{"id":105067,"date":"2026-08-04T13:59:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T13:59:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/spiritism-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T13:59:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T13:59:44","slug":"spiritism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/spiritism\/","title":{"rendered":"Spiritism"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Spiritismus\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritism, comunicare cu spiritele \u0219i practica \u0219edin\u021belor<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritismul este mi\u0219carea de comunicare cu spiritele<\/strong> celor deceda\u021bi, codificat\u0103 de Allan Kardec \u0219i practicat\u0103 \u00een practica \u0219edin\u021belor<\/strong> cu medii.<\/p>\n

Spiritismul<\/span><\/strong> este doctrina \u0219i practica potrivit c\u0103rora sufletele celor deceda\u021bi pot comunica cu cei vii prin intermediul mediilor. A ap\u0103rut \u00een 1848 \u00een SUA, s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit rapid \u00een Europa \u0219i America Latin\u0103 \u0219i a marcat secolele al XIX-lea \u0219i al XX-lea at\u00e2t ca mi\u0219care religioas\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i ca domeniu de cercetare al parapsihologiei timpurii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hydesville 1848 \u0219i surorile Fox<\/h2>\n

\u00cen martie 1848, surorile Margaret \u0219i Kate Fox din Hydesville, New York, au raportat b\u0103t\u0103i \u00een casa lor, la care r\u0103spundeau cu una sau mai multe lovituri.<\/span><\/p>

Din acest episod s-a dezvoltat rapid o practic\u0103 proprie: comunicarea prin b\u0103t\u0103i, ulterior mi\u0219carea meselor, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 fenomene de trans\u0103<\/span> \u0219i materializare. \u00cen c\u00e2\u021biva ani existau \u00een America de Nord mii de cercuri \u0219i o re\u021bea de medii itinerante.<\/p>\n

Allan Kardec \u0219i codificarea francez\u0103<\/h2>\n

\u00cen Fran\u021ba, pedagogul Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail a sistematizat doctrina \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1857 sub pseudonimul Allan Kardec.<\/p>

Lucrarea sa Le Livre des Esprits<\/em> (Cartea Spiritelor, 1857) \u0219i Livre des M\u00e9diums<\/em> (1861) au condus spiritismul spre o doctrin\u0103 coerent\u0103: re\u00eencarnarea sufletului \u00een vederea perfec\u021bion\u0103rii progresive, ordinea ierarhic\u0103 a regiunilor spirituale, orientarea etic\u0103 a vie\u021bii spre iubire fa\u021b\u0103 de aproapele \u0219i progres spiritual. Sistemul lui Kardec se deosebe\u0219te de spiritualismul anglo-saxon prin doctrina explicit\u0103 a re\u00eencarn\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Brazilia, spiritismul kardecist \u0219i-a g\u0103sit o a doua patrie. Acolo tr\u0103iesc ast\u0103zi cele mai mari comunit\u0103\u021bi organizate de spiriti\u0219ti din lume, cu ramifica\u021bii \u00een Umbanda \u0219i Candombl\u00e9. Kardec este prezent \u0219i \u00een spectrul religios popular-catolic al Americii Latine.<\/p>\n

Forme practice<\/h2>\n

Practica spiritist\u0103 cunoa\u0219te mai multe forme principale. Clasic\u0103 este \u0219edin\u021ba \u00een semicerc \u00een jurul unei mese, condus\u0103 de un medium care mijloce\u0219te contactele \u00een trans\u0103 u\u0219oar\u0103 sau profund\u0103. Comunicarea se realizeaz\u0103 prin b\u0103t\u0103i, mi\u0219carea mesei, scriere automat\u0103 sau vorbire prin gura mediului.<\/p>

La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea au ap\u0103rut fenomene fizice: levita\u021bii, materializ\u0103ri, substan\u021be ectoplasmatice. Aceste forme mai spectaculoase au declan\u0219at un val de investiga\u021bii \u0219tiin\u021bifice, dar \u0219i dezv\u0103luirea unor numeroase cazuri de fraud\u0103.<\/p>\n

Parapsihologia timpurie<\/h2>\n

Society for Psychical Research (SPR) a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 1882 la Londra de Frederic Myers, Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney \u0219i Eleanor Sidgwick, pentru a investiga metodic fenomenele spiritiste. Studiile sale, precum Census of Hallucinations<\/em> (1894) \u0219i volumele din Proceedings<\/em>, r\u0103m\u00e2n p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi o surs\u0103 principal\u0103.<\/span><\/p>

