{"id":104931,"date":"2026-08-04T12:41:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/eshmun-zeul-vindecarii-din-sidon\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:41:52","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:41:52","slug":"eshmun","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/eshmun\/","title":{"rendered":"Eshmun &#8211; Zeul vindec\u0103rii din Sidon"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104931\" class=\"elementor elementor-104931 elementor-2629\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun, zeul vindec\u0103rii \u0219i zeul cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u00een religia fenician\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun (fenician\u0103 <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>) este zeul suprem al cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u0219i unul dintre cei mai importan\u021bi zei ai vindec\u0103rii din lumea fenician\u0103. A fost identificat cu grecescul Asklepios \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul unui cult al vindec\u0103rii de mare amploare, cu renumitul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al lui Eshmun de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Sidon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu al tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Fenician\u0103<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu al vindec\u0103rii.\">Zeu al vindec\u0103rii<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-eshmun-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2849\" alt=\"Eshmun - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_eshmun.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-eshmun elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-eshmun\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span><\/strong> lui Eshmun \u00eembin\u0103 cultele vindec\u0103rii feniciene cu tradi\u021biile elenistice ale lui Asklepios \u0219i a marcat cultul templier din Sidon timp de secole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai importante divinit\u0103\u021bi feniciene; este zeul cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u0219i apare \u00een mod regulat al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/astarte-phoenix\/\">Astarte<\/a> ca pereche divin\u0103 a Sidonului.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Eshmun din Sidon avea o importan\u021b\u0103 cheie din punct de vedere religios-politic \u0219i economic; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Eshmun de la Bostan esh-Sheikh, la nord-est de Sidon, este unul dintre cele mai bine conservate sanctuare feniciene.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Eshmun reprezint\u0103 tipul zeului vindec\u0103tor care moare \u0219i \u00eenviaz\u0103 sezonier. Profilul s\u0103u func\u021bional este sensibil mai restr\u00e2ns dec\u00e2t cel al lui <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>: Eshmun este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd zeu al vindec\u0103rii \u0219i zeu protector al cet\u0103\u021bii, mai pu\u021bin zeu al furtunii.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 specializare \u00een vindecare \u0219i \u00een func\u021bii urbane este neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> fenician \u0219i face din Eshmun o figur\u0103 teologic\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare. \u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">tradi\u021biei feniciene<\/a>, el este zeul vindec\u0103tor prototipic.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet a examinat \u00een mai multe studii identificarea lui Eshmun cu grecescul Asklepios \u0219i implica\u021biile ei teologice. Identificarea este atestat\u0103 literar \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. \u0219i conduce la o influen\u021b\u0103 reciproc\u0103 a celor dou\u0103 tradi\u021bii cultice. \u00cen perioada elenistic\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Eshmun devine un asklepieion supraregional.<\/p><p>O particularitate remarcabil\u0103 a lui Eshmun este str\u00e2nsa leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu dinastia regal\u0103 sidonian\u0103. Eshmunazar I, Eshmunazar II, Bod-Eshmun \u0219i al\u021bi c\u00e2\u021biva regi sidonieni poart\u0103 teonimul s\u0103u \u00een nume. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie onomastic\u0103 atest\u0103 pozi\u021bia central\u0103 a lui Eshmun \u00een istoria dinastic\u0103 a Sidonului.