaz\u0103 pe Mara \u00een practicile tantrice de protec\u021bie. Practica budist\u0103 modern\u0103 la nivel mondial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Origine \u00een nordul Indiei; r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit odat\u0103 cu buddhismul \u00een Sri Lanka, Asia de Sud-Est, Asia de Est, Tibet \u0219i \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile budiste globale moderne. Reprezent\u0103ri locale ale lui Mara \u00een \u00eentreaga Asie, picturi murale \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> thailandeze, thangka-uri tibetane, gravuri \u00een lemn japoneze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), numeroase nara\u021biuni Jataka, Lalitavistara (biografia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Marele Vehicul; una dintre cele trei mari tradi\u021bii ale buddhismului, cu idealul Bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span> a lui Buddha), tradi\u021bia comentarial\u0103 tibetan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i variante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanscrit\u0103 \u0219i Pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Epitete: Papiyas (\u201ecel mai r\u0103u&#8221;), Kanha (\u201ecel negru&#8221;), Namuci (\u201ecel care nu elibereaz\u0103&#8221;), Antaka (\u201emoartea&#8221;).<br>Patru Mara (doctrina celor patru Mara): Skandha-Mara (agregatele ca obstacol), Kleshamara (impurit\u0103\u021bile mentale), Marana-Mara (moartea), Devaputra-Mara (Mara personal).<br>Est-asiatic: chinez \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japonez <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>Doctrina celor patru Mara face din Mara mai mult dec\u00e2t o figur\u0103 personal\u0103: un sistem care descrie tot ceea ce blocheaz\u0103 calea. Aceasta este din punct de vedere filozofic extrem de bogat\u0103 \u0219i explic\u0103 de ce Mara nu trebuie pur \u0219i simplu \u00eenvins, ci este dep\u0103\u0219it prin \u00een\u021belepciune.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracteristici<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/strong><\/p><p>Ca un Deva frumos al Kamadhatu \u00een deplin\u0103 maiestate, t\u00e2n\u0103r, str\u0103lucitor. \u00cen atacul asupra lui Buddha: c\u0103lare pe un elefant, cu o mare oaste, \u00eenconjurat de fiice. Manifestare m\u00e2nioas\u0103: \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare, cu arme, arunc\u00e2nd foc. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina despre con\u021binuturile imaginilor \u0219i semnifica\u021bia lor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de tradi\u021bie \u0219i episod.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Nu prin violen\u021b\u0103, ci prin seduc\u021bie \u0219i mijloace psihologice. Trimite pl\u0103ceri senzoriale, fric\u0103, \u00eendoial\u0103 de sine, m\u00e2ndrie, autocomp\u0103timire. Cele trei fiice ale sale, Tanha (dorin\u021ba), Arati (aversiunea), Raga (l\u0103comia), ilustreaz\u0103 c\u0103ile tipice de atac.<\/p><p><strong>Domeniu de ac\u021biune<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00centreaga lume a sim\u021burilor (Kamadhatu) este \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia sa. Puterea sa se extinde at\u00e2t c\u00e2t fiin\u021bele sunt ata\u0219ate de senzorial. La pragurile Trezirii, \u00een momentul Arborelui Bodhi sau \u00een medita\u021bia avansat\u0103, se manifest\u0103 cu deosebit\u0103 activitate.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cencadrare mitologic\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>El este un Deva, nu un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate spiritual\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte d\u0103un\u0103toare sau ambivalente.\">demon<\/span> \u00een sens occidental. Figura sa \u00eembin\u0103 pozi\u021bia cosmologic\u0103 (st\u0103p\u00e2nul Kamadhatu) cu func\u021bia psihologic\u0103 (reprezentant al tuturor obstacolelor). \u00cen unele tradi\u021bii, dup\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea sa, el devine chiar ucenic al lui Buddha \u0219i se converte\u0219te.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fi\u0219\u0103 de identificare: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante aspecte ale lui Mara dintr-o privire de ansamblu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Originea lui Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva al Kamadhatu, st\u0103p\u00e2nul lumii sim\u021burilor. \u00cen unele texte, c\u0103zut din m\u00e2ndrie. \u00cen doctrina extins\u0103: patru Mara ca teorie general\u0103 a obstacolelor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vizeaz\u0103<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Toate fiin\u021bele ata\u0219ate de senzorial. Deosebit de activ fa\u021b\u0103 de meditatorii avansa\u021bi \u0219i la pragurile Trezirii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva frumos \u00een maiestate; pe elefant cu oaste; cu trei fiice (dorin\u021ba, aversiunea, l\u0103comia). \u00cen chip m\u00e2nios, apare \u0219i ca r\u0103zboinic \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mod de ac\u021biune<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nu prin violen\u021b\u0103, ci prin sugestie: fric\u0103, \u00eendoial\u0103, dorin\u021b\u0103, m\u00e2ndrie. Rafinat din punct de vedere psihologic, cunoa\u0219te fiecare om \u00een parte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protec\u021bie<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gestul atingerii p\u0103m\u00e2ntului ca martor (Bhumisparsha-Mudra), recitarea textelor Paritta, Metta-Bhavana (medita\u021bia bun\u0103voin\u021bei), \u00een\u021belepciunea \u0219i prezen\u021ba mental\u0103 ca protec\u021bie fundamental\u0103. Nu distrugerea, ci discern\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coresponden\u021be<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, Kama hindus \u00een calitate de zeu al iubirii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raportare \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Practic\u0103 ritual\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Recitarea Paritta (Theravada) \u00een momente critice. Ratana Sutta (\u201eSutta Bijuteriilor&#8221;) \u0219i Karaniya Metta Sutta ca texte centrale de protec\u021bie. \u00cen tradi\u021bia Mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\">invocarea<\/span> Bodhisattva (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) \u00eempotriva influen\u021belor lui Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Practic\u0103 meditativ\u0103<\/strong><\/p><p>Cea mai important\u0103 \u201eap\u0103rare&#8221; \u00eempotriva lui Mara nu este o ap\u0103rare, ci discern\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Prezen\u021ba mental\u0103 (sati), introspec\u021bia (vipassana), bun\u0103voin\u021ba (metta), toate trei erodeaz\u0103 puterea lui Mara, deoarece nu cedeaz\u0103 ispitelor. Gestul lui Buddha de atingere a p\u0103m\u00e2ntului ca martor este imaginea primordial\u0103 a acestei practici.<\/p><p><strong>Transformare Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021biile tantrice, energia lui Mara nu este comb\u0103tut\u0103, ci transformat\u0103 prin zeit\u0103\u021bi meditative m\u00e2nioase (Yamantaka, Heruka). Figura protectorului m\u00e2nios este structural legat\u0103 de energia lui Mara, doar \u00een form\u0103 transfigurat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u0219i receptare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paralele religioase:<\/strong> Satan \u0219i Iblis \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc func\u021bia de ispititor. Diferen\u021ba: Mara opereaz\u0103 \u00een interiorul sistemului <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism, budism \u0219i jainism, legea consecin\u021belor faptelor: orice ac\u021biune se r\u0103sfr\u00e2nge asupra existen\u021belor ulterioare.\">karma<\/span>, nu ca un contra-zeu cosmic. Rolul s\u0103u este structural necesar, nu malefic \u00een sens absolut.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretare psihologic\u0103:<\/strong> Profesori budi\u0219ti moderni (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) citesc pe Mara \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 psihologic: suma rezisten\u021belor interioare fa\u021b\u0103 de cale. Aceasta \u00eel face imediat relevant pentru meditatorii de ast\u0103zi.<\/p><p><strong>Art\u0103 \u0219i cultur\u0103 popular\u0103:<\/strong> Scena atacului lui Mara este unul dintre cele mai importante motive iconografice ale buddhismului la nivel mondial. Reprezentat vizual de la Gandhara (sec. II-V) trec\u00e2nd prin Borobudur p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een manga japonez\u0103 modern\u0103. \u00cen jocuri video \u0219i romane fantasy, Mara este o figur\u0103 consacrat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ispitirea sub Arborele Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Episodul central al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\">mitului<\/span> lui Mara este atacul s\u0103u asupra lui Buddha, \u00eenc\u0103 netrezit, Bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama, \u00een noaptea dinaintea Trezirii sale sub smochinul de la Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este transmis\u0103 \u00een numeroase texte, printre altele \u00een <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> din Canonul Pali \u0219i pe larg \u00een biografii ulterioare precum <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> al lui Ashvaghosha \u0219i <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara recunoa\u0219te c\u0103 Bodhisattva este pe punctul de a atinge iluminarea \u0219i de a sc\u0103pa de sub st\u0103p\u00e2nirea sa asupra lumii na\u0219terii \u0219i mor\u021bii. El recurge mai \u00eent\u00e2i la o\u0219tirile sale, un impresionant alai de figuri demonice care atac\u0103 cu arme, furtun\u0103, foc \u0219i \u00eentuneric.