Cercet\u0103rile SPR au pus bazele parapsihologiei experimentale ulterioare. William James a colaborat intens \u00een ultimii ani ai vie\u021bii sale cu mediumul Leonora Piper, pe care l-a numit \u201ewhite crow”, un caz care zguduia teza general\u0103 despre caracterul pur subiectiv al tuturor rapoartelor mediumistice.<\/p>\n

Charles Richet, fiziolog francez \u0219i laureat al Premiului Nobel, a consacrat termenul ectoplasma<\/em> \u0219i a condus \u0219edin\u021be riguros controlate. Lucrarea sa Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9tapsychique<\/em> (1922) r\u0103m\u00e2ne un document remarcabil al unei confrunt\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice serioase. Mediumismul Eusapiei Palladino a fost verificat \u00een sute de \u0219edin\u021be controlate, criticii \u0219i sus\u021bin\u0103torii r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd \u00een dezacord timp de ani \u00eendelunga\u021bi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Scepticism \u0219i dezv\u0103luiri<\/h2>\n

\u00cenc\u0103 din a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XIX-lea, numeroase medii au fost expuse ca impostori.<\/p>

\u00cense\u0219i surorile Fox au m\u0103rturisit public \u00een 1888 c\u0103 produceau sunetele prin pocnirea articula\u021biilor degetelor de la picioare (Margaret \u0219i-a retras ulterior m\u0103rturisirea, \u00eens\u0103 recunoa\u0219terea a r\u0103mas consemnat\u0103). Iluzionistul Harry Houdini \u0219i-a asumat \u00een anii 1920 misiunea de a demasca mediile frauduloase; lucrarea sa A Magician Among the Spirits<\/em> (1924) documenteaz\u0103 zeci de astfel de cazuri.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chiar dac\u0103 nu orice fenomen era fraud\u0103, autoam\u0103girea fiziologic\u0103, precum efectul ideomotor \u00een mi\u0219carea meselor, explic\u0103 o mare parte a fenomenelor de tip mas\u0103 \u0219i scriere chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 manipulare con\u0219tient\u0103.<\/p>\n

Spiritismul ast\u0103zi<\/h2>\n

Spiritismul organizat continu\u0103 s\u0103 existe, \u00een special \u00een Brazilia (Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Esp\u00edrita Brasileira cu milioane de adep\u021bi), \u00een Fran\u021ba \u0219i \u00een Marea Britanie (Spiritualists’ National Union). \u00cen spa\u021biul german, mi\u0219carea este mai restr\u00e2ns\u0103, dar prezent\u0103 prin cercuri de \u0219edin\u021be, medii \u00een trans\u0103 \u0219i spectrul practicienilor de contact cu lumea de dincolo<\/a>.<\/p>

Pentru studiul fenomenologic al spiritelor, spiritismul r\u0103m\u00e2ne o tradi\u021bie-cheie: de peste 170 de ani furnizeaz\u0103 cel mai amplu corpus de rapoarte documentate de contact cu spirite<\/span> \u0219i totodat\u0103 o dezbatere continu\u0103 privind autenticitatea acestora.<\/p>\n

Surse<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Allan Kardec: Das Buch der Geister<\/em>, dt. Ausgabe Br\u00fcssel 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Janet Oppenheim: The Other World. Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850, 1914<\/em>, Cambridge UP 1985.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ann Braude: Radical Spirits. Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in 19th Century America<\/em>, Beacon 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Renaud Evrard: Folie et paranormal<\/em>, PU Rennes 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Leonardo Vincentini: Spiritism in Brazil<\/em>, Lewiston 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Spiritism, comunicare cu spiritele \u0219i practica \u0219edin\u021belor Spiritismul este mi\u0219carea de comunicare cu spiritele celor deceda\u021bi, codificat\u0103 de Allan Kardec \u0219i practicat\u0103 \u00een practica \u0219edin\u021belor cu medii. Spiritismul este doctrina \u0219i practica potrivit c\u0103rora sufletele celor deceda\u021bi pot comunica cu cei vii prin intermediul mediilor. A ap\u0103rut \u00een 1848 \u00een SUA, s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit rapid \u00een […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3408,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"spiritism comunicare cu spiritele","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Spiritism - Comunicare cu spiritele Kardec | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Spiritismul: mi\u0219care a sec. XIX dedicat\u0103 comunic\u0103rii cu spiritele. 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