{"id":104729,"date":"2026-08-04T12:21:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:21:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tsongkhapa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:22:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:22:18","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104729\" class=\"elementor elementor-104729 elementor-3052\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, \u00eentemeietorul \u0218colii Gelug<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357-1419) a fost un c\u0103rturar tibetan, reformator monastic \u0219i \u00eentemeietor al tradi\u021biei Gelug (\u201e\u0218coala celor virtuo\u0219i&#8221;), care din secolul al XVII-lea reprezint\u0103 curentul dominant din punct de vedere religios \u0219i politic \u00een budismul tibetan.<\/p><p>Din aceast\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103 a ie\u0219it linia Dalai Lamelor \u0219i a Panchen Lamelor. Tsongkhapa este considerat unul dintre cei mai importan\u021bi sistematizatori din istoria budismului tibetan \u0219i a marcat tradi\u021bia scolastic\u0103 prin opera sa vast\u0103 \u0219i prin \u00eentemeierea m\u0103n\u0103stirii Ganden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bia budist\u0103 tibetan\u0103 \u0219i B\u00f6n - Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, lumea Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3272\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - G\u00f6tter aus der Tibet-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Via\u021ba \u0219i biografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa s-a n\u0103scut \u00een regiunea est-tibetan\u0103 Amdo, \u00een actualul Qinghai. Locul s\u0103u de na\u0219tere este identificat cu Tsongkha, ceea ce i-a adus supranumele \u201eomul din Tsongkha&#8221;. Primele sale studii religioase le-a efectuat \u00eentr-o m\u0103n\u0103stire apropiat\u0103 a liniilor nyingma \u0219i kadampa.<\/p><p>La v\u00e2rsta de 16 ani a c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een Tibetul central pentru a studia la marile m\u0103n\u0103stiri Sangphu \u0219i Nethang. \u00cen cele trei decenii urm\u0103toare s-a deplasat \u00eentre mai multe m\u0103n\u0103stiri \u0219i a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la mae\u0219tri ai tuturor tradi\u021biilor importante din epoc\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman a reconstituit \u00een detaliu traseul de via\u021b\u0103 al lui Tsongkhapa \u00een lucrarea &#8222;Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa&#8221; (1982), ar\u0103t\u00e2nd c\u0103 politica sa educa\u021bional\u0103 urm\u0103rea \u00een mod deliberat integrarea tuturor tradi\u021biilor de studiu ale vremii.<\/p><p>Cel mai important maestru al s\u0103u pentru studiile de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> a fost Drakpa Gyaltsen, iar pentru studiile tantrice au fost \u00een primul r\u00e2nd Khedrup Je \u0219i Gyaltsab Je. Un alt maestru important a fost Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6, maistrul Sakya, care l-a format \u00eendeosebi \u00een filozofia Madhyamaka. Aceast\u0103 baz\u0103 educa\u021bional\u0103 larg\u0103 a marcat profilul ulterior al \u0218colii Gelug.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Programul religios-filozofic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Programul filozofic al lui Tsongkhapa urm\u0103rea o unificare riguroas\u0103 a tradi\u021biei savante de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> cu practica tantric\u0103.<\/p><p>El a insistat c\u0103 ambele c\u0103i trebuie parcurse \u00eentr-o ordine stabilit\u0103: mai \u00eent\u00e2i fundamentele regulii monastice (Vinaya), apoi filozofia sistematic\u0103 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> dup\u0103 criteriile Madhyamaka \u0219i Pramana, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 ini\u021bierile \u0219i practicile tantrice. Aceast\u0103 gradare a devenit baza reformei studiilor Gelug \u0219i norma ulterioar\u0103 a educa\u021biei monastice tibetane.<\/p>\n\n<p>Opera sa cea mai important\u0103 este \u201eLam Rim Chenmo&#8221;, \u201eMarele tratat al c\u0103ii treptate spre iluminare&#8221;, finalizat \u00een 1402, care prezint\u0103 calea spiritual\u0103 a unui Bodhisattva \u00een trei etape (motiva\u021bie inferioar\u0103, medie \u0219i superioar\u0103).