{"id":104867,"date":"2026-08-04T12:35:35","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:35:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tupilak-spirit-agresiv-fabricat-artificial-in-traditia-inuita-groenlandeza\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:35:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:35:56","slug":"tupilak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tupilak\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Spirit agresiv fabricat artificial \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103 groenlandez\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104867\" class=\"elementor elementor-104867 elementor-2657\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Spirit agresiv fabricat artificial \u00een tradi\u021bia groenlandez\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak este, \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103 groenlandez\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 fabricat\u0103 artificial \u0219i utilizat\u0103 \u00een mod \u021bintit, alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be animale \u0219i umane, cu ajutorul c\u0103reia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219aman<\/span> inten\u0219iona s\u0103 v\u0103t\u0103me sau s\u0103 ucid\u0103 un du\u0219man. Ast\u0103zi termenul este cunoscut pe plan interna\u021bional mai ales ca figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 din os sau piatr\u0103. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, apar\u021bine rarei categorii a spiritelor agresive fabricate artificial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit din tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103.\">Spirit<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/inuit\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei inuite.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Spirit agresiv fabricat artificial.\">Spirit agresiv fabricat<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2881\" alt=\"Tupilak - Geister aus der Inuit-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen clasificarea \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Tupilak apar\u021bine rarei categorii a fiin\u021belor spirituale fabricate artificial.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de <a href=\"\/ro\/sedna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/sila\/\">Sila<\/a> sau <a href=\"\/ro\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, privite ca puteri cosmice sau ajut\u0103toare date, Tupilak este un construct elaborat con\u0219tient, care serve\u0219te unui scop concret: v\u0103t\u0103marea unui du\u0219man. Aceast\u0103 dimensiune constructiv\u0103 \u00eel distinge fundamental de toate celelalte intr\u0103ri ale panteonului inuit.<\/p><p>Sursele privitoare la Tupilak se concentreaz\u0103 asupra Groenlandei, \u00een special coasta de est \u0219i Golful Disko, \u0219i se \u00eentind din secolul al XVIII-lea, la Hans Egede, prin Henrik Rink \u00een secolul al XIX-lea, p\u00e2n\u0103 la William Thalbitzer \u0219i Robert Petersen \u00een secolul al XX-lea.<\/p><p>\u0218i \u00een Arctica canadian\u0103 central\u0103 sunt atestate no\u021biuni \u00eenrudite, precum <em>tupilaq<\/em> sau <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em>, cu semnifica\u021bii par\u021bial diferite. Specificitatea regional\u0103 este relevant\u0103 din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific.<\/p><p>Ast\u0103zi Tupilak exist\u0103 \u00een paralel pe dou\u0103 planuri: ca un concept istoric al unei fiin\u021be v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare fabricate \u0219i animate magic, \u0219i ca denumire pentru figurile sculptate din col\u021b de mors\u0103, corn de ren \u0219i os, dezvoltate din anii 1880 ca form\u0103 de artizanat groenlandez. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 stratificare face orice discu\u021bie despre Tupilak metodologic solicitant\u0103 \u0219i impune o diferen\u021biere atent\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen cazul Tupilak, cercetarea recent\u0103 \u0219i-a extins instrumentele metodologice, \u00eembin\u00e2nd precizia etnografic\u0103, critica surselor lingvistice \u0219i perspectiva comparativ\u0103. Aceast\u0103 rafinare este aici cu at\u00e2t mai necesar\u0103, cu c\u00e2t reprezent\u0103rile occidentale mai vechi au senza\u021bionalizat adesea fiin\u021ba v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare fabricat\u0103 artificial; comunitatea de cunoa\u0219tere inuit\u0103, implicat\u0103 ast\u0103zi ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i \u00een cercetare, corecteaz\u0103 astfel de atribuiri uneori marcate colonial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologie \u0219i istorie lexical\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Din punct de vedere etimologic, <em>tupilak<\/em> sau <em>tupilaq<\/em> deriv\u0103 din r\u0103d\u0103cina <em>tupi-<\/em>, care \u00een mai multe limbi inuite \u00eenseamn\u0103 str\u0103mo\u0219 sau suflet al unui mort. Tupilak ar \u00eensemna deci, la propriu, ceva de genul chip al str\u0103mo\u0219ului sau creatur\u0103 spiritual\u0103. Robert Petersen a eviden\u021biat \u00een studiile sale de istorie a limbii \u00eenrudirea cu termenii pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritul<\/span> unui defunct, stabilind astfel o punte lingvistic\u0103 spre lumea mor\u021bilor la inui\u021bi.