{"id":104748,"date":"2026-08-04T12:23:44","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:23:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/dumuzi-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:24:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:24:23","slug":"dumuzi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/dumuzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Dumuzi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104748\" class=\"elementor elementor-104748 elementor-3019\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff8091 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bff8091\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ab6452 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ab6452\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c235633 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c235633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6d68c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b6d68c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dumuzi, zeu mesopotamian al ciobanilor \u0219i al vegeta\u021biei<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3da3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d3da3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi este un zeu mesopotamian al ciobanilor \u0219i al vegeta\u021biei, a c\u0103rui moarte \u0219i revenire oglindesc schimbarea anotimpurilor. Dumuzi, \u00een forma akkadian\u0103 Tammuz, este un zeu-cioban mesopotamian antic, so\u021b t\u00e2n\u0103r al zei\u021beiInanna (I\u0219tar) \u0219i o figur\u0103 central\u0103 \u00een nara\u021biunile despre moarte \u0219i revenire din religia mesopotamian\u0103 veche.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> s\u0103u, care trateaz\u0103 cobor\u00e2rea sa ciclic\u0103 \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 \u0219i revenirea sa par\u021bial\u0103 \u00een lumea celor vii, se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai impresionante texte ale literaturii sumeriene vechi \u0219i a influen\u021bat reprezent\u0103rile religioase ale \u00eentregului Orient Apropiat antic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7281f62 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7281f62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83518db elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"83518db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate - Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (cca. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec397f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec397f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cc6dd4 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"0cc6dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__0cc6dd4\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5c46a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5c46a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c3eae iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3c3eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3248\" alt=\"Dumuzi - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_dumuzi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5200572 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5200572\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-132083b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"132083b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04820bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04820bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-303e748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"303e748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi este atestat \u00een textele sumeriene vechi ca zeu-cioban care protejeaz\u0103 turma \u0219i, prin aceasta, bazele de trai ale popula\u021biei rurale. Numele s\u0103u \u00eenseamn\u0103 &#8222;fiul credincios&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen listele regale ale Sumerului timpuriu, el este men\u021bionat ca rege mitic al ora\u0219ului Bad-Tibira, unul dintre ora\u0219ele dinaintea marelui potop. Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie regal\u0103 \u00eel leag\u0103 str\u00e2ns de concep\u021bia politic\u0103 de sine a ora\u0219elor-stat sumeriene vechi.<\/p>\n<p>Cel mai important context mitic al s\u0103u este rela\u021bia cu Inanna, zei\u021ba iubirii, a r\u0103zboiului \u0219i a fertilit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen c\u00e2ntecele de dragoste &#8222;Dumuzi \u0219i Inanna&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Nunta Inanei&#8221; este descris\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea de curtenie a celor doi zei \u00eentr-un limbaj corporal-erotic.