<\/p><p>Donald Lopez \u0219i Joshua Cutler au tradus opera \u00een mai multe volume \u00een limba englez\u0103 \u0219i au explicat premisele sale filozofice. Este considerat\u0103 manualul central al tradi\u021biei Gelug \u0219i este memorat\u0103 \u0219i comentat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stiri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretarea Madhyamaka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen domeniul filozofic, Tsongkhapa este cunoscut mai ales pentru interpretarea sa a \u0219colii Madhyamaka a lui Nagarjuna. El a sus\u021binut o pozi\u021bie numit\u0103 \u201eprasangika-madhyamaka&#8221;, care respingea orice afirma\u021bie de con\u021binut despre realitatea ultim\u0103 \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219ura consecvent dialectic \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura despre \u201evacuitate&#8221; (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/p><p>Opera sa principal\u0103 \u00een acest domeniu este \u201eClaritatea g\u00e2ndurilor&#8221; (\u201edgongs pa rab gsal&#8221;), \u00een care a receptat tradi\u021bia comentarial\u0103 a madhyamikului indian Candrakirti \u0219i a ap\u0103rat-o \u00eempotriva interpret\u0103rilor divergente.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n a ar\u0103tat \u00een lucrarea &#8222;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (1992) c\u0103 \u00een\u021belegerea Madhyamaka a lui Tsongkhapa se deosebea de lecturile tibetane anterioare \u00een puncte esen\u021biale. \u00cen special, el a respins ideea c\u0103 vacuitatea ar putea fi \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 ca un Absolut propriu, determinabil pozitiv.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie a st\u00e2rnit opozi\u021bie din r\u00e2ndurile \u0219colilor Nyingma \u0219i Sakya, ai c\u0103ror reprezentan\u021bi i-au repro\u0219at o negativitate prea strict\u0103. \u201eDisputa vacuit\u0103\u021bii&#8221; astfel declan\u0219at\u0103 a marcat filozofia tibetan\u0103 timp de mai multe secole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opere tantrice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 studiile de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen hinduism \u0219i budism, un text doctrinar \u00een form\u0103 concis\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Tsongkhapa a fost un important c\u0103rturar \u0219i practicant al yogurilor tantrice supreme. Opera sa \u201esngags rim chen mo&#8221; (\u201eMarele tratat al mantrelor&#8221;, 1405) este pandantul tantric al \u201eLam Rim Chenmo&#8221;.<\/p><p>Aceasta ordoneaz\u0103 practicile tantrice \u00een patru clase (Kriya-, Carya-, Yoga-, Anuttarayoga-Tantra) \u0219i indic\u0103 pentru fiecare condi\u021biile preliminare, metodele \u0219i rezultatele. Aceast\u0103 ordine sistematic\u0103 a devenit baza form\u0103rii Gelug \u00een tantra.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa a fost, de asemenea, un important comentator al Guhyasamaja-Tantra, pe care \u00eel considera cel mai central Anuttarayoga-Tantra. Chakrasamvara-Tantra \u0219i Yamantaka-Tantra au fost \u0219i ele domenii ale activit\u0103\u021bii sale intense de comentare. Christian Wedemeyer a ar\u0103tat \u00een studiile sale despre Aryadeva \u0219i Candrakirti cum a unit Tsongkhapa tradi\u021bia tantric\u0103 cu filozofia Madhyamaka \u00eentr-o concep\u021bie unitar\u0103 de ansamblu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centemeierea m\u0103n\u0103stirii Ganden \u0219i Marea Rug\u0103ciune<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen anul 1409, Tsongkhapa a ini\u021biat \u201eMonlam Chenmo&#8221;, \u201eMarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea lingvistic\u0103 a omului c\u0103tre o divinitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">Rug\u0103ciune<\/span> de la Lhasa&#8221;, un festival monastic de 21 de zile, care se desf\u0103\u0219ura anual cu ocazia Anului Nou tibetan \u0219i reunea mii de c\u0103lug\u0103ri \u0219i laici.