<\/p><p>\u00cen limba groenlandez\u0103 exist\u0103 \u0219i pluralul <em>tupilait<\/em>, care desemneaz\u0103 totalitatea acestor fiin\u021be. \u00cen uzul modern, semnifica\u021bia s-a extins \u0219i este tradus\u0103 frecvent prin stafie sau <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> malefic, ceea ce reduce sensul originar \u0219i face s\u0103 se piard\u0103 dimensiunea specific\u0103 a construc\u021biei. Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 reducere trebuie tratat\u0103 critic.<\/p><p>Remarcabil este faptul c\u0103 Tupilak nu are o conota\u021bie negativ\u0103 \u00een etimologie. Valoarea negativ\u0103 rezult\u0103 din func\u021bie, nu din cuv\u00e2ntul \u00een sine.<\/p><p>Un Tupilak nu este r\u0103u prin natura sa, ci este utilizat \u00een scop agresiv. Aceast\u0103 neutralitate etic\u0103 a cuv\u00e2ntului \u00een sine este interesant\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, deoarece arat\u0103 c\u0103 judecata moral\u0103 ia na\u0219tere abia prin folosin\u021ba inten\u021bional\u0103.<\/p><p>Complementar, merit\u0103 privirea religios-sociologic\u0103 asupra rolului pe care Tupilak \u00eel juca \u00een ordinea social\u0103 a comunit\u0103\u021bii tradi\u021bionale inuite.<\/p><p>\u00centruc\u00e2t o astfel de fiin\u021b\u0103 era \u00eendreptat\u0103 \u021bintit \u00eempotriva unui du\u0219man, se poate citi \u00een ea cu deosebit\u0103 claritate c\u0103 structura religioas\u0103 nu era separat\u0103 de practica social\u0103, ci str\u00e2ns \u00eempletit\u0103 cu aceasta. Aceast\u0103 \u00eempletire constituie un c\u00e2mp de cercetare propriu \u00een antropologia religiei, tratat sistematic mai ales de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand \u0219i Jarich Oosten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabricarea \u00een practica tradi\u021bional\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sursele etnografice, \u00een special la Henrik Rink \u0219i William Thalbitzer, descriu \u00een detaliu fabricarea unui Tupilak. Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219aman<\/span> care voia s\u0103 v\u0103t\u0103me un du\u0219man aduna pe ascuns componente: oase de diverse animale, p\u0103r, tendoane, uneori buc\u0103\u021bi din cadavre sau din \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103mintea du\u0219manului \u00eensu\u0219i.<\/p><p>Aceste componente erau asamblate \u00eentr-o figur\u0103, adesea \u00eentr-un loc retras, la o cr\u0103p\u0103tur\u0103 de st\u00e2nc\u0103 sau o pe\u0219ter\u0103.<\/p><p>Deasupra acestei figuri se executau c\u00e2ntece \u0219i invoca\u021bii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0218amanul<\/span> al\u0103pta fiin\u021ba de la subra\u021b sau de la poal\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei transmitea for\u021ba vital\u0103. Ulterior, figura era trimis\u0103 \u00een ap\u0103 sau \u00een z\u0103pad\u0103 pentru a-l c\u0103uta \u0219i ucide pe du\u0219man.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 du\u0219manul \u00eensu\u0219i era un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219aman<\/span> puternic, putea respinge Tupilak sau chiar s\u0103-l \u00eentoarc\u0103 \u00eempotriva creatorului s\u0103u, ceea ce conferea practicii un risc considerabil.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este interesant\u0103 deoarece se bazeaz\u0103 pe o teorie a anim\u0103rii r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021belor anorganice \u0219i organice, \u00eempletit\u0103 cu doctrina spiritelor ajut\u0103toare \u0219amanice. Tupilak este o form\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> constructiv\u0103, care \u00een cosmosul inuit este \u00een acela\u0219i timp permis\u0103 \u0219i moral \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103. Din perspectiv\u0103 fenomenologic\u0103 a religiei, este vorba de o form\u0103 mixt\u0103 \u00eentre magia constructiv\u0103 \u0219i \u00eensufle\u021birea unui <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>.