<\/p><p>Textele sunt importante din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece dezvolt\u0103 conceptul unei alegorii nup\u021biale \u00eentre zei, \u00een care fertilitatea anual\u0103 \u0219i ordinea cosmic\u0103 sunt \u00eempletite.<\/p>\n<p>Nara\u021biunea central\u0103 despre Dumuzi este c\u00e2ntecul &#8222;Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221;. Inanna coboar\u0103 \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia surorii sale Ereskigal, este ucis\u0103 acolo \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 readus\u0103 la via\u021b\u0103, dar numai cu condi\u021bia s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 un \u00eenlocuitor. Ea \u00eel alege pe Dumuzi, care st\u0103tea nep\u0103s\u0103tor pe tronul ei \u00een loc s\u0103 pl\u00e2ng\u0103.<\/p><p>Demonii galla \u00eel t\u00e2r\u0103sc \u00een lumea subteran\u0103. Sora sa Geshtinanna, o zei\u021b\u0103 a vi\u021bei-de-vie, se ofer\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 o parte din an, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t Dumuzi \u0219i Geshtinanna s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00een alternan\u021b\u0103 anual\u0103 \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 \u0219i \u00een lumea celor vii.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune se leag\u0103 de calendarul agrar: Dumuzi era considerat un zeu t\u00e2n\u0103r al vegeta\u021biei, a c\u0103rui dec\u0103dere \u00een vara secetoas\u0103 era \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de ritualuri zgomotoase de jale, iar \u00eentoarcerea sa prim\u0103vara era celebrat\u0103 cu s\u0103rb\u0103tori.<\/p><p>Forma est-semitic\u0103 Tammuz a dat numele lunii din calendarul evreiesc, iar \u00een cartea biblic\u0103 a lui Ezechiel sunt men\u021bionate femei care \u00eel pl\u00e2ngeau pe Tammuz la Ierusalim, ceea ce atest\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea cultului dincolo de Mesopotamia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72dca9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72dca9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c5362d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c5362d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a4e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45a4e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi apare \u00een art\u0103 ca un b\u0103rbat t\u00e2n\u0103r, f\u0103r\u0103 barb\u0103, cu toiag de cioban \u0219i turm\u0103 de miei. \u00cen unele reprezent\u0103ri poart\u0103 un \u0219or\u021b scurt, \u00een altele un ve\u0219m\u00e2nt festiv de nunt\u0103, aluzie la func\u021bia sa \u00een ritualurile nup\u021biale cu Inanna. Pe amprentele de sigilii st\u0103 adesea l\u00e2ng\u0103 o femeie identificat\u0103 ca Inanna prin coroana cu coarne \u0219i podoabe.<\/p>\n<p>Mielul este cel mai important animal-simbol al s\u0103u. \u00cel marcheaz\u0103 drept patron al cre\u0219terii oilor, care juca un rol central \u00een economia mesopotamian\u0103. L\u00e2na, laptele \u0219i carnea erau bunuri economice importante, motiv pentru care zeul-cioban ocupa o pozi\u021bie important\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span>.<\/p><p>Fra\u021bii lui Dumuzi, precum zeul-agricultor Enkimdu, sunt pu\u0219i \u00een competi\u021bie cu el \u00eentr-un dialog polemic sumerian vechi, \u00een care Inanna \u00eel alege \u00een cele din urm\u0103 pe cioban.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u021ba-de-vie este un atribut asociat mai degrab\u0103 surorii sale Geshtinanna, dar care, prin leg\u0103tura mitic\u0103 str\u00e2ns\u0103 dintre cei doi fra\u021bi, a trecut \u0219i asupra lui Dumuzi.<\/p><p>\u00cen unele texte, Dumuzi apare ca degust\u0103tor de vinuri \u0219i d\u0103ruitor de b\u0103uturi spirtoase. Alte plante asociate lui sunt speciile de stuf din mla\u0219tini, unde, potrivit tradi\u021biei sumeriene vechi, caut\u0103 ad\u0103post de demonii galla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aab866e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aab866e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d56ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d56ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-319c743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"319c743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Dumuzi avea dou\u0103 puncte culminante anuale: s\u0103rb\u0103toarea nun\u021bii cu Inanna prim\u0103vara \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea jelirii \u00een miezul verii.<\/p><p>La s\u0103rb\u0103toarea nun\u021bii, a c\u0103s\u0103toriei sacre sau hieros gamos, se practicau probabil uniuni rituale \u00eentre o preoteas\u0103 \u0219i conduc\u0103tor, care reconstituiau simbolic nunta dintre Inanna \u0219i Dumuzi. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este atestat\u0103 pentru mai multe ora\u0219e-stat sumeriene, \u00een special pentru Uruk, Isin \u0219i Larsa.