{"id":104935,"date":"2026-08-04T12:41:52","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:41:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tengri-zeul-cerului-al-tengristilor\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:42:14","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:42:14","slug":"tengri","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tengri\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengri &#8211; Zeul cerului al tengri\u0219tilor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104935\" class=\"elementor elementor-104935 elementor-2634\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri, zeul cerului al turcilor, mongolilor \u0219i popoarelor de step\u0103 siberiene<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri este divinitatea suprem\u0103 central\u0103 a tengrismului eurasian de step\u0103. Ca cer albastru etern (mongol\u0103 <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>), el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 ordinea, dreptul \u0219i puterea deopotriv\u0103 \u0219i constituie fondul \u00een raport cu care \u0219amanii, hanii \u0219i b\u0103tr\u00e2nii tribali se legitimeaz\u0103 politic \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creator al tradi\u021biei Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Creator<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Siberia \/ Tengrism<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tengri-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2857\" alt=\"Tengri - G\u00f6tter aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_tengri.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span> de rang suprem a unui complex religios vast, care se \u00eentinde de la Mongolia interioar\u0103 prin stepele Asiei Centrale p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een sudul Siberiei \u0219i este desemnat \u00een cercetare drept <strong>tengrism<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Termenul din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor este o construc\u021bie relativ recent\u0103 a secolelor XIX \u0219i XX, \u00eens\u0103 fenomenul de baz\u0103, venerarea unui cer impersonal \u0219i nem\u0103rginit ca putere suprem\u0103, poate fi atestat \u00een mod continuu pentru turci (gokt\u00fcrci), hsiung-nu, mongolii lui Ginghis Han \u0219i numeroase popoare siberiene precum iaku\u021bii, buria\u021bii \u0219i altaienii.<\/p><p>Tengri nu este nici un zeu antropomorf, nici un me\u0219ter capricios al vremii; el se identific\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 cu cerul vizibil \u0219i cu cel invizibil deopotriv\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen sursele etnografice mai recente apare ca unul dintre mai multe straturi ale unui panteon cu mai multe niveluri, \u00een care <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> se \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 ca locuitor al cerului superior, iar <a href=\"\/ro\/erlik-khan\/\">Erlik Han<\/a> ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al lumii de jos. \u00centregul complex face parte din ceea ce cercetarea reune\u0219te sub denumirea de <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">religie siberian-tengrist\u0103<\/a>.<\/p><p>Numele Tengri este atestat \u00eenc\u0103 din cele mai vechi rapoarte chineze despre hsiung-nu (sec. III \u00ee.Hr.), unde cuv\u00e2ntul este redat ca <em>cheng-li<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 atestare timpurie \u00eel marcheaz\u0103 pe Tengri drept una dintre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme din istoria religiilor Asiei Interioare accesibile cercet\u0103rii \u0219i ofer\u0103 domeniului un punct de referin\u021b\u0103 rar, cu o atestare continu\u0103 de peste dou\u0103 milenii. Rareori se poate urm\u0103ri \u00een istoria religiilor un termen pe o perioad\u0103 at\u00e2t de \u00eendelungat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentrerupere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Tengri<\/em> este transmis \u00een aproape toate straturile lingvistice altaice: turc\u0103 veche <em>te\u014bri<\/em>, mongol\u0103 <em>tngri<\/em> respectiv <em>tenger<\/em>, iakutic\u0103 <em>tangara<\/em>, ciuva\u0219\u0103 <em>tur\u0103<\/em>. Etimologia este disputat\u0103; o deriva\u021bie r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een turcologie leag\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul de o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 altaizat\u0103 cu sensul de \u201e\u00eenalt, vast, luminos&#8221;.