{"id":104759,"date":"2026-08-04T12:24:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:24:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/padmasambhava-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:25:30","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:25:30","slug":"padmasambhava","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/padmasambhava\/","title":{"rendered":"Padmasambhava"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104759\" class=\"elementor elementor-104759 elementor-3039\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9a7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52e9a7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56d75fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56d75fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf05bfb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf05bfb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a6dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26a6dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava, \u00eentemeietorul budismului tibetan<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a21472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a21472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> tibetan\u0103, Padmasambhava este considerat maestrul tantric care a ancorat definitiv budismul \u00een Tibet \u0219i a \u00eentemeiat numeroase rituri de protec\u021bie. Padmasambhava (&#8222;Cel N\u0103scut din Lotus&#8221;), cunoscut \u00een tibetan\u0103 mai ales ca Guru Rinpoche sau Padmakara, este privit ca \u00eentemeietorul central al budismului Vajrayana tibetan.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradi\u021bia<\/span> \u00eel asociaz\u0103 cu transmiterea tantrismului indian \u00een Tibet la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al VIII-lea. \u00cen cea mai veche \u0219coal\u0103 tibetan\u0103, Nyingma, el este venerat ca &#8222;al doilea Buddha&#8221;. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, existen\u021ba sa istoric\u0103 este contestat\u0103, imaginea transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie fiind puternic suprapus\u0103 de legend\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4c9fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc4c9fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-695667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"695667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite fl\u0103m\u00e2nde \u0219i paznici ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f9eb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13f9eb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411777f elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"411777f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__411777f\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08182e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08182e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-864be76 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"864be76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3277\" alt=\"Padmasambhava - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_padmasambhava.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5748d05 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5748d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a7ae0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11a7ae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882952f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"882952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context istoric<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pu\u021binele surse contemporane men\u021bioneaz\u0103 un maestru tantric de origine indian\u0103 sau din Oddiyana, invitat \u00een Tibet pe vremea regelui Trisong Detsen (a domnit aproximativ \u00eentre 755 \u0219i 797).<\/p><p>Oddiyana este identificat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea actual\u0103 de regul\u0103 cu Valea Swat din actualul Pakistan sau cu Odisha din India de est. Regele avea nevoie de un tantrik deoarece c\u0103lug\u0103rul indian Shantarakshita \u00eent\u00e2mpinase rezisten\u021ba spiritelor locale la construirea primei m\u0103n\u0103stiri tibetane, Samye.<\/p><p>Se spune c\u0103 Padmasambhava a supus aceste spirite \u0219i le-a integrat \u00een sistemul budist ca divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare. Data fond\u0103rii m\u0103n\u0103stirii Samye este fixat\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u00een 779. David Snellgrove \u0219i Hugh Richardson (&#8222;A Cultural History of Tibet&#8221;, Londra, 1968) consider\u0103 plauzibil acest nucleu istoric, atribuind numeroasele ornamente mitologice unei elabor\u0103ri legendare ulterioare.<\/p>\n<p>Sursele cele mai detaliate, Padma Thang Yig (Cronica Padma) \u0219i Pema Kathang, sunt transmise ca &#8222;texte-comoar\u0103&#8221; (terma) ale \u0219colii descoperitorilor de comori (tert\u00f6n). Ele au fost &#8222;dezv\u0103luite&#8221; mai ales \u00een secolul al XIV-lea de Orgyen Lingpa \u0219i \u00een secolul al XVII-lea de al\u021bi descoperitori de comori.