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura teologic\u0103 a lui Eshmun cu <a href=\"\/ro\/astarte-phoenix\/\">Astarte<\/a> ca pereche divin\u0103 a Sidonului este analog\u0103 constelatiei <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>-Anat sau <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"\/ro\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> din alte ora\u0219e-state feniciene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etimologia numelui Eshmun este controversat\u0103. O interpretare plauzibil\u0103 leag\u0103 <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> de num\u0103rul \u201eopt&#8221; (semitic occidental <em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun ar fi astfel \u201eal optulea&#8221;, probabil ca al optulea fiu al unei familii divine sau ca a opta cifr\u0103 dintr-o list\u0103 de zei.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 interpretare vede \u00een <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em> o leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu cuv\u00e2ntul pentru \u201eulei&#8221; (<em>\u0161mn<\/em>); Eshmun ar fi atunci \u201ecel uns&#8221; sau \u201ecel legat de ulei&#8221;, ceea ce s-ar potrivi func\u021biei sale de vindec\u0103tor.<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021bii apare ca <em>\u02be\u0161mn<\/em>; \u00een sursele grece\u0219ti ca Eshmun (\u1f18\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd sau \u1f08\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2). Damascios (secolul al VI-lea d.Hr.) relateaz\u0103 \u00een <em>Quaestiones Vitae<\/em> c\u0103 Eshmun ar fi fost un t\u00e2n\u0103r din Beirut care s-a sinucis dintr-o surs\u0103 de ap\u0103 din cauza unui necaz \u00een dragoste \u0219i a fost venerat ca zeu dup\u0103 moartea sa.<\/p><p>Acest \u201e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> al eroului&#8221; t\u00e2rziu este revelator din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, \u00eentruc\u00e2t fixeaz\u0103 identificarea cu Adonis \u0219i cu tipul eroului muritor-divin.<\/p><p>\u00cen akkadian\u0103 \u0219i hittit\u0103, Eshmun nu este identificat direct. Identificarea cu grecescul Asklepios este cea mai important\u0103; Pausanias \u0219i al\u021bi autori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> o atest\u0103. \u00cen Cartagina \u0219i \u00een coloniile occidentale, Eshmun apare de asemenea, \u00eens\u0103 sensibil mai rar dec\u00e2t <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> sau <a href=\"\/ro\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00cen tradi\u021bia cartaginez\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, Eshmun apare cu denumirea de \u201eVindec\u0103torul&#8221; \u0219i este identificat direct cu grecescul Asklepios. Aceast\u0103 identificare cu Asklepios a marcat cultura vindec\u0103rii cartagineze \u0219i a supravie\u021buit c\u0103derii statului punic \u00een perioada roman\u0103 sub numele Aesculapius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun apare \u00een iconografia fenician\u0103 ca zeu t\u00e2n\u0103r, b\u0103rbos sau imberb, frecvent cu un toiag \u0219i un \u0219arpe, simbolul vindec\u0103rii par excellence. \u00cen epoca elenistic\u0103, iconografia sa este \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 sintetizat\u0103 cu tradi\u021bia lui Asklepios: toiag cu \u0219arpe \u00eenf\u0103\u0219urat, mantie lung\u0103, \u021binut\u0103 calm\u0103.<\/p><p>Animalul s\u0103u sacru este \u0219arpele; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Eshmun de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Sidon ad\u0103postea \u00eentr-adev\u0103r \u0219erpi sacri, dup\u0103 cum relateaz\u0103 Damascios. Tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarului<\/span> cu \u0219erpi \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Eshmun de asklepionul grec din Epidauros, unde erau \u021binu\u021bi de asemenea \u0219erpi sacri. Coco\u0219ul apare uneori ca animal \u00eenso\u021bitor al s\u0103u, ceea ce reprezint\u0103 o alt\u0103 coresponden\u021b\u0103 cu Asklepios.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> lui Eshmun de la Bostan esh-Sheikh este bine documentat arheologic; s\u0103p\u0103turile conduse de Maurice Dunand \u0219i, mai recent, de Patty Gerstenblith au publicat arhitectura templului, inscrip\u021biile \u0219i ofrandele votive.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> dispunea de o baie terapeutic\u0103 (<em>balneum<\/em>) cu ap\u0103 curg\u0103toare din muntele vecin, \u00een care pelerinii efectuau purific\u0103ri rituale. Aceast\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 a vindec\u0103rii este una dintre cele mai semnificative m\u0103rturii ale cultului fenician al vindec\u0103rii.<\/p><p>O statuet\u0103 de marmur\u0103 reprezent\u00e2nd un copil, descoperit\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Eshmun \u0219i purt\u00e2nd denumirea de \u201eb\u0103iatul lui Eshmun&#8221;, este unul dintre cele mai renumite obiecte individuale; a fost <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">consacrat<\/span> de Eshmunazar II \u0219i ilustreaz\u0103 caracterul iconic juvenil-sacru al zeului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Miturile feniciene despre Eshmun sunt transmise doar fragmentar. Damascios relateaz\u0103 nara\u021biunea eroic\u0103 men\u021bionat\u0103 mai sus: Eshmun, un t\u00e2n\u0103r frumos din Beirut, era urm\u0103rit de Astarte; pentru a sc\u0103pa de dragostea ei, s-a castrat singur \u0219i a murit. Astarte i-a luat trupul, l-a adus \u00eenapoi la Beirut \u0219i \u201el-a chemat la o nou\u0103 via\u021b\u0103 prin c\u0103ldura d\u0103t\u0103toare de via\u021b\u0103&#8221;.