{"id":104740,"date":"2026-08-04T12:22:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gilgamesh-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:23:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:23:22","slug":"gilgamesh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/gilgamesh\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgamesh"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104740\" class=\"elementor elementor-104740 elementor-3021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgamesh, rege al Urukului \u0219i erou al epopeii<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh este regele Urukului \u0219i, \u00een calitate de erou al epopeii, figura central\u0103 a celei mai vechi mari epopei a omenirii transmise \u00een scriere cuneiform\u0103. Gilgamesh este cel mai celebru erou literar al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene antice.<\/p><p>Ca rege legendar al Urukului, el domne\u0219te conform listelor regale aproximativ 126 de ani, devenind ulterior o figur\u0103 semidivin\u0103, a c\u0103rei c\u0103utare a nemuririi constituie tema principal\u0103 a epopeii ce \u00eei poart\u0103 numele.<\/p><p>Epopeea lui Gilgamesh, \u00een versiunea sa canonic\u0103 standard de 12 t\u0103bli\u021be, se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai vechi opere conservate ale literaturii universale \u0219i abordeaz\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103ri fundamentale ale existen\u021bei umane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Leag\u0103nul religiei documentate - Sumer, Akkad, Babilon, Asiria (aprox. 3500 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 330 \u00ee.Hr.).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3250\" alt=\"Gilgamesh - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit \u0219i origine<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh poate fi raportat, din punct de vedere istoric, la un rege al Urukului din perioada arhaic\u0103 timpurie a \u00eenceputului mileniului III \u00ee.Hr. Numele s\u0103u apare \u00een listele regale sumeriene ca al cincilea rege al primei dinastii din Uruk, \u00eentr-un \u0219ir de conduc\u0103tori care poart\u0103 par\u021bial un caracter semidivin.<\/p><p>\u00cenc\u0103 \u00een tradi\u021bia sumerian\u0103 veche era conceput ca pe jum\u0103tate divin, deoarece mama sa Ninsun, o zei\u021b\u0103 minor\u0103, era legat\u0103 de Lugalbanda, un conduc\u0103tor \u0219i el divinizat.<\/p>\n<p>Nara\u021biunile sumeriene vechi despre Gilgamesh nu formeaz\u0103 un roman unitar, ci o serie de c\u00e2ntece individuale. Acestea includ &#8222;Gilgamesh \u0219i Aga&#8221;, &#8222;Gilgamesh \u0219i Huwawa&#8221;, &#8222;Gilgamesh \u0219i Taurul Ceresc&#8221;, &#8222;Moartea lui Gilgamesh&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Gilgamesh, Enkidu \u0219i Lumea de Jos&#8221;.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen perioada babilonian\u0103 veche, \u00een jurul anului 1800 \u00ee.Hr., aceste c\u00e2ntece au fost reunite \u00eentr-o prim\u0103 compozi\u021bie coerent\u0103, de data aceasta \u00een limba akkadian\u0103. \u00cen perioada asirian\u0103 mijlocie, \u00een jurul anului 1200 \u00ee.Hr., a luat na\u0219tere versiunea standard ulterioar\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103sprezece t\u0103bli\u021be, atribuit\u0103 preotului Sin-leqi-unninni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Epopeea urm\u0103re\u0219te mai \u00eent\u00e2i pe regele nest\u0103p\u00e2nit Gilgamesh, care \u00eei apas\u0103 pe supu\u0219ii s\u0103i cu preten\u021bii arogante. Zeii \u00eel creeaz\u0103 pe Enkidu, un om s\u0103lbatic, egal cu el \u00een for\u021b\u0103. Ambii devin prieteni \u0219i pornesc \u00eempreun\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenving\u0103 pe Humbaba, paznicul p\u0103durii de cedri.