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103rb\u0103toarea jelirii din miezul verii, \u00een luna Du&#8217;uzu (Tammuz), \u00eenso\u021bea ve\u0219tejirea vegeta\u021biei. Femeile \u00eel pl\u00e2ngeau public pe zeul-cioban decedat, c\u00e2ntau c\u00e2ntece de jale \u0219i aduceau mici ofrande. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a jelirii este p\u0103strat\u0103 literar \u00een texte precum &#8222;Jelire pentru Dumuzi&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;C\u00e2ntecele de jale ale Inanei&#8221;, unele \u00een limbaj sumerian de o mare poeticitate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Bad-Tibira, unul dintre ora\u0219ele sumeriene vechi, Dumuzi era zeul cet\u0103\u021bii. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> s\u0103u era E-mush, &#8222;Casa \u0218arpelui&#8221;, o trimitere la stratul chtonian al vener\u0103rii. La Uruk, principalul centru de cult al Inanei, Dumuzi era venerat al\u0103turi de ea \u0219i integrat \u00een ritualul festiv. Urme ale cultului s\u0103u sunt atestate \u0219i \u00een Akkad, Babilon \u0219i Nippur.<\/p>\n<p>Forma est-semitic\u0103 Tammuz a fost venerat\u0103 \u00een epoc\u0103 t\u00e2rzie cu mult dincolo de Mesopotamia. \u00cen spa\u021biul levantin, el s-a contopit par\u021bial cu Adonis, t\u00e2n\u0103rul zeu grec al vegeta\u021biei.<\/p><p>\u00cen religia fenician\u0103 \u0219i sirian\u0103 se practicau s\u0103rb\u0103tori de jelire comparabile. Luna Tammuz din calendarul evreiesc, \u00een care este comemorat\u0103 \u0219i asediul Ierusalimului la 17 Tammuz, reprezint\u0103 ultima urm\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 a cultului s\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25eda4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d25eda4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed01dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ed01dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8399e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af8399e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8222;Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221; este cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> al lui Dumuzi. Inanna decide s\u0103 coboare \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 la sora sa Ereskigal, fie din doliu pentru moartea so\u021bului lui Ereskigal, fie din dorin\u021ba de a st\u0103p\u00e2ni lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>Trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin \u0219apte por\u021bi, la fiecare pred\u00e2nd c\u00e2te o bijuterie sau un ve\u0219m\u00e2nt. Goal\u0103 \u0219i dezbr\u0103cat\u0103 ajunge la tronul lui Ereskigal, care o ucide imediat. Trei zile \u0219i trei nop\u021bi le\u0219ul ei at\u00e2rn\u0103 de un c\u00e2rlig.<\/p><p>Cu ajutorul lui Enki, zeul \u00een\u021belepciunii, ea este readus\u0103 la via\u021b\u0103, dar legile lumii subterane cer un \u00eenlocuitor. Inanna caut\u0103 prin tot \u021binutul. La Dumuzi \u00eel g\u0103se\u0219te pe tronul ei, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een straie pre\u021bioase \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 doliu pentru moartea ei. \u00cel pred\u0103 demonilor galla.<\/p><p>Dumuzi \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 fug\u0103, este transformat \u00eentr-o broasc\u0103 \u0219i \u00eentr-un \u0219arpe, dar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 capturat. Sora sa Geshtinanna \u00eei convinge pe zei s\u0103 preia \u00een locul lui o jum\u0103tate din perioad\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t cei doi fra\u021bi s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00een alternan\u021b\u0103 anual\u0103 \u00een lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>O a doua nara\u021biune, &#8222;Visul lui Dumuzi&#8221;, relateaz\u0103 un presentiment al zeului-cioban. El viseaz\u0103 despre moartea sa iminent\u0103 \u0219i caut\u0103 ad\u0103post \u00een step\u0103, dar este urm\u0103rit de demonii galla \u0219i \u00een cele din urm\u0103 prins.<\/p><p>Sora sa Geshtinanna este invocat\u0103, dar nu \u00eel poate salva, ci doar \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi soarta. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune condenseaz\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> destinului de neevitat \u0219i al loialit\u0103\u021bii fraterne.<\/p>\n<p>O a treia nara\u021biune este &#8222;Dumuzi \u0219i Enkimdu&#8221;. Inanna trebuie s\u0103 aleag\u0103 \u00eentre Dumuzi, ciobanul, \u0219i Enkimdu, agricultorul. Ambii o curteaz\u0103, \u0219i se na\u0219te un dialog polemic.<\/p><p>Inanna se decide, nu f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare, pentru ciobanul Dumuzi. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune face parte din genul &#8222;dialogurilor polemice&#8221;, un gen literar sumerian vechi care trateaz\u0103 comparativ adesea dou\u0103 aspecte ale economiei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e5f91 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88e5f91\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcfe98f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcfe98f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f511806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f511806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dumuzi este fiul lui Sirtur (\u00een unele texte \u0219i Duttur), o zei\u021b\u0103-mam\u0103 a oilor, \u0219i fratele lui Geshtinanna, zei\u021ba vi\u021bei-de-vie. Cea mai important\u0103 rela\u021bie a sa este cu Inanna, zei\u021ba iubirii \u0219i a r\u0103zboiului. Aceast\u0103 rela\u021bie este deopotriv\u0103 erotic\u0103, agrar\u0103 \u0219i cosmic\u0103 \u0219i st\u0103 \u00een centrul mai multor texte mitice.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Ereskigal, zei\u021ba lumii subterane \u0219i sora Inanei, Dumuzi este legat numai indirect, prin prezen\u021ba sa ciclic\u0103 \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia ei. Cu Enkimdu, zeul-agricultor, se afl\u0103 \u00een competi\u021bie mitic\u0103, care \u00eens\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> sumerian\u0103 veche nu duce la ruperea func\u021biei economice comune.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> mai larg, Dumuzi \u00eemparte cu Damu, un alt zeu al vindec\u0103rii \u0219i al vegeta\u021biei, multe tr\u0103s\u0103turi. \u00cen texte t\u00e2rzii, cei doi zei au fost par\u021bial contopiti. \u00cen tradi\u021bia siriano-vest-semitic\u0103, el a fost identificat cu Adonis, iar \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismul<\/span> t\u00e2rziu-antic cu Osiris \u00een mituri ale vegeta\u021biei comparabile.<\/p>\n<p>Dumuzi se afl\u0103 \u00een str\u00e2ns\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Damu, un zeu vindec\u0103tor din Isin, pe care mama sa Ninisinna \u00eel jele\u0219te ca fiu pierdut. Lamenta\u021biile pentru Damu sunt par\u021bial \u00eempletite cu cele pentru Dumuzi, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t cele dou\u0103 figuri divine sunt uneori greu de separat. Acest fenomen al fuziunii lamenta\u021biilor a fost interpretat de Mark Cohen \u0219i Andrew George ca urmare a unui transfer liturgic regional.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Ningishzida, un zeu al lumii subterane \u0219i portar al palatului lui Anu, Dumuzi are un rol dublu singular: ambii sunt desemna\u021bi \u00een unele texte drept por\u021bi ale lumii lui Anu \u0219i sunt invoca\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103 de Adapa. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 identitate este o manifestare a concep\u021biei mesopotamiene c\u0103 poarta dintre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte este p\u0103zit\u0103 \u00een comun de mai mul\u021bi zei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3984e39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3984e39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e65b92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e65b92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ffa98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55ffa98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span> despre Dumuzi \u0219i Inanna se num\u0103r\u0103 printre textele mesopotamiene vechi cel mai frecvent citate \u00een istoria modern\u0103 a religiilor.<\/p><p>James George Frazer l-a tratat pe Dumuzi-Tammuz pe larg \u00een lucrarea sa &#8222;The Golden Bough&#8221;, \u00een care l-a analizat ca exemplu de divinit\u0103\u021bi ale vegeta\u021biei care mor \u0219i \u00eenviesc, al\u0103turi de Adonis, Attis \u0219i Osiris. Aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie comparativ\u0103 este ast\u0103zi disputat\u0103 metodologic, dar a marcat profund \u00een\u021belegerea modern\u0103 a religiei orientului antic.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen receptarea psihanalitic\u0103 a secolului al XX-lea, cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 a fost interpretat\u0103 ca imagine a procesului de ini\u021biere \u0219i maturizare. Sylvia Brinton Perera \u0219i al\u021bii au citit textul ca nara\u021biune arhetipal\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei feminine.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cultura popular\u0103, Tammuz apare \u00een romane, jocuri \u0219i piese muzicale, adesea ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O imagine concret\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 un g\u00e2nd abstract.