<\/p><p>Acest festival a stabilit mi\u0219carea de reform\u0103 a lui Tsongkhapa ca prezen\u021b\u0103 vizibil\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba religioas\u0103 a Tibetului. \u00cen acela\u0219i an a \u00eentemeiat m\u0103n\u0103stirea Ganden pe un munte la est de Lhasa, care a devenit m\u0103n\u0103stirea-mam\u0103 a tradi\u021biei Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00e2\u021biva ani mai t\u00e2rziu au urmat \u00eentemeierile m\u0103n\u0103stirilor Drepung (1416, prin Jamyang Choje, un discipol al lui Tsongkhapa) \u0219i Sera (1419, prin Sakya Yeshe, tot un discipol). Aceste trei m\u0103n\u0103stiri, \u201ecele trei sedii ale erudi\u021biei&#8221;, au crescut p\u00e2n\u0103 la a deveni cele mai mari ansambluri monastice ale budismului tibetan \u0219i ad\u0103posteau \u00een perioada lor de \u00eenflorire c\u00e2teva mii de c\u0103lug\u0103ri fiecare.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen a ar\u0103tat \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre istoria monastic\u0103 tibetan\u0103 c\u0103 valul de \u00eentemeieri al \u0218colii Gelug la \u00eenceputul secolului al XV-lea a adus cu sine o transformare economic\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103 a Tibetului central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reforma regulii monastice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa acorda o importan\u021b\u0103 deosebit\u0103 respect\u0103rii stricte a Vinaya, a regulii monastice. El a criticat amestecul r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een epoca sa \u00eentre regula monastic\u0103 \u0219i practica tantric\u0103 \u0219i a insistat ca monahii s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 \u00een celibat \u0219i s\u0103 respecte prescrip\u021biile alimentare tradi\u021bionale.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 stricte\u021be i-a adus supranumele \u201eal doilea Buddha&#8221; (\u201esangs rgyas gnyis pa&#8221;), folosit p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een tradi\u021bia Gelug.<\/p>\n\n<p>Reforma a vizat \u0219i ordinea studiilor. Tsongkhapa a introdus un ciclu fix de studii principale: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka \u0219i Prajnaparamita. Fiecare studiu dura mai mul\u021bi ani \u0219i era \u00eencheiat prin dispute \u0219i examene.<\/p><p>Sistemul \u201eexamenelor Geshe&#8221; pe care l-a pus \u00een aplicare a condus \u00een cele din urm\u0103 la titlul de \u201eGeshe Lharampa&#8221;, cel mai \u00eenalt grad academic al \u0218colii Gelug. Donald Lopez a analizat \u00een lucrarea &#8222;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (2006) semnifica\u021bia epistemic\u0103 \u0219i institu\u021bional\u0103 a acestei reforme.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Moartea \u0219i posteritatea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa a murit \u00een anul 1419 \u00een m\u0103n\u0103stirea Ganden. Trupul s\u0103u \u00eemb\u0103ls\u0103mat a fost p\u0103strat acolo \u00eentr-un stupa \u0219i era considerat, p\u00e2n\u0103 la distrugerea m\u0103n\u0103stirii \u00een Revolu\u021bia Cultural\u0103, unul dintre cele mai importante locuri de pelerinaj ale budismului tibetan.<\/p><p>Opera sa a fost adunat\u0103 \u00een 18 volume \u0219i publicat\u0103 \u00een secolul al XVII-lea, \u00een celebra edi\u021bie de la Lhasa, ca un corpus \u00eenchegat. \u00cen secolele urm\u0103toare, numero\u0219i c\u0103rturari au comentat operele sale; numai \u201eLam Rim Chenmo&#8221; a generat peste 100 de comentarii tibetane.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ziua lui Tsongkhapa, a 25-a zi a celei de-a 10-a luni tibetane, este s\u0103rb\u0103torit\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi ca \u201eGanden Ngamch\u00f6&#8221; cu mari festivit\u0103\u021bi ale l\u0103mpilor de unt. \u00cen budismul tibetan modern, figura sa nu este limitat\u0103 la \u0218coala Gelug; \u0219i \u00een alte tradi\u021bii este pre\u021buit ca un important c\u0103rturar, chiar acolo unde pozi\u021biile sale filozofice sunt respinse.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel a subliniat c\u0103 Tsongkhapa ocup\u0103, ca figur\u0103-cheie institu\u021bional\u0103 a budismului tibetan, o pozi\u021bie la fel de fundamental\u0103 precum Toma de Aquino \u00een tradi\u021bia catolic\u0103 sau Maimonide \u00een iudaismul rabinic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptarea interna\u021bional\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen tibetologia occidental\u0103 \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span>, Tsongkhapa este intens cercetat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu lucr\u0103rile lui Giuseppe Tucci din prima jum\u0103tate a secolului al XX-lea.