<\/p><p>Dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 victorie, Gilgamesh o jigne\u0219te pe zei\u021ba I\u0219tar, care trimite drept pedeaps\u0103 Taurul Ceresc asupra ora\u0219ului. Ambii eroi ucid taurul, dup\u0103 care zeii \u00eel pedepsesc pe Enkidu \u00eemboln\u0103vindu-l. Moartea sa \u00eel arunc\u0103 pe Gilgamesh \u00eentr-o profund\u0103 criz\u0103 existen\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een c\u0103utarea nemuririi.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgamesh c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te la Utnapishtim, supravie\u021buitorul marelui potop, care \u00eei poveste\u0219te istoria potopului \u0219i \u00eei impune \u00eencerc\u0103ri la care e\u0219ueaz\u0103. La \u00eentoarcere g\u0103se\u0219te o plant\u0103 care ar trebui s\u0103 redea tinere\u021bea, dar aceasta \u00eei este furat\u0103 de un \u0219arpe.<\/p><p>Gilgamesh se \u00eentoarce la Uruk \u0219i prive\u0219te cu m\u00e2ndrie zidurile ora\u0219ului s\u0103u: aceasta este gloria sa durabil\u0103. Aceast\u0103 compozi\u021bie final\u0103 este considerat\u0103 una dintre cele mai emo\u021bionante formul\u0103ri de \u00eencheiere din literatura antic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboluri \u0219i atribute<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh este reprezentat \u00een arta figurativ\u0103 ca un erou de statur\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103, cu barb\u0103 \u0219i p\u0103r ondulat. Principalele sale atribute sunt buzduganul de lupt\u0103, adesea cu cap dublu, \u0219i arcul. Pe reliefurile neo-asiriene apare uneori cu un leu sub bra\u021b, reprezentare ce simbolizeaz\u0103 for\u021ba sa fizic\u0103 superioar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>O tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 ca pe un erou \u00eentre doi lei ridica\u021bi, o pozi\u021bie care \u00een programul iconografic mesopotamian antic \u00eel desemneaz\u0103 drept \u201eSt\u0103p\u00e2nul Animalelor&#8221;. Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie este \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it\u0103 de mai multe figuri eroice \u0219i zei ai panteonului. Reliefurile din palatul lui Sargon al II-lea de la Khorsabad \u00eel arat\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 postur\u0103, subliniind puterea de iradiere transcultural\u0103 a figurii sale.<\/p>\n<p>\u00censo\u021bitorul s\u0103u Enkidu reprezint\u0103 un tip iconografic distinct, \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at adesea cu p\u0103r lung, hain\u0103 de blan\u0103 \u0219i tr\u0103s\u0103turi de animal s\u0103lbatic. Cei doi eroi \u00eempreun\u0103 constituie un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> de pereche mesopotamian antic, care reapare ulterior \u00eentr-o form\u0103 comparabil\u0103 \u00een nara\u021biunile grece\u0219ti \u0219i persane. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> perechii eroice de prieteni apropia\u021bi a fost preluat de Friedrich Schiller \u0219i de mul\u021bi al\u021bi autori ai epocii moderne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venera\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spre deosebire de mul\u021bi eroi ai lumii antice, Gilgamesh a fost venerat efectiv \u00een cadrul unui cult. Inscrip\u021biile din perioada sumerian\u0103 veche \u0219i babilonian\u0103 veche atest\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar adresat unei divinit\u0103\u021bi pentru a exprima mul\u021bumire, rug\u0103minte sau venera\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">jertfe<\/span> aduse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\" tabindex=\"0\">spiritului<\/span> s\u0103u \u00een luna doliului. Era invocat \u00eendeosebi \u00een calitate de divinitate oracular\u0103 \u0219i judec\u0103toare \u00een Lumea de Jos, unde trebuia s\u0103 \u00eei \u00eent\u00e2mpine pe mor\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 le arate calea.