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al tinere\u021bii pierdute sau al re\u00eennoirii ciclice. \u00cen cercetarea biblic\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Tammuz este discutat ca fundal al mai multor forme de jale \u0219i doliu care au intrat ulterior \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00e2nduiala fixat\u0103 a slujbei divine a unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> iudaic\u0103 \u0219i cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Toposul jelirii lui Tammuz este profund \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinat \u00een tradi\u021bia iudeo-cre\u0219tin\u0103. Ieronim relateaz\u0103 \u00een scrisoarea sa 58 c\u0103tre Paulinus de Nola c\u0103 bocetul de doliu pentru Tammuz era practicat \u00eenc\u0103 pe vremea sa (secolul al IV-lea d.Hr.) \u00een satele siriene din jurul Betleemului.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 atestare t\u00e2rzie leag\u0103 zeul mesopotamian al vegeta\u021biei de bocetul cre\u0219tin nascent al Vinerii Mari. Hans-Peter Mathys a examinat \u00een mai multe studii linia de la jelirea lui Tammuz la ritul Vinerii Mari \u0219i a semnalat paralele din istoria religiilor, f\u0103r\u0103 a postula o dependen\u021b\u0103 direct\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen lirica modern\u0103, T. S. Eliot a folosit complexul Dumuzi-Tammuz \u00een &#8222;The Waste Land&#8221; (1922) ca topos de fundal. Leg\u0103tura dintre &#8222;Golden Bough&#8221; a lui Frazer, p\u0103m\u00e2ntul inundat-secetos \u0219i regele-pescar muribund conduce direct \u00eenapoi la linia lui Dumuzi. Eliot \u00eensu\u0219i l-a men\u021bionat pe Frazer ca surs\u0103 principal\u0103, plas\u00e2nd astfel istoria religiei mesopotamiene \u00een centrul modernismului literar.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d00a9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13d00a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f61bbc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f61bbc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee432df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee432df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen a descris \u00een mai multe studii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Dumuzi ca dovad\u0103 central\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiei<\/span> sumeriene vechi a mor\u021bii ciclice \u0219i a revenirii. El nu vede \u00een Dumuzi un simplu zeu al vegeta\u021biei, ci o figur\u0103 complex\u0103 \u00een care func\u021bia de cioban \u0219i cea regal\u0103 se contopesc.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro subliniaz\u0103 ancorarea social\u0103 a cultului. S\u0103rb\u0103torile de jelire din iulie \u0219i august erau evenimente publice la care participau mai ales femei, ceea ce \u00eel face pe Dumuzi, din perspectiv\u0103 sociologico-religioas\u0103, un zeu al jelirii feminine \u0219i al doliului comunitar.<\/p><p>Walther Sallaberger a reconstituit sistematic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Tammuz \u00een calendarul perioadei Ur III \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 faza jelirii din miezul secetos al verii era ancorat\u0103 calendaristic cu precizie.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul, Andrew George \u0219i Bendt Alster au editat \u0219i comentat textele literare. Bendt Alster a reconstituit \u00een &#8222;Dumuzi&#8217;s Dream&#8221; originalul sumerian vechi, Andrew George a analizat \u00een &#8222;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221; \u00eempletirea materialului despre Dumuzi cu epopeea lui Ghilgame\u0219. Stephanie Dalley a tradus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> &#8222;Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221; pentru un public mai larg.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2ac28 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae2ac28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b04dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2b04dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u0219i moartea lui Dumuzi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11d7562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11d7562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> despre Dumuzi este &#8222;Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221;, un text sumerian \u00een 412 versuri, care se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai dense nara\u021biuni ale literaturii mesopotamiene. Textul a fost editat \u00een mod fundamental de Samuel Noah Kramer \u00een 1937 \u0219i \u00een form\u0103 complet\u0103 de William R. Sladek \u00een 1974 \u00een diserta\u021bia sa &#8222;Inanna&#8217;s Descent to the Netherworld&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p>Inanna, zei\u021ba iubirii \u0219i a r\u0103zboiului, coboar\u0103 \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia surorii sale Ereshkigal pentru a revendica puterea de acolo. La cele \u0219apte por\u021bi ale lumii subterane trebuie s\u0103 depun\u0103 la fiecare poart\u0103 un ve\u0219m\u00e2nt sau o podoab\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd st\u0103 goal\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba tronului lui Ereshkigal \u0219i moare.