<\/p><p>Fiabilitatea istoric\u0103 a acestor texte este limitat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 impactul lor religios a fost imens. Janet Gyatso a analizat \u00een &#8222;Apparitions of the Self&#8221; (Princeton, 1998) tradi\u021bia terma ca form\u0103 proprie de autorizare religioas\u0103, \u00een care viziunile, ascunderea \u0219i redescoperirea preiau func\u021bii canonice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e027c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1e027c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0260798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na\u0219terea din lotus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebd706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ebd706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Potrivit nara\u021biunii tradi\u021bionale, Padmasambhava nu s-a n\u0103scut dintr-o mam\u0103, ci a ap\u0103rut ca un copil de opt ani pe o floare de lotus \u00een mijlocul lacului Dhanakosha, \u00een \u021binutul Oddiyana.<\/p><p>Regele Indrabhuti, care tocmai c\u0103uta pietre pre\u021bioase, neav\u00e2nd copii, l-a g\u0103sit \u0219i l-a adoptat ca fiu. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune contrasteaz\u0103 \u00een mod izbitor cu na\u0219terea uman\u0103 a lui Shakyamuni \u0219i subliniaz\u0103 statutul extraordinar al figurii.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> trebuie citit ca element tipic al hagiografiei tantrice, care plaseaz\u0103 originea &#8222;supranatural\u0103&#8221; a maestrului deasupra realit\u0103\u021bii biografice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2be71c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2be71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b10303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b10303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele opt manifest\u0103ri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6317e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6317e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia num\u0103r\u0103 opt manifest\u0103ri principale ale lui Padmasambhava, care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 diversele sale activit\u0103\u021bi \u00een diferite etape ale vie\u021bii sau \u00een situa\u021bii de iluminare.<\/p><p>Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 Guru Padma Gyalpo (cel regal), Guru Loden Chokse (cel pe deplin cunosc\u0103tor), Guru Pema Jungne (Cel N\u0103scut din Lotus), Guru Padmasambhava (manifestarea p\u0103cii), Guru Shakya Senge (Leul Shakya, \u00een \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219are de c\u0103lug\u0103r), Guru Senge Dradok (Leul Tun\u0103tor, \u00een disput\u0103 cu ereticii), Guru Nyima Ozer (Raza de Soare, ca yoghin pe cimitire), Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6 (forma m\u00e2nioas\u0103, pe o tigroaic\u0103 zbur\u0103toare).<\/p><p>Aceste opt forme constituie un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Colec\u021bia scrierilor sacre ale unei religii, recunoscut\u0103 ca autoritativ\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">canon<\/span> sistematizat care ordoneaz\u0103 diversitatea mitologic\u0103 a vie\u021bii lui Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708cb59 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"708cb59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7d36b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b7d36b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele cinci \u00eenso\u021bitoare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2616577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2616577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un rol important \u00een tradi\u021bia lui Padmasambhava \u00eel joac\u0103 cele cinci &#8222;\u00eenso\u021bitoare ale \u00een\u021belepciunii&#8221; (yum). Cele mai cunoscute sunt Yeshe Tsogyal, o regin\u0103 tibetan\u0103 considerat\u0103 principala sa discipola \u0219i iubit\u0103, \u0219i Mandarava, o prin\u021bes\u0103 indian\u0103. Yeshe Tsogyal este autoarea sau compilatoarea numeroaselor texte terma descoperite ulterior.<\/p><p>Biografia sa (&#8222;Lady of the Lotus-Born&#8221;) a fost redactat\u0103 \u00een forma cunoscut\u0103 ast\u0103zi abia \u00een secolul al XVII-lea. Cercetarea discut\u0103 dac\u0103 este vorba de o persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103 sau de o personificare religioas\u0103.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso pledeaz\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Women in Tibet&#8221; (Bloomington, 2005) pentru o lectur\u0103 nuan\u021bat\u0103, care o \u00eencadreaz\u0103 pe Yeshe Tsogyal ca figur\u0103 probabil istoric\u0103, dar puternic resemnificat\u0103 literar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f50750 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f50750\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe3315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fe3315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Textele-comoar\u0103 (terma)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a3df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39a3df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Se spune c\u0103 Padmasambhava a ascuns \u00een Tibet numeroase texte de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 destinate epocilor viitoare. Aceste &#8222;comori&#8221; (terma) pot fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een materiale (ter) \u0219i mentale (gongter). Cele materiale sunt ascunse \u00een pe\u0219teri, st\u00e2nci, statui sau cursuri de ap\u0103 \u0219i sunt redescoperite \u00een perioade de via\u021b\u0103 predestinate de descoperitori de comori predes\u00adtina\u021bi (tert\u00f6n).