<\/p><p>Gerard Clauson sus\u021bine \u00een <em>Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish<\/em> (1972) teza c\u0103 termenul \u00eensemna ini\u021bial \u201espa\u021biu vast \u0219i nem\u0103rginit&#8221; \u0219i s-a condensat \u00een desemnarea divinit\u0103\u021bii supreme abia prin uzul religios.<\/p><p>Este semnificativ c\u0103 termenul poart\u0103 \u00een multe limbi dubla semnifica\u021bie de <em>cer<\/em> \u0219i <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span><\/em>, un caz clasic de numinozitate topit\u0103 \u00een limbaj, a\u0219a cum fenomenologia religioas\u0103 \u00eel descrie, de pild\u0103, la <em>dyaus<\/em> (vedic) sau <em>Zeus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 fuziune este formulat\u0103 de Gerardus van der Leeuw drept \u201eesen\u021ba numinosului&#8221; \u0219i constituie o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 a multor divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme indo-europene \u0219i altaice. Ea \u00eel distinge pe Tengri \u00een mod fundamental de zeii personaliza\u021bi de mai t\u00e2rziu, precum <a href=\"\/ro\/khormusta\/\">Khormusta<\/a>.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile gokt\u00fcrce de la Orkhon \u0219i Ienisei (sec. VIII) vorbesc despre <em>K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tengri<\/em>, \u201eCerescul gokt\u00fcrcilor&#8221;, \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 formula <em>Tengri yarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, \u201eporunca cerului&#8221;. \u00cen mongol\u0103 apare ulterior celebra sintagm\u0103 <em>M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri<\/em>, \u201ecerul albastru etern&#8221;, \u00een decretele marilor hani.<\/p><p>\u00cen etnografia \u021barist\u0103 a secolului XIX, Tengri este introdus \u00een literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 german\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori ca Wilhelm Radloff drept \u201ezeul suprem al turcilor&#8221;; cercet\u0103tori ulteriori, ca Jean-Paul Roux, au elaborat diferen\u021bierile din interiorul conceptului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri nu a dezvoltat niciodat\u0103 o iconografie proprie. Spre deosebire de zeii cu \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are personal\u0103 din Asia Interioar\u0103 (cum ar fi figurile budiste Mahakala), Tengri r\u0103m\u00e2ne lipsit de reprezentare imagistic\u0103.<\/p><p>Acolo unde este totu\u0219i reprezentat, de pild\u0103 \u00een \u00eencerc\u0103rile moderne de \u201ere-tengrizare&#8221; din Kazahstan \u0219i K\u00e2rg\u00e2zstan, se recurge la motive solare, ale vulturului \u0219i lupului, care nu continu\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 o tradi\u021bie plastic\u0103 preislamic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 \u201eabsen\u021b\u0103 a imaginii&#8221; este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva fenomenologiei religioase: ea \u00eel leag\u0103 tipologic pe Tengri de alte divinit\u0103\u021bi supreme invizibile, precum YHWH din Vechiul Testament sau Tian chinez.<\/p><p>\u201eLocul&#8221; s\u0103u este bolta cereasc\u0103; imaginea sa sonor\u0103 este tunetul, semnul s\u0103u este lumina zilei albastre. \u00cen c\u00e2ntecele \u0219amanice ale altaienilor \u0219i iaku\u021bilor el este invocat ca <em>Aar Tojon<\/em> sau <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> (\u201eMarele Domn Alb&#8221;).