<\/p>\n<p>Un important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> era Eturkalama din Uruk, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00eenchinat<\/span> lui \u0219i str\u0103mo\u0219ilor s\u0103i. De asemenea, la Nippur \u0219i Babilon numele sale erau invocate \u00een texte de incanta\u021bie \u0219i liturghii de doliu. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Entitate necorporal\u0103 sau semicorporal\u0103, defunct, fiin\u021b\u0103 natural\u0103, spirit al casei sau paznic al pragului. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103, adesea legat de locuri sau familii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Spiritul<\/span> s\u0103u era considerat deosebit de puternic \u00een practicile divinatorii, deoarece ca erou ar fi p\u0103truns de dou\u0103 ori \u00een Lumea de Jos: o dat\u0103 pentru a-l aduce \u00eenapoi pe Enkidu, o dat\u0103 dup\u0103 propria sa moarte.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen perioada neo-asirian\u0103, prestigiul s\u0103u literar a r\u0103mas intact, \u00eens\u0103 aspectul cultic s-a estompat. Assurbanipal, marele rege-bibliotecar, a dispus p\u0103strarea Epopeii lui Gilgamesh \u00een mai multe exemplare \u00een biblioteca sa.<\/p><p>Un num\u0103r mare dintre t\u0103bli\u021bele conservate provin din aceast\u0103 colec\u021bie regal\u0103 de la Ninive. De asemenea, la Hattusa, capitala hiti\u021bilor, a fost realizat\u0103 o traducere hitit\u0103, fapt ce demonstreaz\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea interna\u021bional\u0103 a subiectului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen perioada babilonian\u0103 t\u00e2rzie \u0219i seleucid\u0103, tradi\u021bia literar\u0103 a palid. Cu toate acestea, urme ale subiectului gilgamesian apar \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een surse iudeo-aramaice \u0219i siriace, adesea reinterpretate \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu al\u021bi eroi. Tradi\u021bia direct\u0103 s-a stins abia o dat\u0103 cu \u00eengroparea complet\u0103 a culturii scrise mesopotamiene \u00een secolul I d.Hr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mituri importante<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Opera principal\u0103 este Epopeea lui Gilgamesh \u00een versiunea standard de dou\u0103sprezece t\u0103bli\u021be. T\u0103bli\u021bele I-II descriu t\u00e2n\u0103rul Gilgamesh, dornic de putere, \u0219i crearea lui Enkidu de c\u0103tre zei\u021ba Aruru. \u00cent\u00e2lnirea celor doi eroi, lupta lor \u0219i prietenia care urmeaz\u0103 sunt remarcabile din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece transform\u0103 conflictul clasic dintre ora\u0219 \u0219i step\u0103 \u00eentr-o leg\u0103tur\u0103 de afec\u021biune.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103bli\u021bele III-V descriu c\u0103l\u0103toria la p\u0103durea de cedri \u0219i lupta \u00eempotriva lui Humbaba, paznicul p\u0103durii. Acest episod este remarcabil din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece \u00eembin\u0103 geografia cosmic\u0103 cu comer\u021bul concret cu lemn. Exploatarea lemnului de cedru din Liban era o activitate economic\u0103 real\u0103 a regilor mesopotamieni, iar epopeea o legitimeaz\u0103 pe cale mitic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103bli\u021bele VI-VIII con\u021bin episodul cu I\u0219tar, uciderea Taurului Ceresc \u0219i moartea lui Enkidu. Aici temele istorico-religioase sunt cele mai dense.<\/p><p>Refuzul lui Gilgamesh de a o lua de so\u021bie pe I\u0219tar \u0219i enumerarea fo\u0219tilor iubi\u021bi ai zei\u021bei reprezint\u0103 o polemic\u0103 rar\u0103 \u00eempotriva unei puternice <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span>. Reac\u021bia zeilor, de a-l l\u0103sa pe Enkidu s\u0103 moar\u0103, confer\u0103 nara\u021biunii o profunzime teologic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103bli\u021bele IX-XI sunt dedicate drumului disper\u0103rii lui Gilgamesh. El c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te prin tunelurile zeului soare, traverseaz\u0103 apele mor\u021bii, \u00eel ajunge pe Utnapishtim \u0219i ascult\u0103 nara\u021biunea potopului.