<\/p>\n<p>Enki o salveaz\u0103 prin dou\u0103 fiin\u021be create din lut, Galaturra \u0219i Kurgarra, care preiau bocetele lui Ereshkigal \u0219i ob\u021bin \u00een schimb permisiunea de a o readuce pe Inanna la via\u021b\u0103. Inanna se \u00eentoarce \u00eens\u0103 numai cu condi\u021bia de a trimite un \u00eenlocuitor \u00een lumea subteran\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cel g\u0103se\u0219te pe so\u021bul ei Dumuzi a\u0219ezat pe un tron festiv \u00een podoabe regale, \u00een loc s\u0103 o jeleasc\u0103. M\u00e2nioas\u0103, \u00eel trimite la demonii Galla, care \u00eel t\u00e2r\u0103sc \u00een lumea subteran\u0103. Acest episod constituie fundamentul mitic al dispari\u021biei anuale a lui Dumuzi, care coincide cu seceta verii.<\/p>\n<p>O solu\u021bie par\u021bial\u0103 aduce Geshtinanna, sora lui Dumuzi. Ea se ofer\u0103 s\u0103 preia locul \u00een lumea subteran\u0103 pentru jum\u0103tate din an, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t Dumuzi \u0219i Geshtinanna s\u0103 se alterneze la fiecare \u0219ase luni.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie a \u00eenjum\u0103t\u0103\u021birii anotimpurilor este \u00eenrudit\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor cu soarta Persefonei \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> grec al Demetrei. Thorkild Jacobsen a eviden\u021biat \u00een &#8222;The Treasures of Darkness&#8221; paralelele structurale \u0219i a semnalat o posibil\u0103 \u00eenrudire tipologic\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a sus\u021bine o dependen\u021b\u0103 direct\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f680d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20f680d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6361ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6361ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e2ntece de jale \u0219i calendar festiv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-997c227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"997c227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>O specie aparte a literaturii mesopotamiene o constituie c\u00e2ntecele de jale pentru Dumuzi, c\u00e2ntate \u00een lunile fierbin\u021bi Du&#8217;uzu (iunie \u0219i iulie). S-au p\u0103strat peste dou\u0103sprezece astfel de c\u00e2ntece de jale \u00een limbile sumerian\u0103 \u0219i akkadian\u0103, editate \u00een Mark Cohen &#8222;The Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia&#8221; (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>Texte cunoscute sunt &#8222;Edina usagake&#8221;, &#8222;\u00cen step\u0103, \u00een iarba timpurie&#8221;, \u0219i &#8222;Ushumgalkalama&#8221;, &#8222;Dragonul \u021b\u0103rii&#8221;. Aceste texte o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Inanna sau pe sora Geshtinanna \u00een c\u0103utarea lui Dumuzi cel disp\u0103rut \u0219i sunt compuse \u00eentr-un mod de jale puternic repetitiv, care compenseaz\u0103 forma de recitare ritual\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Bocetele erau rostite de bocitoare profesioniste, Gala, adesea \u00een limbajul feminin, Emesal. Textele Emesal se disting gramatical \u0219i fonetic de limba sumerian\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103, Emegir.<\/p><p>Femeile Gala constituiau un grup profesional ritual aparte, a c\u0103rui pozi\u021bie social\u0103 a fost cercetat\u0103 pe larg de Walther Sallaberger. Bocetele lor f\u0103ceau parte dintr-un ritual cosmic \u00een care dispari\u021bia zeului vegeta\u021biei era jelit\u0103, iar revenirea sa \u00een toamn\u0103 era preg\u0103tit\u0103 prin bocire.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen calendarul festiv, luna Du&#8217;uzu din miezul verii era tr\u0103it\u0103 ca perioad\u0103 de doliu pentru Dumuzi. Femeile rosteau bocete, adesea \u00eenso\u021bite de rituri de autoflagelare \u0219i pres\u0103rare a cenu\u0219ii.