<\/p><p>Toba \u0219amanic\u0103, a c\u0103rei pictur\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u00een multe triburi o imagine a lumii cu trei straturi, \u00eei atribuie \u00eentotdeauna lui Tengri nivelul suprem; pielea tobei \u00eens\u0103\u0219i este considerat\u0103 de mul\u021bi cercet\u0103tori (astfel Mircea Eliade \u00een <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em>, 1951) un cal simbolic care \u00eel poart\u0103 pe \u0219aman \u00een lumea de sus, \u201ela Tengri&#8221;.<\/p><p>Simboluri secundare care apar \u00een contexte tengrice sunt: vulturul alb (solul cerului), calul alb (calul de c\u0103l\u0103torie al \u0219amanului), forma \u00een trepte \u00eenmul\u021bite cu nou\u0103 (nou\u0103 ceruri), cuiul de aur (steaua polar\u0103, \u201ecuiul cerului&#8221;).<\/p><p>\u00cen stema modern\u0103 a Kazahstanului, steaua polar\u0103 este interpretat\u0103 \u00een mod deliberat ca referin\u021b\u0103 tengrist\u0103, ceea ce ilustreaz\u0103 bine tensiunea dintre religia istoric\u0103 \u0219i construc\u021bia identitar-politic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 observa\u021bie apar\u021bine, potrivit lui Marlene Laruelle (2007), tr\u0103s\u0103turilor caracteristice ale neo-tengrismului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengri apare rareori ca personaj activ \u00eentr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologie<\/span> narativ\u0103. Ac\u021biunea sa este mai degrab\u0103 o ordine de fond dec\u00e2t o poveste. Acolo unde nara\u021biunile \u00eel pun totu\u0219i \u00een scen\u0103, aceasta se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een mituri ale crea\u021biei \u0219i ale legitim\u0103rii.<\/p><p>\u00cen Istoria secret\u0103 a mongolilor (1240), Ginghis Han este legitimat ca ales de Tengri; ascensiunea sa este \u00eentemeiat\u0103 \u00een mod repetat cu formula <em>M\u00f6ngke Tengri-yin k\u00fcch\u00fcn-t\u00fcr<\/em>, \u201eprin puterea cerului etern&#8221;.<\/p><p>Igor de Rachewiltz a elaborat \u00een monumentala sa edi\u021bie Brill (2004) uzul lingvistic precis \u0219i greutatea teologic\u0103 a acestei formule: ea nu transfer\u0103 doar succesul, ci \u0219i responsabilitatea politic\u0103. Dac\u0103 hanul e\u0219ueaz\u0103, Tengri s-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat de el.<\/p><p>O nara\u021biune a crea\u021biei altaice, consemnat\u0103 de Wilhelm Radloff \u00een secolul XIX, \u00eel pune pe Tengri (aici \u00een ipostaza <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>) \u00eempreun\u0103 cu <a href=\"\/ro\/erlik-khan\/\">Erlik Han<\/a> s\u0103 ridice p\u0103m\u00e2ntul din marea primordial\u0103, dup\u0103 care Erlik tulbur\u0103 ordinea din m\u00e2ndrie \u0219i este exilat \u00een lumea de jos.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 narativ\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> scufund\u0103torului, leag\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> central-asiatic\u0103 de largi tradi\u021bii paleosibiriene \u0219i nord-americane, pe care Mircea Eliade le-a interpretat ca indiciu al unui strat circumpol\u0430\u0440 primordial.<\/p><p>\u00cen textele de la Ienisei din epoca gokt\u00fcrc\u0103 (inscrip\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bilge Kagan<\/span>) r\u0103sun\u0103 pl\u00e2ngerea: \u201eTurcii erau un popor unit c\u00e2nd Tengri de sus \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul sacru de jos le d\u0103duser\u0103 un imperiu.&#8221;, un topos fondator care deriv\u0103 legitimitatea politic\u0103 direct din cer.<\/p><p>Talat Tekin a analizat lingvistic aceast\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text incizat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> \u00een edi\u021bia sa standard (1968) \u0219i a atras aten\u021bia asupra caracterului teologic al limbajului ei formulaic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Tengri era istoric un <strong>cult de stat<\/strong>, nu un cult templar. Nu existau sanctuare \u00een sens strict; venerarea se desf\u0103\u0219ura sub cerul liber, adesea pe trec\u0103tori de munte, la movile de pietre <em>obo<\/em> sau prin sacrificii de cai \u0219i oi arse.