<\/p><p>T\u0103bli\u021ba XI, cu relatarea sa detaliat\u0103 a potopului, este deosebit de important\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, deoarece a fost citit\u0103 ca paralel\u0103 la nara\u021biunea biblic\u0103 a potopului \u0219i a influen\u021bat profund \u00een secolul al XIX-lea discu\u021bia despre preistoria literar\u0103 a Pentateuhului.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0103bli\u021ba XII, o ad\u0103ugire ulterioar\u0103, descrie pl\u00e2ngerea lui Gilgamesh pentru Enkidu \u0219i revenirea spiritului lui Enkidu din Lumea de Jos. Aceast\u0103 parte este de fapt o traducere a c\u00e2ntecului sumerian &#8222;Gilgamesh, Enkidu \u0219i Lumea de Jos&#8221; \u0219i nu se integreaz\u0103 \u00een schema narativ\u0103 a versiunii standard, motiv pentru care cercetarea o consider\u0103 un apendice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rela\u021bii \u00een cadrul panteonului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgamesh, ca figur\u0103 istoric\u0103, nu face parte \u00een sens strict din panteon, \u00eens\u0103 postum a fost venerat ca semizeu \u0219i judec\u0103tor al Lumii de Jos. Mama sa Ninsun, o zei\u021b\u0103 a \u00een\u021belepciunii \u0219i a cre\u0219terii vitelor, apar\u021bine <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonului<\/span> Urukului. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u Lugalbanda a fost un predecessor divinizat pe tronul Urukului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00censo\u021bitorul s\u0103u Enkidu nu este conceput ca o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span>, ci ca o figur\u0103 a crea\u021biei s\u0103lbatice, care dup\u0103 moartea sa intr\u0103 \u00een regatul lui Ereskigal. Cu Inanna (I\u0219tar), zei\u021ba ora\u0219ului Uruk, Gilgamesh se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie conflictual\u0103. Cu Shamash, zeul soare \u0219i zeul drept\u0103\u021bii, se afl\u0103 dimpotriv\u0103 \u00eentr-o rela\u021bie de protec\u021bie, deoarece Shamash \u00eel sprijin\u0103 \u00een sarcinile de lupt\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cu Utnapishtim \u0219i so\u021bia acestuia \u00eel leag\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea de la cap\u0103tul lumii, iar cu Siduri, c\u00e2rcium\u0103reasa de l\u00e2ng\u0103 apele mor\u021bii, o \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 filosofic\u0103 despre existen\u021ba uman\u0103. Aceste \u00eent\u00e2lniri dezvolt\u0103 un peisaj teologic bogat, \u00een care Gilgamesh devine treptat un \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor al cititorului.<\/p>\n<p>Rela\u021bia lui Gilgamesh cu mama sa Ninsun este de o importan\u021b\u0103 central\u0103. Ninsun, al c\u0103rei nume \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201eDoamna vacilor s\u0103lbatice&#8221;, este o zei\u021b\u0103 a ora\u0219ului Uruk \u0219i este \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103 ca sf\u0103tuitoare \u0219i t\u0103lm\u0103citoare de vise a eroului.<\/p><p>Ea interpreteaz\u0103 \u00een T\u0103bli\u021ba I visele lui Gilgamesh, \u00een care Enkidu apare ca viitor prieten. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie a mamei divine este un element arhaic care joac\u0103 un rol \u0219i \u00een alte epopei eroice mesopotamiene, de exemplu la Lugalbanda \u0219i Etana.