{"id":104922,"date":"2026-08-04T12:40:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:40:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yam-zeul-marii-la-fenicieni\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:41:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:41:08","slug":"yam","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yam\/","title":{"rendered":"Yam &#8211; Zeul m\u0103rii la fenicieni"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104922\" class=\"elementor elementor-104922 elementor-2630\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yam, zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic \u0219i adversarul lui Baal<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam (ugaritic <em>ym<\/em>, fenician <em>ym<\/em>) este zeul m\u0103rii din tradi\u021bia ugaritic\u0103 \u0219i fenician\u0103 \u0219i principalul adversar al lui <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a> \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. C\u0103derea sa marcheaz\u0103 instaurarea ordinii divine; el apar\u021bine familiei fiin\u021belor haosului din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> orientului antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fiin\u021b\u0103 a m\u0103rii din tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103.\">Fiin\u021b\u0103 a m\u0103rii<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Fenician\u0103<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeul m\u0103rii.\">Zeul m\u0103rii<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-yam-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2854\" alt=\"Yam - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-yam elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-yam\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam este zeul m\u0103rii <strong>fenicio-ugaritic<\/strong> \u0219i adversarul lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam este \u00eentruchiparea fenicio-canaaneean\u0103 a m\u0103rii haotice. Mark Smith a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (1994\/2009) c\u0103 Yam reprezint\u0103 \u00een Ciclul lui Baal figura central\u0103 adversar\u0103, a c\u0103rei c\u0103dere \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 domnia lui <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a>. \u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">tradi\u021biei feniciene<\/a>, Yam este zeul prototipic al haosului marin.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Yam reprezint\u0103 tipul apelor divine ale haosului, prezent \u00een aproape toate mitologiile orientului apropiat antic: Tiamat \u00een Mesopotamia, conflictul Marduk-Tiamat, <a href=\"\/ro\/hedammu\/\">Hedammu<\/a> \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">tradi\u021bia hurritico-hitit\u0103<\/a>, Typhon \u00een Grecia. Ace\u0219ti zei ai apelor haosului nu sunt pur \u0219i simplu r\u0103i, ci entit\u0103\u021bi cosmice ambivalente, a c\u0103ror \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere stabile\u0219te ordinea divin\u0103.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de <a href=\"\/ro\/hedammu\/\">Hedammu<\/a> sau <a href=\"\/ro\/ullikummi\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, Yam este un zeu deplin; are un palat propriu, solii s\u0103i \u0219i revendic\u0103 domnia. \u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea sa de c\u0103tre Baal nu este exterminarea unui monstru, ci decizia unui conflict regal divin. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 teologic\u0103 este important\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i distinge tradi\u021bia ugaritic\u0103 \u0219i fenician\u0103 de cea hurritic\u0103.<\/p><p>Un aspect teologic remarcabil al conflictului Baal-Yam const\u0103 \u00een aceea c\u0103 Yam este desemnat ini\u021bial ca rege \u00een mod legitim de El, zeul-tat\u0103 b\u0103tr\u00e2n. Ascensiunea lui Baal se produce astfel \u00eempotriva ierarhiei divine stabilite, nu \u00een concordan\u021b\u0103 cu ea. Acest detaliu subliniaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> revolu\u021bionar\u0103 a Ciclului lui Baal, care instaureaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 ordine a zeilor.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie teologic\u0103, cu un rege \u00een func\u021bie (Yam) \u0219i un zeu al furtunii revolu\u021bionar (Baal), are paralele str\u00e2nse \u00een Ciclul hitit al lui Kumarbi, unde <a href=\"\/ro\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a> se ridic\u0103 \u00eempotriva zeului-tat\u0103 consacrat <a href=\"\/ro\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>. Interconectarea istorico-religioas\u0103 a epocii t\u00e2rzii a bronzului \u00een zona est-mediteraneean\u0103 este deosebit de dens\u0103 \u00een acest punct.