<\/p><p>Hanul ap\u0103rea ca mediator, similar func\u021biei chinezului <em>tianzi<\/em>, \u201efiul cerului&#8221;. Asupra acestei paralele a insistat Caroline Humphrey \u00een <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>La nivelul popular, credin\u021ba \u00een Tengri se amesteca cu o religie ampl\u0103 a spiritelor ajut\u0103toare, \u00een centrul c\u0103reia se afla <em>Kam<\/em> (turc\u0103) sau <em>B\u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (mongol\u0103): <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanul<\/span>. \u0218amanii nu \u00eel invocau direct pe Tengri, el era considerat prea \u00eendep\u0103rtat, ci se adresau divinit\u0103\u021bilor de sprijin precum <a href=\"\/ro\/umai\/\">Umai<\/a>, str\u0103mo\u0219ilor sau spiritelor-totem.<\/p><p>Tengri r\u0103m\u00e2nea garantul invizibil al ordinii lumii. Aceast\u0103 \u201e\u00eendep\u0103rtare a divinit\u0103\u021bii supreme&#8221; a fost desemnat\u0103 \u00een fenomenologia religioas\u0103 drept <em>deus otiosus<\/em>, un concept pe care Mircea Eliade \u0219i, dup\u0103 el, Raffaele Pettazzoni l-au elaborat pe larg.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu islamizarea lumii turcice \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul X, termenul <em>Tengri<\/em> a fost par\u021bial transferat asupra lui Allah (cf. t\u0103tarul <em>T\u00e4ngre<\/em>), par\u021bial eliminat ca rest p\u0103g\u00e2n.<\/p><p>\u00cen periferia siberian\u0103 \u0219i printre mongoli, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> s-a men\u021binut mai mult timp; \u00een Mongolia marcat\u0103 de budism \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul XVII, Tengri a fost treptat suprapus de divinit\u0103\u021bi budiste supreme personalizate, f\u0103r\u0103 a disp\u0103rea cu totul. Walther Heissig a descris \u00een detaliu aceast\u0103 stratificare \u00een <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, practica de protec\u021bie \u00een complexul tengric era mai pu\u021bin o cerere de vindecare, c\u00e2t un act de confirmare a ordinii lumii: cine \u00eel onora pe Tengri r\u0103m\u00e2nea \u00een interiorul ordinii, cine o \u00eenc\u0103lca ie\u0219ea din ea. Actele apotropaice includeau p\u0103strarea \u201epurit\u0103\u021bii&#8221; mun\u021bilor sacri (mun\u021bii Bogdo), evitarea polu\u0103rii apei sau focului, precum \u0219i rostirea formulelor rituale de salut fa\u021b\u0103 de soare \u0219i cer.<\/p><p>\u00cen sfera casnic\u0103, <a href=\"\/ro\/umai\/\">Umai<\/a>, ca zei\u021b\u0103 a mamelor \u0219i copiilor, prelua multe func\u021bii concrete de protec\u021bie, atribuite \u00een alte religii chiar divinit\u0103\u021bii supreme. Tengri r\u0103m\u00e2nea fondul \u00eendep\u0103rtat \u00een fa\u021ba c\u0103ruia toate aceste acte minore de protec\u021bie \u00ee\u0219i dob\u00e2ndeau sensul. Aceast\u0103 distribu\u021bie func\u021bional\u0103 este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva sociologiei religiei \u0219i a fost descris\u0103 sistematic de Vladimir Basilov \u00een <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984).<\/p><p>O form\u0103 special\u0103 de venerare a lui Tengri cu caracter apotropaic este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualul<\/span> <em>ovoo<\/em>: pe trec\u0103torile de munte sunt ridicate movile de pietre, \u00eempodobite cu panglici albastre de stof\u0103 (<em>khadag<\/em>) \u0219i \u00eenconjurate de trei ori \u00een trap.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul tradi\u021biei, aceast\u0103 ac\u021biune este interpretat\u0103 ca cerere de ocrotire din partea lui Tengri \u0219i a spiritelor locale; din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, ea r\u0103m\u00e2ne o practic\u0103, nu o dovad\u0103 de eficacitate. Observa\u021bia face parte din contribu\u021biile descriptive clasice ale mongolisticii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Din perspectiva fenomenologiei religioase, Tengri se \u00eenscrie \u00een spectrul a\u0219a-numitelor \u201eFiin\u021be Supreme&#8221;, pe care Wilhelm Schmidt le-a cercetat sistematic \u00een cele dou\u0103sprezece volume ale lucr\u0103rii <em>Ursprung der Gottesidee<\/em> (1912, 1955).