<\/p><p>Cele mentale sunt imprimate \u00eentr-o &#8222;stare special\u0103 a min\u021bii&#8221; care poate fi contemplat\u0103 direct. Aceast\u0103 concep\u021bie a permis genera\u021biilor ulterioare s\u0103 legitimeze noi texte de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 ca provenind nemijlocit de la Padmasambhava, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o verificare filologic\u0103 s\u0103 fie posibil\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, tradi\u021bia terma este un exemplu de tradi\u021bie textual\u0103 religioas\u0103 &#8222;deschis\u0103&#8221;, care se opune <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd fondului de scrieri recunoscut ca autoritar al unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmiterii<\/span> indiene a Tantrismului, \u00eenchis\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonic<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801c16e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801c16e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e817ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e817ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 \u0219i practic\u0103 Vajrayana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad8fb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ad8fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Con\u021binuturile doctrinare atribuite tradi\u021biei Padmasambhava cuprind \u00een primul r\u00e2nd &#8222;Marea Perfec\u021biune&#8221; (Dzogchen), ramura de transmitere considerat\u0103 sistemul suprem al \u0219colii Nyingma. Al\u0103turi de aceasta, mai multe Yoga-tantra superioare fac parte din corpusul Padmasambhava, printre care Vajrakilaya-Tantra.<\/p><p>Forma practic\u0103 este &#8222;Guru-Yoga&#8221; (Lama-Yoga), \u00een care discipolii \u00eel contempl\u0103 pe Padmasambhava ca \u00eentruchipare a tuturor Buddha, Bodhisattva \u0219i mae\u0219tri. Mantra-r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 de \u0219apte silabe &#8222;om ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum&#8221; este larg r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga practic\u0103 Nyingma \u0219i chiar \u00een \u0219colile tibetane non-Nyingma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38cfb39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"38cfb39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ada09d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ada09d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea \u00een afara Tibetului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f838d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f838d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padmasambhava este venerat \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00een regiunile cu influen\u021b\u0103 tibetan\u0103 din Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh \u0219i pe podi\u0219ul mongol. \u00cen Bhutan el este figura religioas\u0103 central\u0103; m\u0103n\u0103stirea Taktsang (&#8222;Cuibul Tigrului&#8221;), situat\u0103 pe panta abrupt\u0103 a v\u0103ii Paro, marcheaz\u0103 potrivit tradi\u021biei locul unde a meditat pe o tigroaic\u0103.<\/p><p>A opta sa \u00eencheiere a vie\u021bii \u00een &#8222;Muntele de Culoarea Cuprului&#8221; (Zangdok Palri) este considerat\u0103 un t\u0103r\u00e2m pur, care exist\u0103 \u00een paralel cu Sukhavati a lui Amitabha \u0219i reprezint\u0103 \u021binta rena\u0219terii practican\u021bilor la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"150951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7dc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb7dc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dezbaterea din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d8b2c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d8b2c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00centrebarea \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 imaginea transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie se \u00eentoarce la o persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103 nu poate primi un r\u0103spuns definitiv. Robert Mayer \u0219i Cathy Cantwell au ar\u0103tat \u00een mai multe lucr\u0103ri (&#8222;The Padmasambhava Cycle&#8221;, Oxford, 2013) c\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea cultului Padmasambhava s-a aflat \u00eentr-o str\u00e2ns\u0103 interac\u021biune cu fr\u0103m\u00e2nt\u0103rile politice din Tibet.<\/p><p>\u00cen perioadele de sl\u0103bire a puterii centrale, importan\u021ba lui Padmasambhava a crescut, \u00eentruc\u00e2t el putea oferi o identitate dincolo de structurile dinastice, ca patron protector translocal al Tibetului. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie explic\u0103 par\u021bial de ce tradi\u021bia Padmasambhava a cunoscut o extindere at\u00e2t de mare tocmai \u00een &#8222;veacurile \u00eentunecate&#8221; de dup\u0103 destr\u0103marea Imperiului Yarlung \u00een secolul al IX-lea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fba3c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fba3c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca67a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ca67a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcc19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Padma Thang Yig (Cronica Padma), atribuit\u0103 lui Orgyen Lingpa; Pema Kathang; Bardo Th\u00f6dol (Cartea Tibetan\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor, al c\u0103rei colofonul este atribuit lui Padmasambhava); Vajrakilaya-Tantra.