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>ym<\/em> este cuv\u00e2ntul comun semitic occidental pentru &#8216;mare&#8217;; Yam \u00eenseamn\u0103 deci literalmente &#8216;marea&#8217; \u00eens\u0103\u0219i. Aceast\u0103 identitate dintre numele zeului \u0219i categoria cosmic\u0103 este tipic\u0103 pentru teogonia orientului antic. \u00cen akkadian\u0103, echivalentul ar fi <em>t\u00e2mtu<\/em> (Tiamat); \u00een ebraic\u0103 <em>y\u0101m<\/em> (cu etimologie identic\u0103, dar f\u0103r\u0103 a fi personificat ca divinitate).<\/p><p>\u00cen textele ugaritice, Yam apare sub mai multe epitete: <em>zbl ym<\/em> &#8216;Prin\u021bul Yam&#8217;, <em>tp\u1e6d nhr<\/em> &#8216;Judec\u0103torul Fluviu&#8217;, <em>\u02beyl rbn<\/em> &#8216;Zeul Puternic&#8217; \u0219i <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;Tannin&#8217; (dragonul m\u0103rii). Multitudinea de denumiri reflect\u0103 multifunc\u021bionalitatea cosmic\u0103: Yam este \u00een acela\u0219i timp mare, fluviu, dragon \u0219i pretendent la tron.<\/p><p>\u00cen materialul ebraic, Yam apare ca adversar cosmic al lui Yahweh \u00een mai mul\u021bi psalmi \u0219i texte profetice (Ps 74; Ps 89; Is 27; Hab 3); Liwjatan (Leviatan) \u0219i Tannin fac de asemenea parte din familia extins\u0103 a lui Yam.<\/p><p>John Day a examinat \u00een detaliu pasajele ebraice \u00een <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985); Mark Smith a realizat \u00eencadrarea istoric\u0103 \u00een <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021biile aramaice \u0219i feniciene din mileniul I \u00ee.Hr., figura personificat\u0103 a lui Yam dispare; marea este men\u021bionat\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai mult doar ca sfer\u0103 cosmic\u0103, nu ca zeu activ. Aceast\u0103 &#8216;dezdivinizare&#8217; a m\u0103rii este revelatoare din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 paralel cu consolidarea cultului lui Baal ca principal cult.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam apare rar \u00een iconografie sub form\u0103 personificat\u0103; este reprezentat de obicei ca marea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i sau ca un \u0219arpe de mare uria\u0219 (Tannin). Pe unele sigilii ugaritice din secolele XIV-XIII \u00ee.Hr. lupta Baal-Yam este redat\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 simbolic\u0103: Baal cu buzduganul ridicat deasupra unei figuri de \u0219arpe.<\/p><p>\u00cen contexte feniciene, iconografia lui Yam este \u0219i mai rar\u0103; marea este mai frecvent simbolizat\u0103 ca mediu cosmic al naviga\u021biei feniciene, prin imagini de pror\u0103, motive cu pe\u0219ti \u0219i ornamentic\u0103 cu valuri, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o personificare direct\u0103 a lui Yam s\u0103 fie prezent\u0103.<\/p><p>O tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 important\u0103 se dezvolt\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul elenistico-roman: Yam-Poseidon cu trident \u0219i atelajul de cai. Acest transfer al imaginilor grece\u0219ti ale lui Poseidon asupra tradi\u021biei feniciene \u0219i vest-semitice a zeului m\u0103rii este mai pu\u021bin pronun\u021bat \u00een teritoriul fenician de origine dec\u00e2t \u00een coloniile vest-mediteraneene, unde influen\u021ba greac\u0103 a fost mai intens\u0103.<\/p><p>Faimoasa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O plac\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sau lemn, ridicat\u0103 vertical, inscrip\u021bionat\u0103 sau ilustrat\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u0103<\/span> a taurului de la Ras Shamra arat\u0103 o mic\u0103 form\u0103 de \u0219arpe sub picioarele lui Baal; \u00een cercetare, acest \u0219arpe este adesea identificat cu Yam-Tannin. Aceast\u0103 confirmare iconografic\u0103 a victoriei lui Baal asupra \u0219arpelui este una dintre cele mai importante m\u0103rturii vizuale ale Ciclului lui Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principala surs\u0103 pentru Yam este Ciclul ugaritic al lui Baal (KTU 1.1, 1.2), \u00een care este redat\u0103 confruntarea dintre Yam \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a>. Firul ac\u021biunii \u00een linii mari: Yam, desemnat oficial ca rege de El, trimite soli la adunarea zeilor \u0219i cere predarea lui Baal. Zeii se cutremur\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i pleac\u0103 capul; numai Baal rezist\u0103 \u0219i accept\u0103 lupta.<\/p><p>Zeul-fierar Kothar-wa-Khasis \u00eei confec\u021bioneaz\u0103 lui Baal dou\u0103 arme magice, numite &#8216;Ayamur&#8217; \u0219i &#8216;Yagrush&#8217; (&#8216;cel care alung\u0103&#8217; \u0219i &#8216;cel care gone\u0219te&#8217;). Baal lupt\u0103 cu ele \u00eempotriva lui Yam; prima lovitur\u0103 \u00eel clatin\u0103 pe Yam, a doua \u00eel zdrobe\u0219te.<\/p><p>Yam cade la p\u0103m\u00e2nt; Baal proclam\u0103: &#8216;Yam a murit, Baal este rege!&#8217; Mark Smith a comentat \u00een detaliu textul \u00een edi\u021bia sa monumental\u0103.