<\/p><p>Comparabile structural sunt: <em>Dyaus Pitar<\/em> vedic, conceptul grecesc Zeus-Pater, substratul nord-germanic Tyr, chinezul <em>Tian<\/em> \u0219i, chiar \u00een Siberia, <em>\u00dcr\u00fcn Aar Tojon<\/em> iakut ca specializare a divinit\u0103\u021bii supreme. Num ugric \u0219i Ukko finlandez prezint\u0103 de asemenea similarit\u0103\u021bi tipologice.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de zeul creator semit, Tengri <strong>nu<\/strong> poate fi povestit ca persoan\u0103; el este mai degrab\u0103 ceea ce Eliade nume\u0219te un <em>deus otiosus<\/em>: un \u201ezeu inactiv&#8221;, c\u0103ruia interven\u021biile concrete \u00eei sunt mai \u00eendep\u0103rtate dec\u00e2t existen\u021ba ca atare.<\/p><p>Dezbaterea despre <em>deus otiosus<\/em> traverseaz\u0103 \u00eentreaga fenomenologie religioas\u0103 \u0219i a fost ap\u0103rat\u0103 de Raffaele Pettazzoni \u00een <em>L&#8217;essere supremo nelle religioni primitive<\/em> (1957) \u00eempotriva lui Wilhelm Schmidt.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor, deosebit de str\u00e2ns\u0103 este rela\u021bia cu Tian chinez: ambii termeni fuzioneaz\u0103 cerul \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitatea<\/span>, ambii legitimeaz\u0103 puterea politic\u0103 (\u201efiul cerului&#8221; fa\u021b\u0103 de \u201ealesul lui Tengri&#8221;), ambii r\u0103m\u00e2n lipsi\u021bi de reprezentare imagistic\u0103. Dac\u0103 \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 curente au existat contacte istorice, \u0219i \u00een ce direc\u021bie au ac\u021bionat, face obiectul unei dezbateri continue \u00een sinologie \u0219i turcologie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u021bie actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1990, tengrismul cunoa\u0219te o rena\u0219tere, mai ales \u00een Kazahstan, K\u00e2rg\u00e2zstan \u0219i Mongolia interioar\u0103.<\/p><p>Autori precum Olzhas Suleimenov \u0219i Nurmagambet Ayupov l-au pozi\u021bionat ca \u201ealternativ\u0103 spiritual\u0103&#8221; la islam \u0219i cre\u0219tinism; \u00een Mongolia se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o coexisten\u021b\u0103 deschis\u0103 cu budismul tibetan. Aceast\u0103 rena\u0219tere a fost documentat\u0103 critic de cercet\u0103tori \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor precum Marlene Laruelle (2007).<\/p><p>Cercetarea academic\u0103 a tengrismului este ast\u0103zi interdisciplinar\u0103. Nume clasice sunt Wilhelm Radloff, Vladimir Basilov, Jean-Paul Roux, Andrei Znamenski \u0219i, pentru mongoli, Igor de Rachewiltz cu edi\u021bia sa comentat\u0103 a Istoriei secrete.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade a ancorat Tengri \u00een lucrarea sa despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanism<\/span> ca exemplu al unei fiin\u021be supreme c\u0103reia \u00eei lipse\u0219te activitatea \u0219amanic\u0103 propriu-zis\u0103; Roberte Hamayon a revizuit critic aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 ulterior \u00een <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, trebuie remarcat c\u0103 neo-tengrismul contemporan reprezint\u0103 o reformulare modern\u0103 \u0219i nu trebuie identificat cu tengrismul istoric de step\u0103. Cercetarea avertizeaz\u0103 \u00eempotriva unei identific\u0103ri naive \u0219i pledeaz\u0103 pentru o stratificare atent\u0103 a surselor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dezbateri \u00een cercetare \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri deschise<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mai multe dezbateri de cercetare marcheaz\u0103 studiul lui Tengri p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd: a fost Tengri ini\u021bial o singur\u0103 divinitate suprem\u0103 sau un termen colectiv pentru un \u00eentreg strat ceresc? Concep\u021bia mongol\u0103 a celor \u201e99 de Tengri&#8221; (33 albi occidentali, 44 negri orientali, plus 22 intermediari) sugereaz\u0103 un concept la plural, \u00een timp ce inscrip\u021biile turcice vechi \u00eenclin\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 spre un singular.