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103l s\u0103u Lugalbanda este el \u00eensu\u0219i o figur\u0103 eroic\u0103, c\u0103reia \u00eei sunt dedicate dou\u0103 nara\u021biuni sumeriene proprii. Linia teogonic\u0103 Gilgamesh-Lugalbanda-Ninsun leag\u0103 ora\u0219ul Uruk de o genealogie divino-regal\u0103 ce se \u00eentinde pe trei genera\u021bii. Aceast\u0103 genealogie a fost \u00eenscris\u0103 \u00een Lista Regal\u0103 Sumerian\u0103 \u0219i a conferit ora\u0219ului Uruk o demnitate teologic\u0103 ce dep\u0103\u0219ea simpla sa istorie urban\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recep\u021bie \u0219i influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epopeea lui Gilgamesh a fost descifrat\u0103 \u00een 1872 de George Smith la British Museum, declan\u0219\u00e2nd senza\u021bia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a t\u0103bli\u021belor potopului. De atunci a fost tradus\u0103 \u00een zeci de limbi \u0219i a ap\u0103rut \u00een numeroase edi\u021bii.<\/p><p>Rainer Maria Rilke a numit-o \u201euna dintre cele mai mari opere ale literaturii umane&#8221;, Carl Gustav Jung a interpretat-o \u00een sens arhetipic drept c\u0103l\u0103torie a eului con\u0219tient spre ad\u00e2ncul sufletului.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen literatura modern\u0103, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> gilgamesian a fost preluat \u00een multiple r\u00e2nduri, de exemplu de Hans Henny Jahnn, Stephan Grundy, Robert Silverberg \u0219i Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Compozitorul Bohuslav Martinu a scris &#8222;The Epic of Gilgamesh&#8221;, o cantat\u0103 pentru soli\u0219ti, cor \u0219i orchestr\u0103, premiat\u0103 \u00een 1958 la Basel. \u00cen benzi desenate, filme \u0219i jocuri, eroul apare \u00een numeroase adapt\u0103ri, adesea cu mari libert\u0103\u021bi fa\u021b\u0103 de subiectul antic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen istoria religiilor, epopeea joac\u0103 un rol central \u00een cercetarea comparat\u0103 a temelor eroului, mor\u021bii \u0219i potopului. Paralelele cu Geneza biblic\u0103 reprezint\u0103, de la descoperire, un subiect standard al manualelor teologice \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bifice. \u00centrebarea privind dependen\u021ba istoric\u0103 sau originea comun\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne discutat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen istoria religiilor moderne, Epopeea lui Gilgamesh a modificat fundamental discu\u021bia despre originea potopului biblic. Hermann Gunkel a formulat \u00een &#8222;Genesis&#8221; (1901) teza c\u0103 tradi\u021bia mesopotamian\u0103 influen\u021beaz\u0103 nara\u021biunea biblic\u0103 din punct de vedere lingvistic \u0219i tematic.<\/span><\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 a fost preluat\u0103 de Claus Westermann \u00een marele s\u0103u comentariu la Genez\u0103 \u0219i reprezint\u0103 ast\u0103zi un consens. Forma precis\u0103 a transmiterii, fie direct prin captivitatea babilonian\u0103, fie prin tradi\u021bii orale din Orientul Apropiat, r\u0103m\u00e2ne disputat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen literatura modern\u0103, Gilgamesh a devenit cifrul c\u0103ut\u0103rii de sens dup\u0103 pierderea unui prieten.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>&#8222;Das Buch von Gilgamesch&#8221; (1972) de Stefan Heym, &#8222;Gilgamesh&#8221; (2001) de Joan London \u0219i romanul &#8222;Gilgamesh the King&#8221; (1984) de Robert Silverberg sunt cele mai importante adapt\u0103ri literare. \u00cen film, &#8222;Stalker&#8221; (1979) al lui Andrei Tarkovski este marcat de motive gilgamesiene, fapt pe care el \u00eensu\u0219i l-a men\u021bionat explicit \u00een \u00eensemn\u0103rile sale.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George a reconstruit, \u00een edi\u021bia sa critic\u0103 &#8222;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221;, tradi\u021bia manuscris\u0103 \u0219i a analizat epopeea \u00een contextul s\u0103u din Orientul Antic. Lucrarea sa este considerat\u0103 un standard \u00een domeniu \u0219i a influen\u021bat decisiv \u00een\u021belegerea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a subiectului. Stefan Maul a analizat \u00een mai multe studii aspectele magico-rituale ale epopeii.