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune apar\u021bine structural tradi\u021biei Adonis-Tammuz: t\u00e2n\u0103r erou muritor-divin, moartea sa, \u00eenvierea sa prin intermediul unei zei\u021be. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, ea este un exemplu al variantei feniciene a motivului \u201ezeului care moare \u0219i \u00eenviaz\u0103&#8221;, deosebit de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een spa\u021biul mediteranean occidental.<\/p><p>O a doua tradi\u021bie \u00eel leag\u0103 pe Eshmun de vindecare prin apari\u021bie divin\u0103 \u00een vis (<em>incubatio<\/em>): pelerinii dormeau \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> \u0219i primeau \u00een vis instruc\u021biuni vindec\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 corespunde tradi\u021biei grece\u0219ti a asklepionului \u0219i a fost dezvoltat\u0103 \u00een ambele culturi \u00een paralel sau prin schimb reciproc. <em>Discursurile sacre<\/em> ale lui Aelius Aristides din secolul al II-lea d.Hr. documenteaz\u0103 detaliat aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 a incuba\u021biei pentru Asklepios; pentru Eshmun sunt transmise relat\u0103ri similare din Sidon \u0219i Beirut.<\/p><p>O <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> fenician\u0103 fragmentar\u0103 din Cartagina men\u021bioneaz\u0103 o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O procesiune religioas\u0103 solemn\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">procesiune<\/span> \u00een cinstea lui Eshmun cu o targ\u0103 \u0219i o \u201etrezire&#8221; \u00een ziua de prim\u0103var\u0103. Aceast\u0103 procesiune de prim\u0103var\u0103 este \u00eenrudit\u0103 istoric cu s\u0103rb\u0103toarea trezirii lui <a href=\"\/ro\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a> \u0219i se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia festivalurilor feniciene de prim\u0103var\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalul centru de cult al lui Eshmun era <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> de la Bostan esh-Sheikh, la aproximativ 4 km nord-est de Sidonul antic. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> a fost fondat \u00een secolul al VI-lea \u00ee.Hr. de regele Eshmunazar I \u0219i extins \u00een mod fastuos de Eshmunazar II (secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr.).<\/p><p>Renumita inscrip\u021bie de pe sarcofagul lui Eshmunazar II (la Luvru) este una dintre cele mai importante inscrip\u021bii feniciene \u00een ansamblu; \u00eel nume\u0219te pe Eshmun \u201edomnul meu&#8221; \u0219i descrie importan\u021ba sa cultic\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> cuprindea mai multe complexe: cl\u0103direa principal\u0103 cu Sf\u00e2nta Sfintelor, baia terapeutic\u0103 cu ap\u0103 curg\u0103toare, un atriu cu altare, \u00eenc\u0103peri pentru incuba\u021bie \u0219i spa\u021bii pentru ofrande votive. Pelerinii aduceau daruri sub form\u0103 de oase din bronz, figurine de lut, inscrip\u021bii \u0219i \u201eurechi de aur&#8221; (semne de mul\u021bumire pentru rug\u0103ciunile ascultate).<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceasta, Eshmun mai avea sanctuare la Beirut, la Cartagina (unde era venerat pe colina Byrsa), la Idalion din Cipru \u0219i la mai multe alte situri. La Idalion apare frecvent al\u0103turi de feniciana Astarte \u0219i de greceasca Afrodita. La Cartagina apare uneori l\u00e2ng\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, p\u0103str\u00e2ndu-\u0219i \u00eens\u0103 func\u021bia proprie de vindec\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile lui Eshmun din Sidon documenteaz\u0103 detaliat ierarhia preo\u021beasc\u0103: <em>kohen<\/em> (preot), <em>moqim \u02beelim<\/em> (\u201etrezitorul zeului&#8221;), servitori <em>\u02bfbd<\/em> \u0219i slujitoare <em>\u02bemh<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 ierarhie este comparabil\u0103 cu cea a cultului lui Melqart.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eshmun era zeul vindec\u0103tor prototipic fenician. Pelerinii veneau din \u00eentregul Mediteran oriental pentru a g\u0103si vindecare \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> s\u0103u. Practica incuba\u021biei era central\u0103: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un om care \u00eentreprinde o c\u0103l\u0103torie motivat\u0103 religios c\u0103tre un loc sacru.