<\/p><p>\u00cens\u0103 toate proiectilele se prefac \u00een flori c\u00e2nd \u00eel ating pe Bodhisattva aflat \u00een medita\u021bie. Apoi Mara \u00ee\u0219i trimite fiicele, numite \u00een unele texte Tanha, Arati \u0219i Raga (dorin\u021ba, nepl\u0103cerea, l\u0103comia), pentru a-l seduce pe ascet, dar \u0219i aceasta e\u0219ueaz\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen final, Mara contest\u0103 dreptul Bodhisattvei de a ocupa locul Trezirii. Bodhisattva atinge p\u0103m\u00e2ntul cu m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel cheam\u0103 ca martor al meritelor acumulate de-a lungul nenum\u0103rate vie\u021bi. P\u0103m\u00e2ntul m\u0103rturise\u0219te, Mara este \u00eenfr\u00e2nt \u0219i se retrage.<\/p><p>Acest gest, <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, gestul atingerii p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, a devenit cea mai frecvent\u0103 form\u0103 de reprezentare a lui Buddha \u00een \u00eentreaga art\u0103 budist\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara ca principiu psihologic \u00een doctrina canonic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cele mai vechi texte ale Canonului Pali, Mara nu este doar o figur\u0103 narativ\u0103, ci \u0219i un termen doctrinar. Cuv\u00e2ntul <em>mara<\/em> deriv\u0103 din r\u0103d\u0103cina care \u00eenseamn\u0103 a muri \u0219i \u00eenseamn\u0103 literal cel care ucide sau moartea. Mara \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 tot ceea ce leag\u0103 fiin\u021bele de ciclul na\u0219terii \u0219i mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia comentarial\u0103 distinge mai multe aspecte sau forme ale lui Mara. Sunt men\u021bionate, printre altele: Mara ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\">divinitate<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara ca cele cinci grupe ale existen\u021bei (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara ca impurit\u0103\u021bile mentale (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) \u0219i Mara ca moartea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara este astfel \u00een acela\u0219i timp un adversar concret \u0219i un cifru pentru for\u021bele interioare care \u00eempiedic\u0103 eliberarea.<\/p><p>\u00cen <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> se g\u0103sesc numeroase scurte \u00eent\u00e2lniri \u00een care Mara \u00eei apare lui Buddha sau c\u0103lug\u0103rilor \u0219i c\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021belor sale pentru a-i destabiliza, distrage sau \u00eempinge spre \u00eendoial\u0103. Remarcabil\u0103 este atitudinea figurilor trezite: ele \u00eel recunosc pur \u0219i simplu pe Mara, i se adreseaz\u0103, \u0219i prin aceasta el \u00ee\u0219i pierde puterea.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia Theravada cite\u0219te adesea aceste scene ca alegorii ale st\u0103rilor interioare. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\">\u0218tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span> subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een buddhismul timpuriu nivelul mitic \u0219i cel psihologic nu erau separate, ci g\u00e2ndite ca dou\u0103 fe\u021be ale aceluia\u0219i fapt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Locul lui Mara \u00een cosmologia budist\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cadrul viziunii budiste asupra lumii, Mara nu este un adversar extramundan, ci el \u00eensu\u0219i parte a cosmosului rena\u0219terii. Este considerat st\u0103p\u00e2nitor al celui mai \u00eenalt cer al lumii sim\u021burilor, \u00een unele texte ca locuitor al cerului <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara este astfel o fiin\u021b\u0103 puternic\u0103, cu via\u021b\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103 \u0219i putere mare, dar nu este etern \u0219i nu este eliberat.<\/p><p>Interesul s\u0103u pentru \u00eempiedicarea Trezirii se explic\u0103 din aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie. At\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t fiin\u021bele r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een ciclul rena\u0219terii, ele r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een domeniul st\u0103p\u00e2nirii lui Mara. Cine atinge eliberarea se sustrage acestei st\u0103p\u00e2niri. Mara nu este prin urmare un r\u0103u absolut \u00een sensul unui dualism cosmic, ci o putere \u00een interiorul lumii condi\u021bionate care \u00ee\u0219i ap\u0103r\u0103 propriul domeniu.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie distinge clar buddhismul de religiile dualiste, \u00een care un principiu al r\u0103ului se opune celui al binelui \u00een mod egal. Mara este puternic, dar \u00een principiu dep\u0103\u0219ibil, iar \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea sa nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 distrugerea unui du\u0219man, ci simpla sustragere de sub influen\u021ba sa.