<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: David Snellgrove \u0219i Hugh Richardson, &#8222;A Cultural History of Tibet&#8221;, Londra, 1968; David Snellgrove, &#8222;Indo-Tibetan Buddhism&#8221;, Londra, 1987; Janet Gyatso, &#8222;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, Princeton, 1998; Cathy Cantwell \u0219i Robert Mayer, &#8222;The Padmasambhava Cycle&#8221;, Oxford, 2013; Robert Buswell \u0219i Donald Lopez, &#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton, 2014; Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8222;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart, 2002.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f489c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f489c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50de9c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50de9c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samye \u0219i \"cele trei giuvaeruri\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a016ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a016ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u0103n\u0103stirea Samye, situat\u0103 la aproximativ 50 de kilometri sud-est de Lhasa, este prima m\u0103n\u0103stire tibetan\u0103 \u0219i este considerat\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie opera lui Padmasambhava, a lui Shantarakshita \u0219i a regelui Trisong Detsen.<\/p><p>Acest trio (&#8222;cele trei giuvaeruri&#8221;, ston pa gsum) este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd fondului de scrieri recunoscut ca autoritar al unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonic<\/span> \u00een memoria religioas\u0103 tibetan\u0103; el reprezint\u0103 \u00eembinarea dintre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magia<\/span> tantric\u0103 (Padmasambhava), disciplina monahal\u0103 (Shantarakshita) \u0219i puterea regal\u0103 (Trisong Detsen).<\/p><p>M\u0103n\u0103stirea este conceput\u0103 dup\u0103 modelul m\u0103n\u0103stirii indiene Odantapuri; planul ei formeaz\u0103 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagram\u0103 circular\u0103 care \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism reprezint\u0103 cosmosul.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Muntelui Meru \u00een centru, patru capele principale pe punctele cardinale \u0219i un zid de incint\u0103 cu 108 stupa.<\/p><p>A fost restaurat\u0103 de mai multe ori dup\u0103 diverse distrugeri, ultima oar\u0103 \u00een urma revoltei din 1959. Renumitul &#8222;Conciliu de la Samye&#8221; (792-794) a tran\u0219at \u00een favoarea formei indiene a budismului fa\u021b\u0103 de cea chinez\u0103, stabilind orientarea pe termen lung a budismului tibetan spre tradi\u021bia tantric\u0103 indian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8734ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8734ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb26340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb26340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liniile de transmitere<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd23e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fd23e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liniile de transmitere a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turilor lui Padmasambhava (man ngag) se \u00eempart \u00een trei ramuri principale. &#8222;Linia lung\u0103&#8221; (ring brgyud) merge de la Padmasambhava, prin principalii discipoli istorici, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, prin transmitere oral\u0103 ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103. &#8222;Linia scurt\u0103&#8221; (nye brgyud) trece prin descoperitorii de comori (tert\u00f6n), care stabilesc contact direct cu Padmasambhava \u00een viziuni, scurt\u00e2nd astfel calea transmiterii.<\/p><p>&#8222;Linia viziunii pure&#8221; (dag snang brgyud), \u00een care mae\u0219trii primesc instruc\u021biuni directe pe baza contempla\u021biei de puritate. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 tripartit\u0103 este o construc\u021bie tibetan\u0103 caracteristic\u0103, care integreaz\u0103 viziunile, descoperirile de comori \u0219i transmiterea oral\u0103 \u00eentr-un sistem unitar. \u0218coala Karma-Kagy\u00fc, Sakya, Gelug \u0219i mai ales Nyingma cultiv\u0103 fiecare propriile linii Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8cb80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd8cb80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f063a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f063a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cei dou\u0103zeci de Sad-Mahasiddha<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6733e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6733e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Se spune c\u0103 Padmasambhava a fost maestrul a dou\u0103zeci de &#8222;Mahasiddha&#8221;, adic\u0103 yoghini tantrici cu cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 realizare. Ace\u0219tia sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi de obicei \u00een dou\u0103 grupe: &#8222;externi&#8221; (discipoli \u00een Tibet) \u0219i &#8222;interni&#8221; (colegi de studiu \u00een India). Primul grup \u00eei cuprinde pe Yeshe Tsogyal, Vairochana, Nyak Jnanakumara, Drogmi Palgi Yeshe \u0219i al\u021bi yoghini tibetani documenta\u021bi istoric din secolele al VIII-lea \u0219i al IX-lea.