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelerinii<\/span> dormeau \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span>, adesea pe bl\u0103nuri speciale, \u0219i primeau \u00een vis instruc\u021biuni vindec\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Diminea\u021ba, visul era interpretat de preo\u021bi; vindecarea se producea adesea prin \u00eensu\u0219i actul vis\u0103rii, prin b\u0103i rituale sau prin remedii vegetale prescrise.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cu caracter apotropaic: despre semne \u0219i obiecte menite s\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rteze influen\u021bele d\u0103un\u0103toare.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span>, statuetele lui Eshmun erau plasate \u00een locuin\u021be; renumitele \u201efigurine sidoniense de copii&#8221; din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Eshmun (colec\u021bie la Muzeul Na\u021bional din Beirut) \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 b\u0103ie\u021bi sau fete mici, probabil ofrande votive pentru vindecarea copiilor bolnavi. Inscrip\u021biile de pe aceste statuete le confirm\u0103 func\u021bia de daruri de mul\u021bumire sau de cerere.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">\u00cen numele de persoane feniciene, teonimul lui Eshmun este foarte frecvent: Eshmunazar \u201eEshmun ajut\u0103&#8221;, Eshmunpalat \u201eEshmun salveaz\u0103&#8221;, Bod-Eshmun \u201eprin m\u00e2na lui Eshmun&#8221;. Frecven\u021ba numelor teoforice atest\u0103 intensitatea piet\u0103\u021bii private. Lexiconul iWell \u00eel \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 pe Eshmun ca figur\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 trimiteri la promisiuni terapeutice actuale; practica cultului vindec\u0103rii este un fenomen istoric, reconstituit \u0219tiin\u021bific, nu preluat \u00een practic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul ritualurilor de vindecare erau prescrise \u0219i remedii vegetale; preo\u021bii fenicieni de\u021bineau cuno\u0219tin\u021be farmacologice transmise sub form\u0103 de texte terapeutice. Fragmente din astfel de texte pot fi recunoscute \u00een inscrip\u021biile <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templului<\/span> lui Eshmun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 paralel\u0103 istoric\u0103 este grecescul Asklepios; identificarea este atestat\u0103 literar \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. Asklepios este fiul lui Apollo, vindec\u0103tor iscusit, cu toiag \u0219i \u0219arpe ca atribute. Coresponden\u021bele dintre cei doi sunt at\u00e2t de dense \u00eenc\u00e2t o influen\u021b\u0103 reciproc\u0103 este probabil\u0103. Stephanie Budin, Corinne Bonnet \u0219i Mary Bachvarova au cercetat aceste conexiuni.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul mesopotamian, Eshmun corespunde par\u021bial zeului vindec\u0103tor Damu \u0219i zeului Ninazu; \u00een materialul hittit nu exist\u0103 un zeu paralel direct, de\u0219i exist\u0103 ritualuri de vindecare legate de tradi\u021bia hurrian\u0103 a Kamru\u0161epa. <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">Tradi\u021bia hittit\u0103<\/a> avea propria cultur\u0103 a vindec\u0103rii prin \u201efemeile b\u0103tr\u00e2ne&#8221; (<em>\u1e2aAR.\u1e2aAR<\/em>), f\u0103r\u0103 un zeu specific al vindec\u0103rii \u00een sensul \u00een care Eshmun este unul.<\/p><p>Cu Adonis, Eshmun \u00eemparte mitologema eroului cu moarte \u0219i re\u00eenviere prin intermediul unei zei\u021be. Ambii apar\u021bin tradi\u021biei vest-semitice a eroilor vegeta\u021biei, care \u00eel include \u0219i pe <a href=\"\/ro\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a>. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, aceast\u0103 familie de eroi este un fenomen istoric important al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 de dup\u0103 epoca bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epocii Fierului<\/span> feniciene.<\/p><p>De asemenea, tradi\u021biile <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">culturii hittite a vindec\u0103rii<\/a>, \u00een special ritualurile \u201efemeii b\u0103tr\u00e2ne&#8221; \u0219i practicile incuba\u021biei, prezint\u0103 coresponden\u021be func\u021bionale cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Eshmun. Volkert Haas a documentat ritualurile de vindecare anatoliene vechi \u00een <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003); o leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor nu este demonstrabil\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 paralelele structurale sunt revelatoare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u021bie actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Eshmun se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la un nivel \u00eenalt. S\u0103p\u0103turile templului conduse de Maurice Dunand \u00een anii 1960 constituie referin\u021ba clasic\u0103 standard; Patty Gerstenblith \u0219i H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader au continuat cercetarea arheologic\u0103. Studiile Corinne Bonnet asupra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismului<\/span> cu Asklepios sunt importante din perspectiv\u0103 comparativ\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen recep\u021bia popular\u0103, Eshmun este cunoscut prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> s\u0103u de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Sidon; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> este ast\u0103zi sit arheologic \u0219i atrac\u021bie turistic\u0103. Sarcofagul lui Eshmunazar din Luvru este una dintre cele mai celebre antichit\u0103\u021bi feniciene \u00een general.