<\/p><p>Fabricarea \u00een sine era un act primejdios. Cel descoperit risca ostracizarea social\u0103, r\u0103zbunarea din partea familiei du\u0219manului sau moartea prin propriul Tupilak. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 a riscului stabiliza ordinea social\u0103 \u0219i f\u0103cea din utilizarea Tupilak-ilor o excep\u021bie, nu o regul\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 nara\u021biunile creeaz\u0103 impresia unei practici mai frecvente.<\/p><p>\u00cen compara\u021bie cu alte practici \u0219amanice ale inui\u021bilor, fabricarea Tupilak este descris\u0103 cu deosebit\u0103 detaliere, deoarece era considerat\u0103 o anomalie periculoas\u0103 \u0219i trezea astfel un interes special al etnografilor la informatorii lor. Aceast\u0103 distorsiune a situa\u021biei surselor trebuie reflectat\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific, deoarece ea poate amplifica percep\u021bia practicii Tupilak fa\u021b\u0103 de realitatea sa efectiv\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba comparat\u0103 a religiilor<\/span>, Tupilak este citit ca parte a acelei topografii religioase circumpolere care se reg\u0103se\u0219te pe mii de kilometri cu o structur\u0103 remarcabil de constant\u0103. Aceast\u0103 stabilitate structural\u0103 este considerat\u0103 fenomenologic unul dintre cele mai remarcabile rezultate ale disciplinei \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi controversat\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici apotropaice de contracarare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cempotriva Tupilak exista un repertoriu consacrat de practici apotropaice. Cine b\u0103nuia c\u0103 un Tupilak se \u00eendrepta spre el apela la un \u0219aman care, cu ajutorul tornait-ilor s\u0103i, adic\u0103 al spiritelor ajut\u0103toare, putea intercepta Tupilak, \u00eel putea identifica \u0219i trimite \u00eenapoi.<\/p><p>Dac\u0103 Tupilak se \u00eentorcea \u00eempotriva creatorului s\u0103u, \u00eei aducea acestuia moartea preconizat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 reciprocitate constituie, din perspectiv\u0103 fenomenologic\u0103 a religiei, un tipar de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor.<\/p><p>Alte practici de protec\u021bie constau \u00een purtarea de amulete apotropaice, \u00een \u00eenchiderea intr\u0103rilor iglu-ului cu anumite rituri \u0219i \u00een respectarea regulilor generale de tabu, a c\u0103ror respectare trebuia s\u0103 sl\u0103beasc\u0103 Tupilak. Eficacitatea acestor mijloace era o tem\u0103 central\u0103 de credin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i experien\u021b\u0103, pe larg dezb\u0103tut\u0103 \u00een literatura narativ\u0103 groenlandez\u0103, alc\u0103tuind o parte considerabil\u0103 a corpusului oral.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, este remarcabil c\u0103 practica Tupilak a generat at\u00e2t discursuri ale amenin\u021b\u0103rii, c\u00e2t \u0219i ale protec\u021biei. Posibilitatea unui uz agresiv sporea importan\u021ba social\u0103 a \u0219amanilor ca instan\u021b\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u0219i stabiliza totodat\u0103 ordinea social\u0103, deoarece conflictele deschise erau \u00een general evitate. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie sociopolitic\u0103 a amenin\u021b\u0103rii cu Tupilak reprezint\u0103 un obiect de cercetare de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor \u00een sociologia religiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice \u0219i legendare despre Tupilak<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literatura narativ\u0103 din Groenlanda de est cunoa\u0219te numeroase pove\u0219ti despre Tupilak, \u00een care un Tupilak se \u00eentoarce \u00eempotriva creatorului s\u0103u, deoarece du\u0219manul vizat era prea puternic. O nara\u021biune cunoscut\u0103 relateaz\u0103 despre un \u0219aman care a \u00eendreptat un Tupilak \u00eempotriva unui rival, care \u00eens\u0103 i-a recunoscut puterea, l-a respins \u0219i l-a trimis \u00eenapoi spre expeditor. Creatorul a murit ulterior \u00een propriul iglu.<\/p><p>Alte nara\u021biuni trateaz\u0103 Tupilak-i care lovesc din gre\u0219eal\u0103 oameni nevinova\u021bi, sau Tupilak-i care nu mai pot fi controla\u021bi de creatorul lor \u0219i cutreier\u0103 tundra ca spirite v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare r\u0103t\u0103citoare.<\/p><p>Aceste nara\u021biuni nu sunt doar distractive, ci func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca avertismente etice: cine fabric\u0103 Tupilak-i \u00ee\u0219i risc\u0103 propria via\u021b\u0103. Dimensiunea didactic\u0103 a nara\u021biunilor constituie un topos propriu \u00een pedagogia religiei.