<\/p><p>Acest grup este relativ bine atestat din perspectiva istoriei religiilor; textele din colec\u021bia Dunhuang (secolele VIII-X), provenind din pe\u0219terile de la Dunhuang, confirm\u0103 unele dintre aceste nume. Janet Gyatso \u0219i Sam van Schaik au analizat \u00een mai multe studii rela\u021bia dintre descoperirile de la Dunhuang \u0219i hagiografia tibetan\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c4b2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a8c4b2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d67f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d67f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava \u0219i Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d615a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d615a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8222;Cartea Tibetan\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor&#8221; (Bardo Th\u00f6dol), al c\u0103rei colofonul este atribuit lui Padmasambhava, este una dintre cele mai cunoscute lucr\u0103ri ale literaturii religioase tibetane \u00een Occident.<\/p><p>Potrivit concep\u021biei tradi\u021bionale, textul a fost compus de Padmasambhava, ascuns de Yeshe Tsogyal \u0219i redescoperit \u00een secolul al XIV-lea de Karma Lingpa ca terma. Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, atribuirea c\u0103tre Padmasambhava este incert\u0103; textul \u00een forma sa actual\u0103 este o compila\u021bie de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XIV-lea.<\/p><p>El descrie fazele prin care con\u0219tiin\u021ba trece dup\u0103 moarte \u0219i ofer\u0103 instruc\u021biuni despre cum muribundul sau apropia\u021bii pot sprijini c\u0103l\u0103toria con\u0219tiin\u021bei prin st\u0103rile intermediare (bardo).<\/p><p>Prima traducere englez\u0103 a lui Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford, 1927) a avut un impact considerabil asupra spiritualit\u0103\u021bii occidentale, dar nu mai este actual\u0103 din punct de vedere filologic. O edi\u021bie englez\u0103 modern\u0103 \u0219i fiabil\u0103 a fost publicat\u0103 de Robert Thurman \u00een 1994.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b544069\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fcc070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma m\u00e2nioas\u0103 Dorje Drol\u00f6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8569b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8569b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele opt manifest\u0103ri principale ale lui Padmasambhava, Guru Dorje Drol\u00f6, a atras o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 \u00een religiozitatea tibetan\u0103 modern\u0103. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 m\u00e2nioas\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Padmasambhava c\u0103l\u0103rind o tigroaic\u0103 zbur\u0103toare \u0219i \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103, cu pielea de culoare ro\u0219u-\u00eenchis, trei ochi \u0219i o vajra-phurpa ca arm\u0103.<\/p><p>Modelul iconografic provine din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia<\/span> potrivit c\u0103reia Padmasambhava a fondat \u00een aceast\u0103 form\u0103 m\u0103n\u0103stirea Paro Taktsang (&#8222;Cuibul Tigrului&#8221;) din Bhutan, construit\u0103 pe un pov\u00e2rni\u0219 abrupt deasupra v\u0103ii Paro.<\/p><p>Venerarea lui Dorje Drol\u00f6 este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 mai ales \u00een Bhutan \u0219i \u00een provinciile tibetane de est. Ea \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 for\u021ba transformatoare cu care Padmasambhava converte\u0219te for\u021bele ostile \u00een paznici protectori.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d51bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"65d51bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79206f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79206f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padma bka' thang ca surs\u0103 principal\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04fb02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04fb02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8222;Padma bka&#8217; thang&#8221; (Cartea Cuvintelor lui Padmasambhava) este hagiografia cea mai detaliat\u0103 a maestrului. A fost descoperit\u0103 de Orgyan Lingpa \u00een secolul al XIV-lea ca terma (text-comoar\u0103 ascuns) \u0219i con\u021bine 108 capitole care descriu na\u0219terea, activitatea de predare, faptele minunate \u0219i plecarea lui Padmasambhava. Cercetarea realizat\u0103 de Anne-Marie Blondeau \u0219i Matthew Kapstein a examinat stratificarea textual\u0103 a acestei surse.