<\/p><p>Un alt episod ugaritic descrie lupta <a href=\"\/ro\/anat-phoenix\/\">Anat<\/a> \u00eempotriva lui Yam, care \u00eel sprijin\u0103 pe fratele s\u0103u Baal. Anat &#8216;doboare marea, nimice\u0219te fluviul, umile\u0219te Tannin, \u00eenfr\u00e2nge \u0219arpele \u0219erpuit&#8217;. Aceast\u0103 secven\u021b\u0103 Anat-Yam este revelatoare din perspectiv\u0103 istoric\u0103 \u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 lupta \u00eempotriva apelor haosului a fost un efort divin colectiv, nu numai actul singular al lui Baal.<\/p><p>Un alt episod fragmentar \u00eel descrie pe Yam \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu &#8216;fiii lui El&#8217; (<em>bn \u02beil<\/em>), care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca adunare a zeilor. Cererea lui Yam este dezb\u0103tut\u0103 \u00een adunarea zeilor, El o accept\u0103, iar numai Baal se opune. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a &#8216;consiliului divin&#8217; este semnificativ\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i are paralele cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> ebraic al &#8216;fiilor lui Dumnezeu&#8217; (Iov 1; Ps 82).<\/p><p>Aezii ugaritici interpretau probabil conflictul Baal-Yam \u00een performan\u021b\u0103 complet\u0103, cu purt\u0103tori de t\u0103bli\u021be, instrumente muzicale \u0219i dansuri cultice. Aceast\u0103 dimensiune performativ\u0103 a fost elaborat\u0103 sistematic \u00een cercetarea recent\u0103 a Ugaritului, \u00eendeosebi de Wilfred Watson \u0219i Pierre Bordreuil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam nu era destinatarul unui cult; \u00een calitate de zeu al haosului, nu era venerat, ci dep\u0103\u0219it <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>. \u00cen unele ritualuri de protec\u021bie el apare ca exemplu prototipic al pericolului cosmic, care trebuie \u00eenl\u0103turat prin interven\u021bie divin\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> s\u0103u era \u00eens\u0103 recitat \u00een cultul de stat; Ciclul lui Baal f\u0103cea parte din repertoriul aezilor ugaritici \u0219i era probabil interpretat la marile s\u0103rb\u0103tori. Este posibil ca reluarea ritual\u0103 a secven\u021bei Baal-Yam s\u0103 fi f\u0103cut parte din ritul de prim\u0103var\u0103, similar cu Enuma Elish mesopotamian la s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Anului Nou.<\/p><p>\u00cen ritualurile de naviga\u021bie feniciene, marea era lini\u0219tit\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>; c\u0103pitanii de cor\u0103bii \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103torii aduceau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrande<\/span> m\u0103rii, sper\u00e2nd s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 o traversare \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103. Aceast\u0103 pietate a navigatorilor nu se raporta direct la Yam, dar apar\u021binea aceleia\u0219i lumi de reprezent\u0103ri cosmologice. Sabatino Moscati a descris cultura maritim\u0103 fenician\u0103 \u00een mai multe studii.<\/p><p>O leg\u0103tur\u0103 ritual\u0103 important\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00eentre victoria asupra lui Yam \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de prim\u0103var\u0103 ugaritic\u0103; probabil c\u0103 conflictul era actualizat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui ritual religios fixat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u00een perioada furtunilor de prim\u0103var\u0103, c\u00e2nd ploile grele de iarn\u0103 se reduceau \u0219i sezonul de naviga\u021bie \u00eencepea. Aceast\u0103 sezonalitate ritual\u0103 este caracteristic\u0103 din punct de vedere istoric pentru epoca t\u00e2rzie a bronzului \u00een zona est-mediteraneean\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Practicile apotropaice \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii haotice erau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een contexte feniciene. Pe ornamentele de pror\u0103 ale cor\u0103biilor apar ochi apotropaici, simboluri de coarne de taur sau &#8216;semnul Tanit&#8217; ca protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva pericolelor m\u0103rii. Aceste imagini f\u0103ceau parte din dotarea standard a cor\u0103biilor comerciale \u0219i de r\u0103zboi feniciene.<\/p><p>\u00cen ora\u0219ele portuare erau folosite formule de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva &#8216;m\u0103rii furioase \u0219i a fiin\u021belor ei&#8217;; \u00een inscrip\u021biile punice se g\u0103sesc ofrande votive pentru o \u00eentoarcere fericit\u0103 din voiajele maritime. Aceast\u0103 pietate a c\u0103l\u0103torilor este interesant\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece \u00eencadreaz\u0103 direct religios mobilitatea interna\u021bional\u0103 a lumii feniciene.