<\/p><p>Nara\u021biunile despre Tupilak sunt atestate \u00een num\u0103r mare \u00een marile colec\u021bii groenlandeze, de pild\u0103 la Henrik Rink \u0219i la Mathias Storch. Ele formeaz\u0103 un gen de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor \u00een cadrul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">folclorului<\/span> inuit \u0219i constituie un corpus de surse important pentru reconstituirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a practicii \u0219amanice tradi\u021bionale \u0219i a discursului s\u0103u etic.<\/p><p>Un subgrup specific al nara\u021biunilor trateaz\u0103 Tupilak-i descri\u0219i ca hibrizi animal-spirit, care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la grani\u021ba dintre animal \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span>.<\/p><p>Acest caracter hibrid al Tupilak-ilor este un fenomen de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor din perspectiv\u0103 fenomenologic\u0103 a religiei \u0219i leag\u0103 reprezentarea Tupilak de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> general\u0103 a transform\u0103rii la inui\u021bi, \u00een care grani\u021bele dintre om, animal \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">spirit<\/span> sunt permeabile. Aici se deschide o \u00eentrebare de cercetare proprie privind construc\u021bia fiin\u021belor hibride.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la spiritul agresiv la figura sculptat\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O transformare semnificativ\u0103 a conceptului de Tupilak a \u00eenceput \u00een anii 1880 \u00een Groenlanda de est. Vizitatorii europeni \u00eei \u00eentrebau pe \u0219amani despre \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219area Tupilak-ilor. Deoarece Tupilak-ii autentici erau invizibili sau amorfi \u0219i se descompuneau imediat dup\u0103 \u00eendeplinirea misiunii lor, \u0219amanii au sculptat modele din col\u021b de mors\u0103, corn de ren \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu din piatr\u0103. Aceste modele erau obiecte demonstrative, nu Tupilak-i cu efect magic.<\/p><p>Din aceste modele s-a dezvoltat o tradi\u021bie artizanal\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare. Sculpturile contemporane groenlandeze de Tupilak \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 fiin\u021be distorsionate, hibride, cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi umane, animale \u0219i fantastice. Ele constituie un factor economic important pentru Groenlanda \u0219i sunt prezente \u00een orice comer\u021b turistic. Diversitatea estetic\u0103 este mare \u0219i reflect\u0103 creativitatea individual\u0103 a fiec\u0103rui sculptor.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 transformare este un exemplu de manual pentru profanizarea unei categorii religioase. Tupilak ca fiin\u021b\u0103 spiritual\u0103 a disp\u0103rut \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 din reprezent\u0103ri, Tupilak ca figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 este renumit \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Ambele planuri trebuie separate cu grij\u0103, dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi religia inui\u021bilor. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 este transmis\u0103 explicit \u0219i \u00een \u0219colile \u0219i muzeele groenlandeze actuale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak \u00een compara\u021bie cu alte fiin\u021be v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen compara\u021bia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, Tupilak apar\u021bine categoriei spiritelor agresive construite, atestate \u00een multe culturi. Structural \u00eenrudite sunt Golemul ebraic, <em>tuju<\/em> javanez, complexul <em>zonbi<\/em> haitian \u0219i, \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, tableta de blestem <em>katadesmos<\/em> din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antichitate<\/span>. Tuturor le este comun\u0103 construc\u021bia material\u0103 \u021bintit\u0103 a unei fiin\u021be eficace.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul circumpolar exist\u0103 paralele \u00een tradi\u021bia ciukc\u0103 \u0219i yupik, care cunosc spirite agresive fabricate, cu specificit\u0103\u021bi materiale \u0219i rituale diferite. La <a href=\"\/ro\/sami\/\">sami<\/a>, Tupilak corespunde structural fiin\u021belor spirituale sculptate care jucau un rol \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanismul<\/span> sami, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi de presupus o \u00eenrudire istoric\u0103 direct\u0103.