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n \u0219i Jan-Ulrich Sobisch au analizat opera sa \u00een mai multe studii fundamentale. \u201eLam Rim Chenmo&#8221; al lui Tsongkhapa este disponibil ast\u0103zi integral \u00een traducere englez\u0103, iar texte tantrice selectate sunt accesibile \u00een edi\u021bii critice.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen exilul tibetan modern, Tsongkhapa serve\u0219te drept figur\u0103 de identificare a tradi\u021biei Gelug \u0219i drept garant al continuit\u0103\u021bii institu\u021bionale. Al 14-lea Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, a subliniat \u00een numeroase conferin\u021be \u0219i c\u0103r\u021bi, mai ales \u00een comentariile sale la \u201eLam Rim Chenmo&#8221;, actualitatea lui Tsongkhapa pentru practica budist\u0103 contemporan\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen afara recept\u0103rii specific budiste, Tsongkhapa a fost recunoscut \u00een filozofia academic\u0103 european\u0103 \u0219i american\u0103 ca unul dintre cei mai importan\u021bi sistematizatori non-occidentali.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Corpusul scrierilor \u0219i istoria edi\u021biilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201egsung &#8216;bum&#8221; al lui Tsongkhapa (\u201eOpere complete&#8221;) cuprinde, \u00een edi\u021bia tradi\u021bional\u0103 de la Tashilhunpo, optsprezece volume care con\u021bin aproximativ 210 opere independente \u0219i scrisori.<\/p><p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u201eLamrim Chenmo&#8221; (\u201eMarele tratat al c\u0103ii treptate spre iluminare&#8221;, 1402) \u0219i \u201eNgakrim Chenmo&#8221; (\u201eMarele tratat al c\u0103ii treptate a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O silab\u0103 sau formul\u0103 sacr\u0103 rostit\u0103 \u00een mod repetat \u00een hinduism \u0219i budism.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span>&#8222;, 1405), \u201eDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221; (\u201eEsen\u021ba distinc\u021biei dintre provizoriu \u0219i definitiv&#8221;, 1408), \u201eRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221; (\u201eOceanul argumenta\u021biei&#8221;, comentariu la M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101 a lui N\u0101g\u0101rjuna) \u0219i \u201eLhag mthong chen mo&#8221; (scriere intermediar\u0103 despre insight din Lamrim Chenmo) se num\u0103r\u0103 printre textele cu cel mai mare impact.<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman a oferit \u00een lucrarea &#8222;Tsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence&#8221; (Princeton 1984) o traducere englez\u0103 complet\u0103 a \u201eDrang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221; cu un aparat religioase-istorice extins; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n a realizat \u00een lucrarea &#8222;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (Albany 1992) o traducere a comentariului lui mKhas-grub-rje la doctrina Madhyamaka a lui Tsongkhapa.<\/p>\n<p>Valorificarea text-critic\u0103 a operelor lui Tsongkhapa a progresat considerabil \u00een ultimele decenii prin intermediul \u201eSera Jey Library&#8221; \u0219i al \u201eTibetan Buddhist Resource Center&#8221; (TBRC, proiect de digitalizare al lui E. Gene Smith, din 1999). Donald S. Lopez Jr. a ar\u0103tat \u00een lucrarea &#8222;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (Chicago 2006) \u0219i \u00een eseurile sale despre hermeneutica Gelug c\u0103 tehnica de comentare a lui Tsongkhapa era inovatoare din punct de vedere metodologic: el a combinat stilul indian Prasa\u1e45gika al lui Candrak\u012brti cu o analiz\u0103 epistemologic\u0103 detaliat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dharmak\u012brti, cre\u00e2nd astfel un hibrid care a marcat scolastica Gelug ulterioar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Controversa privind disputa \u201esvatantra\"<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre controversele doctrinare centrale pe care Tsongkhapa le-a introdus \u00een istoria intelectual\u0103 tibetan\u0103 prive\u0219te \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 \u00een Madhyamaka sunt admisibile argument\u0103ri logice independente (svatantra-anum\u0101na, tib. \u201erang rgyud&#8221;) sau dac\u0103 pot fi utilizate exclusiv consecin\u021be logice (prasa\u1e45ga). Tsongkhapa s-a pozi\u021bionat strict ca Prasa\u1e45gika \u00een linia lui Buddhap\u0101lita \u0219i Candrak\u012brti, \u00eempotriva pozi\u021biei lui Bh\u0101vaviveka, citit\u0103 ca svatantrika.