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig a purtat aceast\u0103 dezbatere \u00een detaliu \u00een <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd: cum trebuie \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 rela\u021bia dintre Tengri \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanism<\/span>? Roberte Hamayon a argumentat \u00eempotriva tezei lui Eliade c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanismul<\/span> nu ar fi o \u201etehnic\u0103 arhaic\u0103 a extazului&#8221; de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, ci parte a unei largi economii de v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u0219i rudenie; \u00een acest model, Tengri este mai pu\u021bin un scop, c\u00e2t o ordine de fond.<\/p><p>\u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd: ce rol joac\u0103 influen\u021bele iraniene? Medierea khotanez\u0103 \u0219i sogdian\u0103 a permis fuziunea unor concepte precum cel al lui Ahura Mazda cu Tengri, lucru vizibil \u00een complexul t\u00e2rziu al lui <a href=\"\/ro\/khormusta\/\">Khormusta<\/a>. Aici se arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de dificil\u0103 este separarea unui Tengri \u201eautohton&#8221; de unul \u201esincretic&#8221;, o \u00eentrebare metodologic\u0103 valabil\u0103 \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103 pentru \u00eentreaga istorie a religiilor din Asia Interioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23e73899 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23e73899\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fa99b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fa99b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cerul ca surs\u0103 a legitimit\u0103\u021bii politice: Tengri \u00een inscrip\u021biile turcice vechi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c162290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c162290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268040b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp268040b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai vechi \u0219i mai fiabile m\u0103rturii scrise despre Tengri provin din inscrip\u021biile turcice vechi \u00een rune din Valea Orkhon din actuala Mongolie, datate \u00een secolul VIII. Cele mai cunoscute sunt inscrip\u021biile \u00een cinstea prin\u021bului K\u00fcl Tegin \u0219i a conduc\u0103torului Bilge Kagan.<\/p><p>Sunt redactate \u00eentr-o scriere proprie, descifrat\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XIX de lingvistul danez Vilhelm Thomsen, ceea ce a f\u0103cut accesibil\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 istoria turcic\u0103 veche din surse autohtone.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceste inscrip\u021bii, Tengri apare mai ales ca \u00eentemeietor \u0219i garant al domniei. O formul\u0103 recurent\u0103 afirm\u0103, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, c\u0103 cerul l-a \u00eenvestit pe kagan, iar conduc\u0103torul c\u00e2rmuie\u0219te prin puterea cerului.<\/p><p>Tengri este aici mai pu\u021bin obiectul unui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> elaborat, c\u00e2t o putere ordonatoare care confer\u0103 autoritate politic\u0103 \u0219i o poate retrage. Dac\u0103 poporul se abate de la calea cea dreapt\u0103, sus\u021bin mai multe pasaje, cerul \u00ee\u0219i retrage sprijinul.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre zeul cerului \u0219i legitimarea puterii este caracteristic\u0103 pentru tengrism, a\u0219a cum se reconstituie din cele mai vechi surse. Ea a exercitat un efect istoric remarcabil: concep\u021bii similare despre mandatul ceresc apar ulterior la mongoli, iar Ginghis Han \u0219i urma\u0219ii s\u0103i \u0219i-au \u00eentemeiat preten\u021bia de domnie \u00een mod explicit pe voin\u021ba cerului etern.