<\/p><p>Practica Tupilak se diferen\u021biaz\u0103 de reprezent\u0103rile occidentale ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> negre prin aceea c\u0103 nu este respins\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd din punct de vedere etic. Este riscant\u0103, dar \u00een sistemul de valori inuit reprezint\u0103 o op\u021biune legitim\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 periculoas\u0103, \u00een caz de conflict. Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie etic\u0103 face practica Tupilak interesant\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 filosofico-religioas\u0103 \u0219i o distinge clar de reprezent\u0103rile cre\u0219tin-morale ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magiei<\/span> v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare.<\/p><p>Complementar, merit\u0103 semnalat\u0103 paralela cu invoca\u021biile Lamashtu mesopotamiene, \u00een care devine palpabil\u0103 tot o combina\u021bie de construc\u021bie v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare \u0219i practic\u0103 apotropaic\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesar\u0103 presupunerea unei conexiuni istorice.<\/p><p>Aceste analogii structurale constituie un c\u00e2mp de cercetare propriu \u00een discu\u021bia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre tiparele universale ale magiei v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare \u0219i o dovad\u0103 a constan\u021bei structurale a unor astfel de practici dincolo de grani\u021bele culturale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Misiune, interdic\u021bie \u0219i memorie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu misiunea pe care Hans Egede a \u00eenceput-o \u00een 1721 \u00een Groenlanda de vest \u0219i pe care au continuat-o bisericile morave \u0219i luteran-daneze, practica Tupilak a intrat sub o presiune puternic\u0103. Era considerat\u0103 diabolic\u0103, interzis\u0103 de biseric\u0103 \u0219i ostracizat\u0103 social. \u00cen Groenlanda de est, care a fost misionat\u0103 intens abia la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea, practica s-a men\u021binut cel mai mult timp.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, este greu de datat exact dispari\u021bia fabric\u0103rii autentice de Tupilak. William Thalbitzer relateaz\u0103 \u00een 1923 \u00eenc\u0103 despre persoane care \u00een tinere\u021bea lor fabricaser\u0103 Tupilak-i sau cel pu\u021bin pretindeau c\u0103 f\u0103cuser\u0103 acest lucru. \u00cen a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XX-lea, Tupilak supravie\u021buie\u0219te doar \u00een arta sculpturii \u0219i \u00een literatura narativ\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen manualele \u0219colare \u0219i \u00een muzeele din Groenlanda, tradi\u021bia Tupilak este transmis\u0103 ast\u0103zi cu grij\u0103 didactic\u0103. Diferen\u021ba dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> istoric\u0103 \u0219i arta contemporan\u0103 este marcat\u0103 \u00een mod explicit, pentru a preveni ne\u00een\u021belegerile. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 pedagogic\u0103 reprezint\u0103 un c\u00e2mp de cercetare propriu \u00een didactica religiei \u0219i un exemplu de mediere a unei istorii religioase transformate colonial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cercetarea \u0219i receptarea actual\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea actual\u0103 privind Tupilak se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 mai ales \u00een Groenlanda \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, de pild\u0103 la Greenland National Museum and Archives din Nuuk \u0219i \u00een institutele etnologice ale universit\u0103\u021bilor daneze. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne \u0219i Jens Rosing au realizat studii fundamentale despre practica Tupilak \u0219i istoria sa iconografic\u0103, recunoscute \u00een discursul interna\u021bional de cercetare.<\/p><p>Receptarea interna\u021bional\u0103 este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103. \u00cen timp ce literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 de specialitate trateaz\u0103 Tupilak ca o categorie istorico-ritual\u0103, \u00een cultura popular\u0103 domin\u0103 utilizarea sa ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> esoteric sau decorativ. Aceast\u0103 discrepan\u021b\u0103 face obiectul unei reflec\u021bii \u0219tiin\u021bifice proprii privind apropierea colonial\u0103 de religiile indigene \u0219i problematica etic\u0103 a unor astfel de apropieri.<\/p><p>\u00cen diaspora inuit\u0103, Tupilak a r\u0103mas un simbol identitar, f\u0103r\u0103 ca practica magic\u0103 s\u0103 fie revitalizat\u0103. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 atitudine, de a p\u0103stra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> dar de a abandona con\u0219tient practica, este relevant\u0103 din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific \u0219i ilustreaz\u0103 apropierea selectiv\u0103 de conceptele tradi\u021bionale \u00een formarea identit\u0103\u021bii indigene moderne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Referin\u021be \u00een lexicon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Intr\u0103ri \u00eenrudite sunt <a href=\"\/ro\/tornarssuk\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/sedna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/sila\/\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/anguta\/\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/nanook\/\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/pinga\/\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/igaluk\/\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"\/ro\/malina-inuit\/\">Malina<\/a> \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/qailertetang\/\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Hubul cultural <a href=\"\/ro\/inuit\/\">Tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103<\/a> \u00eencadreaz\u0103 istoria religioas\u0103. Spirite constructive structural similare se reg\u0103sesc \u00een seria de intr\u0103ri <a href=\"\/ro\/sami\/\">sami<\/a> \u0219i la numeroase alte tradi\u021bii din \u00eentreaga lume.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fabricarea Tupilak \u00een tradi\u021bia oral\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak nu este, \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> inuit\u0103 groenlandez\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 n\u0103scut\u0103, ci una fabricat\u0103.<\/p><p>Potrivit descrierilor provenite, printre altele, din consemn\u0103rile celei de-a Cincea Expedi\u021bii Thule conduse de Knud Rasmussen \u0219i din relat\u0103ri de c\u0103l\u0103torie mai vechi, o persoan\u0103 care voia s\u0103 v\u0103t\u0103me un alt om confec\u021biona \u00een tain\u0103 creatura din diverse materiale. Se foloseau oase, p\u0103r\u021bi animale, buc\u0103\u021bi de piei, tendoane \u0219i uneori ceva din corpul unui copil sau al unor defunc\u021bi.<\/p><p>Aceste componente erau asamblate \u00eentr-o figur\u0103 mic\u0103, adesea inform\u0103. Prin c\u00e2ntece, invoca\u021bii \u0219i, dup\u0103 unele relat\u0103ri, prin contactul cu propriul corp al creatorului, figura era \u00eensufle\u021bit\u0103. Tupilak era astfel un instrument al vr\u0103jitoriei v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare: era trimis \u00een mare pentru a c\u0103uta o anumit\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">victim\u0103<\/span> \u0219i a o ucide.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> subliniaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 Tupilak era periculos pentru propriul s\u0103u creator. Dac\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">victima<\/span> vizat\u0103 dispunea de for\u021be supranaturale mai puternice sau era ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219aman<\/span>, putea respinge Tupilak \u0219i \u00eel putea trimite \u00eenapoi. Tupilak \u00eentors \u00eel ucidea atunci pe cel care \u00eel fabricase.<\/p><p>Fabricarea era considerat\u0103 de aceea o ac\u021biune extrem de riscant\u0103 \u0219i condamnat\u0103 social. Sursele pentru aceste reprezent\u0103ri sunt \u00een totalitate consemn\u0103ri exterioare, adunate de participan\u021bi la expedi\u021bii, preo\u021bi \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103tori, \u0219i se refer\u0103 mai ales la Groenlanda de est \u0219i de vest. O practic\u0103 unitar\u0103 pentru \u00eentreaga lume inuit\u0103 nu poate fi dedus\u0103 din acestea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Figurile sculptate Tupilak \u0219i pia\u021ba de art\u0103 colonial\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai cunoscute obiecte Tupilak de ast\u0103zi sunt mici figuri sculptate din dinte, os, corn sau lemn, reprezent\u00e2nd creaturi grote\u0219ti, hibride, cu fe\u021be str\u00e2mbate. Aceste figuri nu sunt \u00eens\u0103 identice cu fiin\u021bele de vr\u0103jitorie v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103toare descrise \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> oral\u0103. Tupilak-ii originali erau obiecte ascunse, confec\u021bionate \u00een tain\u0103, pe care nimeni nu trebuia s\u0103 le vad\u0103 \u0219i care nu erau p\u0103strate dup\u0103 utilizare.<\/p><p>Figurile sculptate au ap\u0103rut abia \u00een contactul cu europenii. C\u0103l\u0103torii, misionarii \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu turi\u0219tii voiau s\u0103 \u0219tie cum arat\u0103 un Tupilak, iar groenlandezii au creat astfel reprezent\u0103ri vizibile ale a ceea ce p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci existase doar ca reprezentare mental\u0103.