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Eshmun este considerat ast\u0103zi un obiect central de studiu pentru religia vindec\u0103rii feniciene, pentru tradi\u021bia mediteranean\u0103 a lui Asklepios \u0219i pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> eroului muritor-divin. Direc\u021biile actuale de cercetare se concentreaz\u0103 pe editarea noilor inscrip\u021bii ale lui Eshmun, pe analiza ofrandelor votive din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> \u0219i pe \u00eentrebarea privind rela\u021bia istoric\u0103 exact\u0103 cu Asklepios.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103rile actuale ale lui H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader \u0219i Mark Smith despre religia fenician\u0103 \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 pe Eshmun \u00eentr-un context istorico-religios mai larg: ca reprezentant al genera\u021biei mai tinere de zei care, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 de dup\u0103 epoca bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epoca Fierului<\/span>, diferen\u021biaz\u0103 func\u021biile specifice care \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie a bronzului erau reunite \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 \u0219i surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos reune\u0219te cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Eshmun. Cuprinde publica\u021bii ale templului, edi\u021bii de inscrip\u021bii \u0219i sinteze istorice. Publica\u021bia templului de Dunand este referin\u021ba clasic\u0103; Bonnet \u0219i Sader ofer\u0103 contextualizarea fenician\u0103 \u0219i istorico-religioas\u0103; Aubet, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103; Krahmalkov, materialul istorico-lingvistic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b4c80e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp29b4c80e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20285701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20285701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuarul lui Eshmun de la Bustan esh-Sheikh l\u00e2ng\u0103 Sidon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d64a737 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d64a737\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cff5052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cff5052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cel mai important context arheologic al lui <em>Eshmun<\/em> se afl\u0103 la aproximativ trei kilometri nord-est de Sidon, \u00een Libanul de ast\u0103zi, la un loc numit Bustan esh-Sheikh. Acolo, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1900, mai \u00eent\u00e2i de c\u0103tre arheologi otomani \u0219i germani, ulterior de cei libanezi \u0219i francezi, a fost degajat un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> de mari dimensiuni.<\/p><p>Nucleul monumental este o mare teras\u0103-podium din blocuri de piatr\u0103 atent asamblate, ridicat\u0103 probabil sub regele sidonean Bodashtart \u00een secolul al VI-lea t\u00e2rziu \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sanctuarul<\/span> este remarcabil deoarece ofer\u0103 o rar\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 \u00eentre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span>, regalitate \u0219i inscrip\u021bie de construc\u021bie. Mai multe inscrip\u021bii de construc\u021bie \u00eel numesc pe Bodashtart drept ctitor \u0219i pe Eshmun drept zeul c\u0103ruia \u00eei consacr\u0103 ansamblul.<\/p><p>Astfel, Eshmun nu este doar un nume din liste divine, ci o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> cu o construc\u021bie monumental\u0103 databil\u0103, promovat\u0103 monarhic. Apa juca un rol central: canale, bazine \u0219i capt\u0103ri de izvoare str\u0103bat ansamblul, ceea ce corespunde interpret\u0103rii zeului ca vindec\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Printre descoperirile celebre se num\u0103r\u0103 \u201eTronul Astarteei&#8221;, un tron divin gol care trimite la str\u00e2nsa leg\u0103tur\u0103 a lui Eshmun cu zei\u021ba cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon, precum \u0219i o serie de statuete de copii interpretate ca ofrande votive, posibil \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu vindecarea sau protec\u021bia. Rezultatele s\u0103p\u0103turilor au fost publicate \u00eentre al\u021bii de Maurice Dunand \u0219i ulterior de Rolf Stucky.