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, Yam este un exemplu de personificare a m\u0103rii haotice. \u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea sa narativ\u0103 prin armele magice ale lui Baal este comparabil\u0103 din punct de vedere istoric cu conflictul Marduk-Tiamat, \u00een care tot armele magice fac posibil\u0103 victoria. iWell Guard \u00eel \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 pe Yam ca figur\u0103 istorico-mitologic\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 func\u021bie actual\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 referin\u021be la promisiuni terapeutice moderne.<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021biile punice din Cartagina \u0219i Motya apar &#8216;zeii m\u0103rii&#8217; (fenician <em>\u02belm ym<\/em>) ca destinatari ai ofrandelor votive \u00eenainte de voiajele maritime; dac\u0103 este vorba de o amintire direct\u0103 a lui Yam sau de o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> generic\u0103 a zeului m\u0103rii r\u0103m\u00e2ne controversat.<\/p><p>Ochii de pe prora cor\u0103biilor feniciene trebuie interpreta\u021bi din perspectiva istoriei religiilor ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaica<\/span>; ei transform\u0103 privirea cor\u0103biei \u00eentr-o for\u021b\u0103 protectoare \u00eempotriva lui Yam \u0219i a fiin\u021belor sale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yam apar\u021bine familiei interna\u021bionale a zeilor apelor haosului. \u00cen tradi\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 \u00eei corespunde Tiamat din Enuma Elish; \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">tradi\u021bia hurritico-hitit\u0103<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/hedammu\/\">Hedammu<\/a> \u0219i fragmentarul &#8216;C\u00e2ntec al m\u0103rii&#8217; (CTH 346) \u00eempotriva lui <a href=\"\/ro\/teshub\/\">Teshub<\/a>. Mark Smith \u0219i Mary Bachvarova au documentat \u00een mai multe studii interconectarea acestor mitologii.<\/p><p>\u00cen materialul ebraic, Yam este adversarul cosmic al lui Yahweh \u00een mai mul\u021bi psalmi; crea\u021bia este interpretat\u0103 ca victorie a lui Yahweh asupra lui Yam, Liwjatan \u0219i Tannin (Ps 74:13, 14; Is 27:1). Aceste texte apar\u021bin &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> luptei haosului&#8217; din Biblia ebraic\u0103 \u0219i depind direct din punct de vedere istoric de tradi\u021bia ugaritic\u0103 a lui Yam.<\/p><p>Cu Typhon grec, Yam \u00eemparte profilul de adversar al haosului; cu Poseidon, personificarea m\u0103rii, dar \u00een configura\u021bie teologic\u0103 sensibil diferit\u0103. \u00cen perioada elenistico-roman\u0103, Yam fenician a fost identificat cu Poseidon; profilul activ de adversar al haosului a fost astfel modificat \u00een favoarea func\u021biei de zeu al naviga\u021biei.<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021biile urartiene apare un zeu al m\u0103rii Quera, a c\u0103rui leg\u0103tur\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 cu Yam este discutat\u0103 \u00een ultimii ani. Cercet\u0103rile lui Mirjo Salvini ofer\u0103 \u00een acest sens noi date importante.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare modern\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Yam se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la un nivel ridicat. Edi\u021bia Ciclului lui Baal realizat\u0103 de Mark Smith \u0219i Wayne Pitard este referin\u021ba standard; John Day a examinat \u00een detaliu paralelele ebraice \u00een <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985). Daniel Schwemer a furnizat cadrul istoric \u00een <em>Die Wettergottgestalten<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>\u00cen receptarea popular\u0103, Yam este cunoscut mai ales prin miturile ugaritice \u0219i prin aluziile biblice ebraice. O revigorare spiritual\u0103 \u00een sens neop\u0103g\u00e2n lipse\u0219te.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Yam este ast\u0103zi considerat un obiect central de studiu pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> apelor haosului din orientul antic \u0219i pentru familia mitologic\u0103 a luptelor dintre zeul furtunii \u0219i mare.<\/p><p>Direc\u021biile actuale de cercetare vizeaz\u0103 diferen\u021bierea diverselor fiin\u021be marine (Yam, Liwjatan, Tannin), paralelele biblice \u0219i \u00eentrebarea privind rela\u021bia istorico-religioas\u0103 exact\u0103 cu tradi\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 a Tiamatei. iWell Guard \u00eel \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 pe Yam ca exemplu istoric, f\u0103r\u0103 referin\u021b\u0103 practic\u0103 la protec\u021bie.