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile de la Orkhon sunt, astfel, valoroase nu doar lingvistic, ci \u0219i din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i a puterii politice, deoarece \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Tengri \u00een func\u021bia sa de sus\u021bin\u0103tor al statului, \u00eenainte ca sursele ulterioare s\u0103 fi restructurat imaginea prin influen\u021be externe. Concepte cere\u0219ti \u00eenrudite sunt cunoscute \u0219i altor <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">culturi din Asia Interioar\u0103<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23886c36 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23886c36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a626ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a626ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengri \u00eentre interpretarea monoteist\u0103 \u0219i cosmosul politeist \u0219amanic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d60fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp263d60fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24b80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O dezbatere central\u0103 de cercetare prive\u0219te \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 tengrismul trebuie \u00een\u021beles ca religie monoteist\u0103 cu un singur zeu al cerului sau ca sistem multistratificat cu numero\u0219i spirite \u0219i divinit\u0103\u021bi. Ambele perspective au sus\u021bin\u0103tori, iar r\u0103spunsul depinde \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 de sursele \u0219i faza istoric\u0103 luate \u00een considerare.<\/p><p>\u00cen favoarea unei interpret\u0103ri mai degrab\u0103 monoteiste pledeaz\u0103 faptul c\u0103 Tengri apare \u00een inscrip\u021biile turcice vechi ca putere cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare \u0219i unic\u0103, \u00een raport cu care se orienteaz\u0103 domnia \u0219i ordinea lumii.<\/p><p>Unii autori, par\u021bial \u0219i din mediul mi\u0219c\u0103rilor na\u021bionale moderne din \u021b\u0103rile turcofone \u0219i mongolofone, accentueaz\u0103 acest aspect \u0219i prezint\u0103 tengrismul ca religie \u00eenalt\u0103 originar\u0103. Aceast\u0103 interpretare este \u00eens\u0103 adesea marcat\u0103 de interese identitar-politice contemporane \u0219i trebuie citit\u0103 critic.<\/p><p>\u00cen schimb, religiile documentate etnografic ale popoarelor siberiene \u0219i central-asiatice arat\u0103 o lume a spiritelor bogat populat\u0103: divinit\u0103\u021bi ale p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, ale mun\u021bilor, ale apelor, spirite ale str\u0103mo\u0219ilor \u0219i spirite protectoare stau al\u0103turi de cer. Tengri este \u00een aceast\u0103 imagine o putere, de\u0219i proeminent\u0103, printre altele, iar cerul \u00eensu\u0219i poate fi structurat \u00een mai multe straturi.<\/p><p>Cercetarea actual\u0103 \u00eenclin\u0103 preponderent spre opinia c\u0103 nu a existat un tengrism unitar, neschimbat de-a lungul secolelor, ci o familie de concep\u021bii \u00eenrudite, accentuate diferit \u00een func\u021bie de epoc\u0103, regiune \u0219i context social. Tengri era \u00een acest cadru un element unificator, dar nu rigid definit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a28b01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21a28b01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ba36c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ba36c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor: rapoarte externe, etnografie \u0219i problema reconstituirii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp245c69c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp245c69c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2182fa7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2182fa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea lui Tengri se confrunt\u0103 cu o problem\u0103 fundamental\u0103 de surse. Cele mai vechi m\u0103rturii autohtone, inscrip\u021biile de la Orkhon, sunt laconice \u0219i limitate la contextul puterii politice. Pentru perioada anterioar\u0103 \u0219i pentru cele mai multe regiuni, m\u0103rturiile scrise proprii lipsesc cu totul, deoarece popoarele \u00een cauz\u0103 nu au dezvoltat o cultur\u0103 scris\u0103 proprie sau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> lor era oral\u0103.