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen vede \u00een subiectul gilgamesian o form\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103 antic\u0103 de reflec\u021bie asupra mor\u021bii \u0219i a muriturii. Din perspectiva sa, epopeea nu este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un roman eroic, ci o dezbatere teologic\u0103 cu finitudinea. Jean Bott\u00e9ro subliniaz\u0103 func\u021bia social\u0103 a textului, care era copiat \u00een \u0219colile de scribi de c\u0103tre ucenici \u0219i devenea astfel fundamentul educa\u021bional al elitei mesopotamiene antice.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley \u0219i Wilfred Lambert au oferit traduceri \u0219i comentarii care au f\u0103cut opera accesibil\u0103 unui public mai larg. Walther Sallaberger a reconstituit precursorii sumerieni vechi. Cercetarea consider\u0103 ast\u0103zi Epopeea lui Gilgamesh drept unul dintre cele mai importante documente ale civiliza\u021biei mesopotamiene antice \u0219i un text-cheie pentru \u00eentrebarea cum a reflectat o civiliza\u021bie timpurie asupra mortalit\u0103\u021bii, prieteniei \u0219i gloriei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Versiunea standard \u0219i Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forma cel mai bine cunoscut\u0103 literar a Epopeii lui Gilgamesh este a\u0219a-numita versiune standard, o compozi\u021bie akkadian\u0103 cuprinz\u00e2nd dou\u0103sprezece t\u0103bli\u021be, compilat\u0103 la mijlocul mileniului II \u00ee.Hr. sub titlul &#8222;Sha naqba imuru&#8221;, &#8222;Cel care a v\u0103zut totul&#8221;.<\/p><p>Tradi\u021bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoque a culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> atribuie redac\u021bia unui c\u0103rturar babilonian pe nume Sin-leqi-unninni, un vr\u0103jitor \u0219i scrib care a activat probabil \u00een perioada babilonian\u0103 mijlocie (secolul al XII-lea \u00ee.Hr.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Numele s\u0103u apare \u00een registrele scribilor din Ninive ca \u201ecel care a asamblat t\u0103bli\u021bele&#8221;. Andrew George a reconstituit minutios istoria textului \u00een monumentala sa edi\u021bie &#8222;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221; (Oxford 2003) \u0219i a cola\u021bat sursele din Ninive, Sultantepe, Babilon, Uruk \u0219i Mesopotamia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Versiunea standard se structureaz\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103sprezece t\u0103bli\u021be. T\u0103bli\u021bele I-II trateaz\u0103 crearea lui Enkidu \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2lnirea sa cu Gilgamesh. T\u0103bli\u021bele III-V descriu c\u0103l\u0103toria la p\u0103durea de cedri \u0219i lupta cu Humbaba. T\u0103bli\u021ba VI relateaz\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu I\u0219tar \u0219i uciderea Taurului Ceresc.<\/p><p>T\u0103bli\u021ba VII con\u021bine moartea lui Enkidu \u0219i jalea lui Gilgamesh. T\u0103bli\u021bele VIII-XI relateaz\u0103 c\u0103utarea nemuririi de c\u0103tre Gilgamesh, cu \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu Utnapishtim, Noe mesopotamian, \u0219i nara\u021biunea potopului. T\u0103bli\u021ba XII este un adaos sumerian care red\u0103 ca apendice un fragment din &#8222;Gilgamesh, Enkidu \u0219i Lumea de Jos&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Nara\u021biunea potopului din T\u0103bli\u021ba XI este unul dintre cele mai celebre episoade ale literaturii universale. Utnapishtim \u00eei poveste\u0219te lui Gilgamesh cum Enki l-a avertizat despre marele potop pe care zeul Enlil l-a dezl\u0103n\u021buit asupra omenirii. Utnapishtim a construit o arc\u0103 \u00een care \u0219i-a salvat familia, toate vie\u021buitoarele \u0219i cunoa\u0219terea.