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bionare este elaborat\u0103 \u00een \u201eLhag mthong chen mo&#8221; \u0219i \u00een \u201eRigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221;. \u0218colile ulterioare au reac\u021bionat diferit: mae\u0219trii Sakya Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429-1489) \u0219i Shakya Chogden (1428-1507) i-au contrazis pe Tsongkhapa cu fermitate, din aceasta rezult\u00e2nd cea mai important\u0103 dezbatere filozofic\u0103 intern\u0103 tibetan\u0103 a secolelor XV \u0219i XVI.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n \u0219i Geshe Lobsang Dargyay au reconstituit \u00een mai multe eseuri, reunite \u00een lucrarea &#8222;Scholasticism&#8221; (Albany 1998), liniile de argumentare ale acestei dezbateri. Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n a tradus \u00een lucrarea &#8222;Freedom from Extremes&#8221; (Somerville 2007) opera principal\u0103 a lui Gorampa, \u201elTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed&#8221; (\u201eDistinc\u021bia opiniilor&#8221;), compar\u00e2nd-o cu pozi\u021bia lui Tsongkhapa.<\/p><p>Janet Gyatso a ar\u0103tat \u00een \u201eJournal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies&#8221; (vol. 27, 2004) c\u0103 dezbaterea nu a r\u0103mas una pur academic\u0103, ci a fost legat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XVII-lea de consecin\u021be politice privind pozi\u021bia diferitelor centre monastice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Raportul cu tradi\u021bia B\u00f6n \u0219i cu \u0219colile mai vechi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Programul de reform\u0103 al lui Tsongkhapa nu a constituit o ruptur\u0103 complet\u0103 cu religiozitatea tibetan\u0103 existent\u0103, ci o reorganizare \u00een cadrul tradi\u021biilor deja existente.<\/p><p>El a preluat elemente esen\u021biale ale \u0219colii kadampa, care \u00een secolul al XI-lea se tr\u0103gea din maestrul indian Atisha, \u0219i le-a integrat \u00eentr-o concep\u021bie filozofic\u0103 \u0219i tantric\u0103 extins\u0103. Fa\u021b\u0103 de religia B\u00f6n, tradi\u021bia tibetan\u0103 prebudist\u0103, a men\u021binut o distan\u021b\u0103 explicit\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a-i persecuta pe reprezentan\u021bii ei.<\/p>\n\n<p>Fa\u021b\u0103 de nyingma-pa \u0219i kagy\u00fc-pa, care p\u0103strau multe linii tantrice ale unor vechi mae\u0219tri indieni \u0219i tibetani, nu a manifestat nicio ostilitate politic\u0103. Polarizarea ulterioar\u0103 dintre tradi\u021biile Gelug \u0219i Nyingma-pa sau<\/p><p>Kagy\u00fc-pa este mai degrab\u0103 urmarea conflictelor politice din secolul al XVII-lea \u0219i nu mo\u0219tenirea proprie a lui Tsongkhapa. Klaus-Dieter Mathes a subliniat \u00een mod repetat aceast\u0103 distinc\u021bie \u00een studiile sale despre istoria budismului tibetan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tsongkhapa, \u00eentemeietorul \u0218colii Gelug Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357-1419) a fost un c\u0103rturar tibetan, reformator monastic \u0219i \u00eentemeietor al tradi\u021biei Gelug (\u201e\u0218coala celor virtuo\u0219i&#8221;), care din secolul al XVII-lea reprezint\u0103 curentul dominant din punct de vedere religios \u0219i politic \u00een budismul tibetan. Din aceast\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103 a ie\u0219it linia Dalai Lamelor \u0219i a Panchen Lamelor. Tsongkhapa este [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa - \u00centemeietorul \u0218colii Gelug | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) este \u00eentemeietorul \u0219colii tibetane Gelug \u0219i p\u0103rintele spiritual al Dalai Lamelor. \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Lamrim, cele trei aspecte principale \u0219i semnifica\u021bia sa.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104729","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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