<\/p><p>O mare parte din cuno\u0219tin\u021bele noastre provin, de aceea, din rapoarte externe. Cronicile chineze relateaz\u0103 despre religia popoarelor de step\u0103, c\u0103l\u0103tori medievali precum Wilhelm von Rubruk \u0219i Giovanni da Pian del Carpine au descris religia mongolilor din perspectiv\u0103 european\u0103, autorii persani \u0219i arabi au furnizat alte observa\u021bii.<\/p><p>Aceste surse sunt valoroase, dar colorate de perspectiva \u0219i conceptele observatorilor. Se adaug\u0103 un material etnografic amplu din secolele XVIII-XX despre popoarele siberiene \u0219i central-asiatice, care documenteaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 o religiozitate deja puternic modificat\u0103, adesea suprapus\u0103 de budism, islam \u0219i, ulterior, de presiunea antireligioas\u0103 sovietic\u0103.<\/p><p>Reconstituirea unui tengrism istoric trebuie s\u0103 reuneasc\u0103 aceste surse disparate, ceea ce implic\u0103 riscuri considerabile. Exist\u0103 tenta\u021bia de a deduce dintr-o privire dinspre observa\u021biile etnografice t\u00e2rzii o stare primordial\u0103 unitar\u0103, sau de a completa inscrip\u021biile lacunare cu materialul etnografiei de step\u0103.<\/p><p>Cercetarea metodic prudent\u0103 separ\u0103, de aceea, cu grij\u0103 \u00eentre ceea ce este cu adev\u0103rat atestat pentru o anumit\u0103 epoc\u0103 \u0219i regiune \u0219i ceea ce r\u0103m\u00e2ne reconstituire \u0219i ipotez\u0103. Pentru Tengri aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103: func\u021bia de baz\u0103 ca putere cereasc\u0103 suprem\u0103 este bine atestat\u0103, \u00een timp ce detaliile elaborate ale multor reprezent\u0103ri trebuie citite cu rezerv\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Jean-Paul Roux: <em>La religion des Turcs et des Mongols<\/em> (Payot 1984)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Wilhelm Radloff: <em>Aus Sibirien<\/em> (1893)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme et les techniques archa\u00efques de l&#8217;Ekstase<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill 2004)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Marlene Laruelle: <em>Tengrism<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>Talat Tekin: <em>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic<\/em> (1968)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Tengri M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri gokt\u00fcrci Orkhon Bilge Kagan deus otiosus.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tengri\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Siberiei \/ Tengrismului<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tengri-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tengri-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din \u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tengri, zeul cerului al turcilor, mongolilor \u0219i popoarelor de step\u0103 siberiene Tengri este divinitatea suprem\u0103 central\u0103 a tengrismului eurasian de step\u0103. Ca cer albastru etern (mongol\u0103 M\u00f6ngke K\u00f6ke Tengri), el \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 ordinea, dreptul \u0219i puterea deopotriv\u0103 \u0219i constituie fondul \u00een raport cu care \u0219amanii, hanii \u0219i b\u0103tr\u00e2nii tribali se legitimeaz\u0103 politic \u0219i ritual. CreatorSiberia \/ [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2857,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengri zeul cerului tengrism","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengri - Zeul cerului al popoarelor de step\u0103, mit \u0219i surse","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengri este zeul etern al cerului din tengrismul turcic-mongol \u0219i siberian. \u00cencadrare cu mit, cult \u0219i surse.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104935","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tengri - Zeul cerului al popoarelor de 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