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce straturile mai vechi dateaz\u0103 din secolele XI-XII, multe nara\u021biuni miraculoase sunt ad\u0103ugiri ale liniilor terma ulterioare. Sursa paralel\u0103 &#8222;Pema Kathang Yiges Cinma&#8221; (\u0218apte Capitole) a lui Sangye Lingpa (sec. al XIV-lea) ofer\u0103 un strat narativ alternativ. Ambele texte sunt recitate liturgic p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een Himalaya de vest \u0219i \u00een Sikkim, mai ales \u00een timpul festivalurilor Tsechu din Bhutan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afb269 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afb269\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ed18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a47ed18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele opt manifest\u0103ri \u00een detaliu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcab2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcab2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele opt forme de manifestare ale lui Padmasambhava (gu ru mtshan brgyad) sunt: Guru Tsokye Dorje (n\u0103scut \u00een lotus), Guru Shakya Senge (\u00een form\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103r), Guru Padmasambhava (\u00een palatul lui Indrabhuti), Guru Padmakara (\u00een faza practicii), Guru Dorje Drolo (forma m\u00e2nioas\u0103), Guru Nyima \u00d6zer (\u00een radia\u021bia budist\u0103), Guru Senge Dradok (Vocea Leului) \u0219i Guru Loden Choksey (cel al etapei finale a vie\u021bii).<\/p><p>Fiecare manifestare corespunde unei faze de predare \u0219i unui accent practic. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 octupl\u0103 a fost codificat\u0103 \u00een secolul al XII-lea \u0219i este standardizat\u0103 \u00een picturile murale ale templelor tibetane. Nu \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor, ea corespunde celor opt mari Bodhisattva din Mahayana. Roger Jackson a interpretat aceast\u0103 analogie structural\u0103 ca o inculturare deliberat\u0103 a schemei indiene Bodhisattva \u00een doctrina tibetan\u0103 despre guru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91bea2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c91bea2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57c1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b57c1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yeshe Tsogyal ca scrib\u0103 \u0219i co-predicatoare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd743ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd743ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yeshe Tsogyal (aproximativ 757-817), \u00eenso\u021bitoarea spiritual\u0103 \u0219i principala discipol\u0103 a lui Padmasambhava, este considerat\u0103 scrib\u0103 a celor mai importante texte terma. Se spune c\u0103, cu for\u021ba memoriei sale, a consemnat toate \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile lui Padmasambhava \u0219i le-a ascuns par\u021bial \u00een st\u00e2nci, lacuri \u0219i \u00een fluxul mental al viitoarelor sale rena\u0219t\u0435\u0440\u0456.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso (&#8222;Apparitions of the Self&#8221;, Princeton, 1998) a analizat func\u021bia lui Yeshe Tsogyal ca model pentru clasa tert\u00f6n-femeilor ap\u0103rut\u0103 ulterior.<\/p><p>Hagiografia sa &#8222;Mkha&#8217; &#8216;gro ye shes mtsho rgyal gyi rnam thar&#8221; a fost revelat\u0103 ca terma de Taksham Nuden Dorje \u0219i este una dintre pu\u021binele biografii feminine detaliate din literatura religioas\u0103 tibetan\u0103. Ea combin\u0103 elemente biografice cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> vizionar\u0103, ocup\u00e2nd astfel o pozi\u021bie aparte \u00een istoria literaturii tibetane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d06cb12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d06cb12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0f880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0f880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bia terma \u0219i problema autenticit\u0103\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia terma, pilonul central al \u0219colii Nyingma, se \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 pe premisa c\u0103 Padmasambhava \u0219i Yeshe Tsogyal au ascuns \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi destinate s\u0103 fie redescoperite la momente ulterioare de &#8222;descoperitori de comori&#8221; (Tert\u00f6n) predestina\u021bi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a produs din secolul al XI-lea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea un strat propriu de literatur\u0103 budist\u0103. Problema autenticit\u0103\u021bii este dezb\u0103tut\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00een interiorul tradi\u021biei, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso a argumentat \u00een &#8222;Apparitions of the Self&#8221; c\u0103 textele terma trebuie distinse \u00een &#8222;terma p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti&#8221; (sa gter, descoperiri materiale) \u0219i &#8222;terma ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O entitate incorporal\u0103 c\u0103reia i se atribuie efecte \u00een lume.\" tabindex=\"0\">min\u021bii<\/span>&#8221; (dgongs gter, revela\u021bii vizionare).<\/p><p>Ambele categorii reclam\u0103 metode filologice \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bifice diferite. Ronald Davidson (&#8222;Tibetan Renaissance&#8221;, New York, 2005) a plasat tradi\u021bia terma \u00een contextul mai larg al construirii identit\u0103\u021bii tibetane, care a debutat \u00een secolul al XI-lea dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u0219irea Imperiului Yarlung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00aa18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e00aa18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59e7d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59e7d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Padmasambhava \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile despre Bardo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4394f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4394f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un pilon central al tradi\u021biei Padmasambhava este doctrina despre Bardo, starea intermediar\u0103 dintre moarte \u0219i rena\u0219tere. &#8222;Bardo Th\u00f6dol&#8221; (Eliberarea prin Ascultare \u00een Starea Intermediar\u0103, cunoscut \u00een Occident ca &#8222;Cartea Tibetan\u0103 a Mor\u021bilor&#8221;) este transmis ca terma al lui Padmasambhava, descoperit de Karma Lingpa \u00een secolul al XIV-lea.