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnire s-a dezvoltat, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIX-lea \u0219i mai ales \u00een secolul al XX-lea, o art\u0103 sculptural\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, \u00een special \u00een Groenlanda de est, \u00een jurul localit\u0103\u021bii Ammassalik. Figurile Tupilak au devenit o component\u0103 permanent\u0103 a artizanatului groenlandez \u0219i sunt produse p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p><p>Pentru cercetare, aceast\u0103 evolu\u021bie reprezint\u0103 un caz instructiv de istorie a obiectelor marcat\u0103 colonial. Ceea ce se afl\u0103 \u00een muzee \u0219i colec\u021bii sub denumirea de Tupilak este, de regul\u0103, un produs al epocii de contact, nu o m\u0103rturie a practicii rituale precoloniale. Etnologi precum William Thalbitzer, care a cercetat Groenlanda de est la \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea, au semnalat timpuriu diferen\u021ba dintre conceptul transmis prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i figura vizibil\u0103.<\/p><p>Figurile sculptate Tupilak nu sunt totu\u0219i simple falsuri, ci o tradi\u021bie artistic\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103toare, care a transpus vechiul concept \u00eentr-o form\u0103 nou\u0103, material\u0103. La orice afirma\u021bie despre obiecte Tupilak trebuie de aceea s\u0103 se disting\u0103 dac\u0103 este vorba despre reprezentarea transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie sau despre arta sculpturii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak este considerat \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> groenlandez\u0103 un <strong>spirit al r\u0103zbun\u0103rii<\/strong> fabricat artificial, pe care un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Specialist religios c\u0103ruia i se atribuie medierea \u00eentre oameni \u0219i lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219aman<\/span> sau angakkoq \u00eel modela din oase, r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be animale \u0219i piele pentru a lovi un adversar anume.<\/p><p>Ca spirit al r\u0103zbun\u0103rii produs \u00een mod inten\u021bionat, Tupilak se distinge de fiin\u021bele spirituale care r\u0103t\u0103cesc liber \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103, deoarece este \u00eendreptat spre o persoan\u0103 concret\u0103 \u0219i, potrivit surselor, se poate \u00eentoarce \u00eempotriva propriului s\u0103u autor de \u00eendat\u0103 ce \u021binta atacat\u0103 este mai bine protejat\u0103 dec\u00e2t se anticipase.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait spirit v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103tor figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 Groenlanda de est col\u021b de mors\u0103 Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/inuit\/\">inui\u021bilor<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tupilak &#8211; Spirit agresiv fabricat artificial \u00een tradi\u021bia groenlandez\u0103 Tupilak este, \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103 groenlandez\u0103, o fiin\u021b\u0103 fabricat\u0103 artificial \u0219i utilizat\u0103 \u00een mod \u021bintit, alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021be animale \u0219i umane, cu ajutorul c\u0103reia un \u0219aman inten\u0219iona s\u0103 v\u0103t\u0103me sau s\u0103 ucid\u0103 un du\u0219man. Ast\u0103zi termenul este cunoscut pe plan interna\u021bional mai ales ca figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak inui\u021bi spirit al r\u0103zbun\u0103rii","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - Spirit al r\u0103zbun\u0103rii \u0219i figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 a inui\u021bilor","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak este spiritul r\u0103zbun\u0103rii fabricat artificial \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103 din Groenlanda, ulterior figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor \u0219i surse.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104867","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tupilak - Spirit al r\u0103zbun\u0103rii \u0219i figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103 a inui\u021bilor<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tupilak este spiritul r\u0103zbun\u0103rii fabricat artificial \u00een tradi\u021bia inuit\u0103 din Groenlanda, ulterior figur\u0103 sculptat\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor \u0219i surse.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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