<\/p><p>Aceste rituri sunt atestate indirect \u00een Ezechiel 8,14, unde profetul vede &#8222;femeile care \u00eel pl\u00e2ng pe Tammuz&#8221; la o poart\u0103 a Templului din Ierusalim \u0219i se al\u0103tur\u0103 interdic\u021biei acestei practici. Pasajul biblic arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de ad\u00e2nc p\u0103trunsese <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Dumuzi dincolo de Mesopotamia \u00een religia siriano-palestinian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad2ae1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ad2ae1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6da19b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6da19b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linia Adonis-Tammuz \u0219i migra\u021bia mitic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3750c65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3750c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Linia zeului vegeta\u021biei care moare \u0219i revine poate fi urm\u0103rit\u0103 de la Dumuzi, prin Tammuz, forma akkadian\u0103 a numelui, prin Adonis \u00een spa\u021biul fenician, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een lumea mediteranean\u0103 elenistic\u0103. James George Frazer a prezentat \u00een &#8222;The Golden Bough&#8221; (12 volume, 1890-1915) aceast\u0103 linie ca paradigm\u0103 a teoriei sale generale despre mitul vegeta\u021biei.<\/span><\/p><p>Construc\u021bia lui Frazer este ast\u0103zi disputat\u0103 \u00een detalii, mai ales identific\u0103rile specifice cu Osiris \u0219i Cristos. Teza fundamental\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 o linie coerent\u0103 a zeilor vegeta\u021biei care mor \u00een Orientul Apropiat nu a fost \u00eens\u0103 infirmat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Adonis, descris pe larg de Lucian din Samosata \u00een secolul al II-lea d.Hr. \u00een &#8222;De dea Syria&#8221;, este \u00een mod evident o mo\u0219tenire a cultului lui Dumuzi. Lucian descrie jelirea anual\u0103 a lui Adonis \u00een Byblosul fenician, sacrificarea mieilor \u0219i colorarea ro\u0219ie a r\u00e2ului Adonis, pe care el o explic\u0103 astronomic.<\/p><p>Femeile din Byblos \u00ee\u0219i radeau p\u0103rul ca rit de doliu, ceea ce reprezint\u0103 o paralel\u0103 direct\u0103 cu practicile de jale mesopotamiene. Hans-Peter Mathys \u0219i Peggy L. Day au reconstituit \u00een mai multe studii \u00een detaliu linia de la Dumuzi prin Tammuz la Adonis.<\/p>\n<p>O alt\u0103 etap\u0103 important\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lui Attis din Frigia, care a ajuns \u00een spa\u021biul elenistic \u0219i roman prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Kybelei din Pessinus.<\/p><p>Attis ca iubit t\u00e2n\u0103r al Magnei Mater prezint\u0103 similaritate structural\u0103 cu Dumuzi \u0219i Inanna, practica autocastr\u0103rii preo\u021bilor Galloi reprezent\u00e2nd o dezvoltare proprie. Walter Burkert vede aici o reformulare autonom\u0103 a modelului mesopotamian \u00een context elenistic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56ca13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56ca13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-577888e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"577888e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c3166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4c3166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span>: &#8222;Cobor\u00e2rea Inanei \u00een lumea subteran\u0103&#8221;, &#8222;Visul lui Dumuzi&#8221;, &#8222;Dumuzi \u0219i Enkimdu&#8221;, c\u00e2ntece de jale pentru Dumuzi, imnuri pentru Inanna \u0219i Dumuzi, lamenta\u021bii akkadiene pentru Tammuz, men\u021bionare biblic\u0103 \u00een Ezechiel 8,14.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8222;La religion babylonienne&#8221;, Paris 1952.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bendt Alster, &#8222;Dumuzi&#8217;s Dream&#8221;, Copenhagen 1972.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dumuzi, zeu mesopotamian al ciobanilor \u0219i al vegeta\u021biei Dumuzi este un zeu mesopotamian al ciobanilor \u0219i al vegeta\u021biei, a c\u0103rui moarte \u0219i revenire oglindesc schimbarea anotimpurilor. Dumuzi, \u00een forma akkadian\u0103 Tammuz, este un zeu-cioban mesopotamian antic, so\u021b t\u00e2n\u0103r al zei\u021beiInanna (I\u0219tar) \u0219i o figur\u0103 central\u0103 \u00een nara\u021biunile despre moarte \u0219i revenire din religia mesopotamian\u0103 veche. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3248,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dumuzi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Dumuzi - Zeu muritor \u0219i iubitul Inanei | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dumuzi (Tammuz) este zeul-cioban sumerian \u0219i iubitul Inanei. Zeu al vegeta\u021biei care moare \u0219i \u00eenvie - mit, c\u00e2ntece de jale \u0219i cult.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104748","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dumuzi - Zeu muritor \u0219i iubitul Inanei | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dumuzi (Tammuz) este zeul-cioban sumerian \u0219i iubitul Inanei. 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