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b8a42e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b8a42e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c75b921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c75b921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eshmun \u0219i Asklepios: o identificare antic\u0103 \u0219i limitele ei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp265ed336 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp265ed336\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222bef1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp222bef1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deja autorii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> \u00eel identificau pe <em>Eshmun<\/em> cu zeul grec al vindec\u0103rii <em>Asklepios<\/em>. Aceast\u0103 <em>interpretatio graeca<\/em> este bine atestat\u0103, de pild\u0103 la autorul cunoscut sub numele de Philon din Byblos, care red\u0103 tradi\u021biile feniciene \u00een limba greac\u0103, \u0219i explic\u0103 de ce Eshmun era adesea prezentat \u00een cercetarea mai veche pur \u0219i simplu drept \u201eAsklepios fenician&#8221;.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 identificare este util\u0103 \u0219i, totodat\u0103, periculoas\u0103. Util\u0103, deoarece confirm\u0103 latura vindec\u0103toare a lui Eshmun: apa sanctuarului, ofrandele de copii \u0219i relat\u0103rile antice despre vindec\u0103ri corespund unui zeu la care te adresai \u00een caz de boal\u0103.<\/p><p>Periculoas\u0103, deoarece \u00eei tenteaz\u0103 pe cercet\u0103tori s\u0103 proiecteze \u00eentreaga imagine greac\u0103 a lui Asklepios asupra lui Eshmun, inclusiv iconografia \u0219arpelui \u0219i practica incuba\u021biei, pentru care nu exist\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna atest\u0103ri directe \u00een materialul fenician.<\/p><p>O \u00eentrebare separat\u0103 de cercetare o constituie originea numelui. O propunere r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103, dar neconfirmat\u0103, \u00eel leag\u0103 de cuv\u00e2ntul semitic pentru \u201eulei&#8221; sau \u201eulei de ungere&#8221; \u0219i, prin aceasta, de ungere ca remediu; alte interpret\u0103ri v\u0103d \u00een el o referin\u021b\u0103 numeric\u0103 (\u201eal optulea&#8221;). Niciuna dintre aceste etimologii nu este general acceptat\u0103. Mai sigur\u0103 dec\u00e2t etimologia este constatarea c\u0103 Eshmun s-a ridicat la rangul de divinitate principal\u0103 a Sidonului \u0219i apare \u00een inscrip\u021biile punice, de pild\u0103 \u00een cele referitoare la Cartagina, al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>. Zeul nu era deci un caz local izolat, ci un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> purtat \u00een \u00eentreg spa\u021biul de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire fenician.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Maurice Dunand: <em>Le temple d&#8217;Echmoun \u00e0 Sidon<\/em> (Paris 1965)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader: <em>The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia<\/em> (Atlanta 2019)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Eshmun Sidon zeu al vindec\u0103rii fenicieni Asklepios <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> Bostan esh-Sheikh.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-eshmun\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">fenician\u0103<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-eshmun-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-eshmun-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te un tratament medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eshmun, zeul vindec\u0103rii \u0219i zeul cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u00een religia fenician\u0103 Eshmun (fenician\u0103 \u02be\u0161mn) este zeul suprem al cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u0219i unul dintre cei mai importan\u021bi zei ai vindec\u0103rii din lumea fenician\u0103. A fost identificat cu grecescul Asklepios \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul unui cult al vindec\u0103rii de mare amploare, cu renumitul templu al lui Eshmun [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2849,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Eshmun Sidon zeu al vindec\u0103rii fenicieni","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Eshmun - Zeul vindec\u0103rii din Sidon, mit, cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Eshmun este zeul vindec\u0103rii \u0219i zeul suprem al cet\u0103\u021bii Sidon \u00een religia fenician\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mit \u0219i 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