<\/p><p>\u00cen cercetarea biblic\u0103 modern\u0103, Yam este tot mai sistematic tratat ca fundal istorico-religios al textelor despre crea\u021bie \u0219i lupta haosului. Bernard Batto \u0219i John Day au examinat \u00een detaliu \u00een mai multe studii leg\u0103tura tradi\u021biei lui Yam cu nara\u021biunea ebraic\u0103 a crea\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 \u0219i surse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos reune\u0219te cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 pentru cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Yam. Cuprinde edi\u021bii de texte, sinteze istorice \u0219i studii privind paralelele biblice ebraice. Edi\u021bia Ciclului lui Baal realizat\u0103 de Mark Smith constituie baza surselor primare; John Day \u0219i Schwemer ofer\u0103 contextualizarea istorico-religioas\u0103. Mary Bachvarova ofer\u0103 linia de transmitere c\u0103tre tradi\u021bia greac\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp267ce5fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp267ce5fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c5eeff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c5eeff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ciclul lui Baal de la Ugarit ca surs\u0103 principal\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24751ec0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24751ec0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20cca71c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20cca71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aproape tot ceea ce se poate spune despre <em>Yammu<\/em> ca figur\u0103 activ\u0103 provine dintr-un singur complex textual: a\u0219a-numitul Ciclu al lui Baal, o serie de t\u0103bli\u021be de lut \u00een scriere cuneiform\u0103 alfabetic\u0103, descoperite \u00eentre 1929 \u0219i anii 1930 \u00een cadrul s\u0103p\u0103turilor franceze conduse de Claude Schaeffer pe <em>Tell Ras Shamra<\/em>, de-a lungul coastei siriene.<\/p><p>T\u0103bli\u021bele sunt ast\u0103zi catalogate sub siglele KTU 1.1 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1.6; episodul lui Yam se concentreaz\u0103 pe KTU 1.1 \u0219i 1.2. Potrivit colofoanelor, au fost scrise de scriba Ilimilku, probabil \u00een secolul XIV sau XIII \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> este fragmentar\u0103. T\u0103bli\u021ba KTU 1.1 este puternic deteriorat\u0103, \u00eenceputul conflictului lipse\u0219te \u00een mare parte. Abia KTU 1.2 debuteaz\u0103 cu o scen\u0103 coerent\u0103: Yam trimite soli la adunarea zeilor \u0219i cere predarea lui Baal.<\/p><p>Cercetarea dezbate de la primele edi\u021bii ale lui Charles Virolleaud dac\u0103 o alt\u0103 t\u0103bli\u021b\u0103 pierdut\u0103 con\u021binea \u00eenceputul confrunt\u0103rii. Ordinea t\u0103bli\u021belor \u00een sine nu este garantat\u0103 prin colofoane, ci reprezint\u0103 o reconstruc\u021bie a editorilor.<\/p><p>Pentru cercetarea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie a surselor este decisiv\u0103: Yam nu este o figur\u0103 dintr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bie<\/span> larg\u0103 \u0219i polifonic\u0103, ci este accesibil aproape exclusiv din perspectiva unui text narativ pro-baalitic. Afirma\u021biile despre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> independent al lui Yam, despre imnuri \u00eenchinate lui sau despre rolul s\u0103u \u00een afara conflictului cu Baal r\u0103m\u00e2n prin urmare speculative.<\/p><p>Edi\u021bia standard este ast\u0103zi <em>Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit<\/em> (KTU) de Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Loretz \u0219i Joaqu\u00edn Sanmart\u00edn; o traducere englez\u0103 frecvent utilizat\u0103, cu comentariu, apar\u021bine lui Mark S. Smith.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e2e352 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24e2e352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22d58ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22d58ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adunarea zeilor \u0219i solia lui Yam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248e4b3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp248e4b3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp220d4b7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp220d4b7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai bine conservat\u0103 scen\u0103 a lui Yam (KTU 1.2 i) prezint\u0103 o \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 a zeilor sub pre\u0219edin\u021bia zeului suprem <em>El<\/em>. Yam trimite doi soli cu cererea de a-l preda pe Baal ca tributar sau ca prizonier.<\/p><p>Textul confer\u0103 scenei o coregrafie precis\u0103: la sosirea solilor, zeii \u00ee\u0219i pleac\u0103 capul pe genunchi, un gest de team\u0103. Baal \u00eei mustr\u0103 pentru aceasta \u0219i se ridic\u0103.<\/p><p>El, patriarhul adun\u0103rii, reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu indulgen\u021b\u0103. \u00cel nume\u0219te pe Yam \u00een mai multe pasaje favoritul s\u0103u \u0219i pare dispus s\u0103 satisfac\u0103 cererea, desemn\u00e2ndu-l pe Baal ca slujitor al lui Yam.