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Dup\u0103 \u0219apte zile de potop, arca a aterizat pe muntele Nisir, iar Utnapishtim a fost f\u0103cut nemuritor de zei. Nara\u021biunea a fost publicat\u0103 pentru prima oar\u0103 \u00een 1872 de George Smith la British Museum \u0219i a declan\u0219at o senza\u021bie \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i teologic\u0103, \u00eentruc\u00e2t trimitea la o posibil\u0103 surs\u0103 mesopotamian\u0103 a nara\u021biunii biblice a potopului.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Versiunile babiloniene vechi \u0219i textele Bilgames<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cenainte de versiunea standard au existat mai multe versiuni babiloniene vechi din secolul al XVIII-lea \u00ee.Hr., printre care T\u0103bli\u021ba Pennsylvania \u0219i T\u0103bli\u021ba Yale, ambele copiate de elevi ai academiei ca exerci\u021bii de scriere.<\/p><p>Aceste versiuni babiloniene vechi sunt par\u021bial mai laconice \u0219i mai flexibile liturgic dec\u00e2t versiunea standard \u0219i con\u021bin varia\u021bii care sugereaz\u0103 un final fericit al rela\u021biei Gilgamesh-Enkidu. T\u0103bli\u021ba Pennsylvania \u00eencepe cu prezicerea oniric\u0103 a lui Enkidu de c\u0103tre mama lui Gilgamesh, Ninsun, o scen\u0103 redat\u0103 prescurtat \u00een versiunea standard.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenaintea versiunilor babiloniene vechi exist\u0103 o tradi\u021bie sumerian\u0103 \u00een care Gilgamesh apare sub numele Bilgames \u00een cinci nara\u021biuni independente.<\/p><p>Aceste texte Bilgames sunt: &#8222;Bilgames \u0219i Aga&#8221;, descrierea unui asediu al Urukului de c\u0103tre regele vecin Aga; &#8222;Bilgames \u0219i Huwawa&#8221;, precursorul episodului Humbaba; &#8222;Bilgames \u0219i Taurul Ceresc&#8221;; &#8222;Bilgames, Enkidu \u0219i Lumea de Jos&#8221;; \u0219i &#8222;Moartea lui Bilgames&#8221;.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aceste cinci texte sumeriene sunt mai vechi dec\u00e2t tradi\u021bia akkadian\u0103 \u0219i dateaz\u0103 din perioada celei de-a treia dinastii din Ur (secolul al XXI-lea \u00ee.Hr.). O edi\u021bie complet\u0103 cu traducere \u00een englez\u0103 a oferit Andrew George \u00een &#8222;The Epic of Gilgamesh&#8221; (Penguin Classics, 1999).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>O surs\u0103 deosebit de important\u0103 este &#8222;Moartea lui Bilgames&#8221;, un text care descrie moartea eroului \u0219i \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntarea sa. Gilgamesh este instituit judec\u0103tor \u00een Lumea de Jos, o func\u021bie care apare ulterior \u0219i \u00een textele de incanta\u021bie.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 pozi\u021bie de erou al trecutului \u0219i judec\u0103tor al mor\u021bilor este o construc\u021bie tipic\u0103 figurilor eroice mesopotamiene. Aage Westenholz \u0219i Antoine Cavigneaux au analizat \u00een mai multe studii importan\u021ba acestui text pentru escatologia mesopotamian\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Istoria cercet\u0103rii \u0219i linii de influen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descoperirea Epopeii lui Gilgamesh a \u00eenceput \u00een 1853 cu s\u0103p\u0103turile lui Hormuzd Rassam \u00een biblioteca lui Assurbanipal de la Ninive. T\u0103bli\u021bele de lut au fost aduse la British Museum \u0219i descifrate acolo de George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Conferin\u021ba sa &#8222;The Chaldean Account of the Deluge&#8221; sus\u021binut\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba Society of Biblical Archaeology la 3 decembrie 1872, cofinan\u021bat\u0103 de Daily Telegraph, este considerat\u0103 \u00eenceputul asiriologiei moderne.