<\/p><p>Textul descrie \u0219ase faze Bardo \u00een care con\u0219tiin\u021ba are posibilitatea de a face ultimii pa\u0219i spre eliberare.<\/p><p>Bryan Cuevas (&#8222;The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead&#8221;, Oxford, 2003) a reconstruit \u00een detaliu istoria textual\u0103 \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 lucrarea a devenit cunoscut\u0103 \u00een Occident abia prin Walter Y. Evans-Wentz (1927) \u0219i traducerea realizat\u0103 \u00een colaborare cu Kazi Dawa Samdup.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 receptare occidental\u0103 a generat o tradi\u021bie proprie de interpretare a Bardo, nu \u00eentotdeauna compatibil\u0103 cu practica tradi\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542e57d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"542e57d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd3e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd3e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cei cinci regi tert\u00f6n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6707d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6707d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 cunoa\u0219te cinci &#8222;regi tert\u00f6n&#8221; (gter ston rgyal po lnga), considera\u021bi cei mai importan\u021bi descoperitori de comori: Nyangrel Nyima \u00d6zer (1124-1192), Guru Ch\u00f6wang (1212-1270), Dorje Lingpa (1346-1405), Padma Lingpa (1450-1521) \u0219i Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892).<\/p><p>\u00cempreun\u0103 au redescoperit mii de texte \u0219i tradi\u021bii de practic\u0103. Modul de num\u0103r\u0103toare variaz\u0103 \u00een surse, unele \u0219coli ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd \u0219i alte nume precum Sangye Lingpa, Ratna Lingpa sau Orgyen Lingpa. Aceast\u0103 linie tert\u00f6n nu se \u00een\u021belege ca o succesiune apostolic\u0103, ci ca o serie de redescoperitori predestina\u021bi, al c\u0103ror karma a fost orientat spre aceast\u0103 func\u021bie \u00eenc\u0103 din epoca lui Padmasambhava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d745c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d745c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"957a0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d276cda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d276cda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A fost Padmasambhava o persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103?<\/strong> Nucleul istoric este plauzibil: un maestru tantric indian sau din Asia Central\u0103 care a venit \u00een Tibet la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al VIII-lea. Biografia elaborat\u0103 este \u00eens\u0103 puternic suprapus\u0103 de legend\u0103 \u0219i nu poate fi verificat\u0103 istoric \u00een cele mai multe detalii.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce sunt terma?<\/strong> &#8222;Comori&#8221;, texte de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 sau obiecte pe care, potrivit tradi\u021biei, Padmasambhava le-a ascuns \u0219i care sunt redescoperite ulterior de descoperitori de comori predestina\u021bi (tert\u00f6n). Ele formeaz\u0103 o parte important\u0103 a tradi\u021biei de predare Nyingma.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> lui Padmasambhava?<\/strong> &#8222;Om ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum&#8221; \u00eenseamn\u0103 aproximativ &#8222;om ah hum, maestru diamant lotus, acord\u0103 realizarea, hum&#8221;. Este una dintre cele mai importante mantre din budismul tibetan \u0219i este recitat\u0103 \u00een practica Guru-Yoga.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unde locuie\u0219te Padmasambhava ast\u0103zi, potrivit tradi\u021biei?<\/strong> \u00cen lumea pur\u0103 a &#8222;Muntelui de Culoarea Cuprului&#8221; (Zangdok Palri), care exist\u0103 \u00een paralel cu lumea uman\u0103. Practican\u021bii sper\u0103 s\u0103 se renasc\u0103 acolo la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Padmasambhava, \u00eentemeietorul budismului tibetan \u00cen tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103, Padmasambhava este considerat maestrul tantric care a ancorat definitiv budismul \u00een Tibet \u0219i a \u00eentemeiat numeroase rituri de protec\u021bie. Padmasambhava (&#8222;Cel N\u0103scut din Lotus&#8221;), cunoscut \u00een tibetan\u0103 mai ales ca Guru Rinpoche sau Padmakara, este privit ca \u00eentemeietorul central al budismului Vajrayana tibetan. Tradi\u021bia \u00eel asociaz\u0103 cu transmiterea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3277,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Padmasambhava","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Padmasambhava - Maestrul tantric al Tibetului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), maestrul tantric n\u0103scut din lotus, a adus budismul \u00een Tibet \u00een sec. al VIII-lea. 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