<\/p><p>Cercetarea a subliniat c\u0103 tradi\u021biile ulterioare, \u00een special \u00een Mahayana, au nuan\u021bat rolul lui Mara \u0219i uneori au chiar \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat c\u0103 o fiin\u021b\u0103 trezit\u0103 poate \u00eent\u00e2mpina pe Mara cu compasiune, \u00eentruc\u00e2t \u0219i acesta este o fiin\u021b\u0103 suferind\u0103 \u00een ciclul existen\u021bei.<\/p><p>O \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 paralel\u0103 cu figura ispititorului se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een alte religii, de exemplu \u00een figura pe care <a href=\"\/ro\/erzengel-michael\/\">textele cre\u0219tine<\/a> o cunosc ca adversar, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eencadrarea cosmologic\u0103 este fundamental diferit\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103turi suplimentare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leg\u0103turi interne recomandate:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/buddhismus\/\">Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/ro\/preta\/\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"\/ro\/naraka-waechter\/\">Paznicii Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/satan\/\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/iblis\/\">Iblis<\/a> (paralele ale ispititorului)<\/li><li>Trezirea lui Buddha sub Arborele Bodhi<\/li><li>Doctrina celor patru Mara (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 de specialitate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>O selec\u021bie de surse \u0219i studii centrale privind Mara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (\u00dcbers. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente despre Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Cine este Mara \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103?<\/h3><p>Mara (sanscrit\u0103 pentru moarte, ispititor) este \u00een budism personificarea ispitei, a leg\u0103turii lume\u0219ti \u0219i a mor\u021bii.<\/p><p>Mara i-a ie\u0219it \u00een cale lui Buddha sub Arborele Bodhi \u0219i a \u00eencercat s\u0103-l \u00eempiedice de la iluminare, cu o\u0219tiri de demoni, cu cele trei fiice ale sale (dorin\u021ba, nepl\u0103cerea, l\u0103comia) \u0219i cu acuza\u021bia c\u0103 Buddha nu ar fi \u00eendrept\u0103\u021bit la iluminare. Buddha a atins p\u0103m\u00e2ntul, care l-a chemat ca martor, \u0219i l-a \u00eenfr\u00e2nt pe Mara prin statornicie.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Care sunt cei patru Mara \u00een budism?<\/h3><p>Doctrina budist\u0103 distinge patru aspecte ale lui Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, ispita prin cele cinci grupe ale existen\u021bei (corp, sim\u021bire, percep\u021bie, forma\u021biuni mentale, con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103); (2) Klesha-Mara, ispita prin impurit\u0103\u021bi (l\u0103comie, ur\u0103, iluzie); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, moartea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i; (4) Devaputra-Mara, ispitatorul ceresc (figura personificat\u0103). Toate patru trebuie traversate pe calea spre eliberare.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Cine este Mara \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (sanscrit\u0103 pentru moarte, ispititor) este \u00een budism personificarea ispitei, a leg\u0103turii lume\u0219ti \u0219i a mor\u021bii. Mara i-a ie\u0219it \u00een cale lui Buddha sub Arborele Bodhi \u0219i a \u00eencercat s\u0103-l \u00eempiedice de la iluminare - cu o\u0219tiri de demoni, cu cele trei fiice ale sale (dorin\u021ba, nepl\u0103cerea, l\u0103comia) \u0219i cu acuza\u021bia c\u0103 Buddha nu ar fi \u00eendrept\u0103\u021bit la iluminare. 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Ispitirea lui Buddha de c\u0103tre Mara Scena principal\u0103 a lui Mara este ispitirea Bodhisattvei Siddhartha sub Arborele Bodhi de la Bodhgaya. Trei faze sunt relatate canonic: \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, apari\u021bia cu o\u0219tiri de demoni (Trishna, Raga, Arati, dorin\u021b\u0103, pl\u0103cere, nepl\u0103cere); \u00een al [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1554,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mara ispititor budist","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mara - Zeitate a tradi\u021biei budiste","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mara este figura central\u0103 a adversarului \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103. Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 scen\u0103 a sa este noaptea dinaintea Trezirii lui Buddha: sub Arborele Bodhi \u00een","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105131","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mara - Zeitate a tradi\u021biei budiste<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mara este figura central\u0103 a adversarului \u00een tradi\u021bia budist\u0103. 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