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith a c\u0103l\u0103torit ulterior la Ninive \u0219i a g\u0103sit \u00een 1873 noi fragmente care completau opera. Lucrarea sa &#8222;The Chaldean Account of Genesis&#8221; (1876) a f\u0103cut epopeea accesibil\u0103 marelui public.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Edi\u021biile moderne urmeaz\u0103 \u00een cea mai mare parte pe Andrew George 2003, cu descoperiri suplimentare de la Sultantepe (publicate de Jeffrey Tigay \u00een 1982), din Ugarit (publicate de Daniel Arnaud \u00een 2007) \u0219i din Hattusa (Bogazk\u00f6y, \u00een traducere hitit\u0103 \u0219i hurrian\u0103).<\/span><\/p><p>Aceste descoperiri interregionale atest\u0103 c\u0103 epopeea a circulat \u00een mileniul II \u00een mai multe limbi \u0219i \u00een numeroase culturi ale Orientului Apropiat, de la Levant p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een Anatolia.<\/p>\n<p>Istoria influen\u021bei este vast\u0103. \u00cen cercetarea biblic\u0103, discu\u021bia despre paralelele dintre Gilgamesh \u0219i Biblia ebraic\u0103 este, de la George Smith, o tem\u0103 permanent\u0103. Frank Moore Cross, John Day \u0219i Othmar Keel au identificat urme ale subiectului gilgamesian \u00een nara\u021biunea potopului, \u00een Iov \u0219i \u00een Psalmi.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen literatura modern\u0103, Rainer Maria Rilke (\u00een scrisori), Jorge Luis Borges (\u00een povestiri) \u0219i Philip Roth (\u00een &#8222;The Counterlife&#8221;) au receptat epopeea. Traducerea german\u0103 realizat\u0103 de Albert Schott \u0219i Wolfram von Soden (Reclam 1958) a consacrat opera \u00een spa\u021biul de limb\u0103 german\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surse <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoque a culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antice<\/span>: C\u00e2ntece sumeriene despre Gilgamesh (&#8222;Gilgamesh \u0219i Huwawa&#8221;, &#8222;Gilgamesh \u0219i Taurul Ceresc&#8221;, &#8222;Moartea lui Gilgamesh&#8221;), fragmente babiloniene vechi, Epopeea lui Gilgamesh versiunea standard \u00een 12 t\u0103bli\u021be, traducerea hitit\u0103 din Hattusa, t\u0103bli\u021bele de la Ninive din biblioteca lui Assurbanipal.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Literatur\u0103 de cercetare: Andrew George, &#8222;The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic&#8221;, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, &#8222;The Treasures of Darkness&#8221;, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8222;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Alte lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een <a href=\"\/ro\/literatur\/\">lista bibliografic\u0103<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gilgamesh, rege al Urukului \u0219i erou al epopeii Gilgamesh este regele Urukului \u0219i, \u00een calitate de erou al epopeii, figura central\u0103 a celei mai vechi mari epopei a omenirii transmise \u00een scriere cuneiform\u0103. Gilgamesh este cel mai celebru erou literar al tradi\u021biei mesopotamiene antice. Ca rege legendar al Urukului, el domne\u0219te conform listelor regale aproximativ [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgamesh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgamesh - Rege al Urukului \u0219i erou al epopeii | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgamesh este eroul mesopotamian \u0219i regele Urukului. Erou al Epopeii lui Gilgamesh, c\u0103utarea nemuririi, relatarea potopului","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104740","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gilgamesh - Rege al Urukului \u0219i erou al epopeii | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gilgamesh este eroul mesopotamian \u0219i regele Urukului. 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