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 atitudine a lui El este un punct mult dezb\u0103tut: arat\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> ugaritic zeul suprem nu este identic cu zeul furtunii victorios \u0219i confer\u0103 conflictului o not\u0103 politic\u0103, aproape de o lupt\u0103 pentru tron \u00een interiorul unei familii.<\/p><p>Yam poart\u0103 \u00een aceste r\u00e2nduri denumiri duble fixe. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 <em>ym<\/em>, apare ca <em>tpt nhr<\/em>, tradus adesea ca &#8222;Judec\u0103torul Fluviu&#8221; sau &#8222;St\u0103p\u00e2nul R\u00e2u&#8221;. Asocierea paralel\u0103 a &#8216;m\u0103rii&#8217; \u0219i &#8216;fluviului&#8217; este un procedeu stilistic tipic al poeziei ugaritice \u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 Yam \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 toate apele ne\u00eembl\u00e2nzite, nu doar marea deschis\u0103.<\/p><p>Scena se \u00eencheie cu refuzul lui Baal \u0219i cu anun\u021bul atacului s\u0103u \u00eempotriva solilor \u0219i a st\u0103p\u00e2nului lor. Ea constituie astfel premisa imediat\u0103 a duelului descris pe aceea\u0219i t\u0103bli\u021b\u0103, \u00een KTU 1.2 iv. Pentru figura opus\u0103, vezi \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> ca manifestare fenician\u0103 t\u00e2rzie a numelui lui Baal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>John Day: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (Cambridge 1985)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (Oxford 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-yam-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-yam-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <em>ugaritacul<\/em> Ciclu al lui Baal, transmis pe t\u0103bli\u021be de lut de la Ras Shamra din secolul al paisprezecele \u00eenainte de Hristos, Yam apare ca zeu al m\u0103rii \u0219i adversar al lui Baal, pe care acesta \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge \u00een cele din urm\u0103 cu armele de aruncare Ayamur \u0219i Yagrush.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Yam fenicieni zeul m\u0103rii Ciclul lui Baal Tannin Liwjatan apele haosului.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-yam\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">fenician\u0103<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-yam-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-yam-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yam, zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic \u0219i adversarul lui Baal Yam (ugaritic ym, fenician ym) este zeul m\u0103rii din tradi\u021bia ugaritic\u0103 \u0219i fenician\u0103 \u0219i principalul adversar al lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. C\u0103derea sa marcheaz\u0103 instaurarea ordinii divine; el apar\u021bine familiei fiin\u021belor haosului din mitologia orientului antic. Fiin\u021b\u0103 a m\u0103riiFenician\u0103Zeul m\u0103rii Cuprins Yam este zeul m\u0103rii [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2854,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yam fenicieni zeul m\u0103rii Baal","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yam - Zeul m\u0103rii la fenicieni, Ciclul lui Baal","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yam este zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic, principalul adversar al lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mit.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104922","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yam - Zeul m\u0103rii la fenicieni, Ciclul lui Baal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yam este zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic, principalul adversar al lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mit.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yam\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yam - Zeul m\u0103rii la fenicieni\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yam este zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic, principalul adversar al lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mit.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/yam\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T12:41:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/\",\"name\":\"Yam - Zeul m\u0103rii la fenicieni, Ciclul lui Baal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T12:40:46+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T12:41:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"Yam este zeul m\u0103rii fenicio-ugaritic, principalul adversar al lui Baal \u00een Ciclul lui Baal. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu mit.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_yam.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/yam\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Yam &#8211; 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