{"id":104722,"date":"2026-08-04T12:21:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:21:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/teshub-zeul-furtunii-hurrit\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:21:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:21:24","slug":"teshub","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/teshub\/","title":{"rendered":"Teshub &#8211; Zeul furtunii hurrit"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104722\" class=\"elementor elementor-104722 elementor-2618\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teshub, zeul furtunii hurrito-hittit \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n al imperiului<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub este zeul suprem al furtunii din panteonul hurrit \u0219i apare \u00een religia de stat hittit\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd din secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr. al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a> ca zeu imperial de rang egal sau dominant. \u00cen Ciclul lui Kumarbi instaureaz\u0103 noua ordine divin\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103turarea tat\u0103lui s\u0103u <a href=\"\/ro\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeul furtunii din tradi\u021bia hittit\u0103.\">Zeul furtunii<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei hittite.\">Hittit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-teshub-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2843\" alt=\"Teshub - G\u00f6tter aus der Hethitisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-teshub elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-teshub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-teshub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Te\u0161ub este zeul furtunii <strong>hurrito-hittit<\/strong> \u0219i zeul principal al cultului de stat hittit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub se num\u0103r\u0103 printre divinit\u0103\u021bile cel mai bine documentate ale Bronzului T\u00e2rziu. Daniel Schwemer i-a dedicat o monografie de peste 700 de pagini \u00een <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Teshub este zeul furtunii hurrit, originar probabil din tribul nord-mesopotamian al hurri\u021bilor, \u0219i s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een cursul mileniului al II-lea \u00ee.Hr. din epoca imperiului Mittani spre Levant \u0219i Anatolia.<\/p><p>\u00cen <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">religia de stat hittit\u0103<\/a> sub Tud\u1e2baliya al IV-lea \u0219i urma\u0219ii s\u0103i, Teshub a devenit al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a> cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> masculin\u0103. Ambii sunt frecvent utiliza\u021bi sinonim \u00een texte; separarea lor este o sarcin\u0103 filologic\u0103 \u0219i adesea dificil\u0103 \u00een detaliu. \u201eTeologia traducerii&#8221; hittit\u0103 opera cu echivalen\u021b\u0103 func\u021bional\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a unifica complet zeii.<\/p><p>Func\u021bia sa este cuprinz\u0103toare: furtun\u0103, ploaie, lupt\u0103, protec\u021bia regelui, jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul de alian\u021b\u0103, victoria asupra puterilor haosului. Trevor Bryce l-a numit \u00een <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (2005) \u201est\u0103p\u00e2n cosmic&#8221;, a c\u0103rui victorie asupra gigan\u021bilor de piatr\u0103 garanteaz\u0103 ordinea cosmic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen tratatele de vasalitate, Teshub apare ca principal garant al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului al\u0103turi de Tarhunna; formula de pedeaps\u0103 amenin\u021b\u0103 cu \u201esf\u0103r\u00e2marea ca un ulcior de lut&#8221; \u00een caz de \u00eenc\u0103lcare a jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele Teshub este hurrit \u0219i este scris \u00een textele cuneiforme ca <em>Te-\u0161u-ub<\/em>, <em>Te-e\u0161-\u0161u-pa<\/em> sau logografic DU. Etimologia nu este definitiv clarificat\u0103; o derivare plauzibil\u0103 conduce elementul <em>te\u0161\u0161-<\/em> la un verb hurrit cu sensul \u201ea tuna&#8221;; Teshub ar fi astfel \u201ecel care tunet\u0103&#8221;. Volkert Haas \u0219i Schwemer au discutat aceast\u0103 etimologie ca fiind cea mai probabil\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen urart\u0103 apare forma Tei\u0161eba (panteonul urartean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>); \u00een akkadian\u0103 este identificat cu Adad; \u00een hittit\u0103 este scris logografic DU, ceea ce a facilitat identificarea cu <a href=\"\/ro\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>. \u00cen luvita hieroglific\u0103 apare ca DEUS.TONITRUS, acela\u0219i logogram ca Tarhunna.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 suprapunere de nume \u0219i logograme este un exemplu clasic de \u201eteologie a traducerii&#8221; hittite: divinit\u0103\u021bile locale sunt traduse una \u00een alta prin identitate func\u021bional\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o fuziune complet\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc. \u00cen semitismul occidental \u00eei corespunde vechiul sirian Hadad, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u \u00eenrudit cu <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> din <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103<\/a>. Constela\u021bia zeilor furtunii din Bronzul T\u00e2rziu este str\u00e2ns \u00eempletit\u0103 pe \u00eentreg spa\u021biul nord-vest asiatic \u0219i levantin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub apare \u00een iconografia hurrito-hittit\u0103 ca b\u0103rbat b\u0103rbos \u0219i viguros, \u00een \u0219or\u021b scurt, cu tiar\u0103 divin\u0103 ascu\u021bit\u0103, m\u0103nunchi de fulgere \u0219i secure de lupt\u0103. Vehiculul s\u0103u sau carul este tras de o pereche de tauri, \u0160eri (\u201eZiua&#8221;) \u0219i \u1e2aurri (\u201eNoaptea&#8221;). Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie iconografic\u0103 este fixat\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd unui corpus de scrieri acceptat ca normativ \u00eentr-o religie.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonic<\/span> la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, \u00een reliefurile din Hattu\u0161a \u0219i \u00een numeroase sigilii \u0219i figurine din bronz.<\/p><p>Celebr\u0103 este procesiunea zeilor din camera A de la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, \u00een care Teshub conduce \u0219irul masculin \u0219i \u00eei face fa\u021b\u0103 so\u021biei sale <a href=\"\/ro\/hebat\/\">Hebat<\/a> \u00een centru; <a href=\"\/ro\/sarruma\/\">Sarruma<\/a>, fiul lor, st\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 Hebat pe un leopard. Aceast\u0103 triad\u0103 este cea mai important\u0103 familie divin\u0103 hurrit\u0103 \u0219i a fost ridicat\u0103 \u00een cultul imperial hittit la v\u00e2rful panteonului.<\/p><p>Pe reliefurile hittite \u0219i nord-siriene (Karkami\u0161, Alep) Teshub apare frecvent cu securea ridicat\u0103, c\u0103lc\u00e2nd un taur \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 sau sub picioare; poza este o formul\u0103 siriano-veche a zeului furtunii.<\/p><p>Kay Kohlmeyer a publicat detaliat \u00een <em>Der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> des Wettergottes von Aleppo<\/em> (2000) monumentalele reliefuri de bazalt din templul din Alep; ele \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Teshub \u00een mai multe variante \u0219i reprezint\u0103 cele mai impresionante imagini ale zeului furtunii din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoc\u0103 preistoric\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 Bronzului, caracterizat\u0103 prin prelucrarea fierului.\" tabindex=\"0\">Epoca Fierului<\/span> sirian-veche.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub este personajul principal al Ciclului lui Kumarbi. \u00cen \u201eC\u00e2ntecul lui Kumarbi&#8221; se na\u0219te din interiorul tat\u0103lui s\u0103u <a href=\"\/ro\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a>, dup\u0103 ce acesta a \u00eenghi\u021bit cu din\u021bii \u201es\u0103m\u00e2n\u021ba b\u0103rb\u0103teasc\u0103&#8221; a lui Anu. Trei zei cresc \u00een interiorul lui Kumarbi: Teshub ca cel mai puternic, un r\u00e2u \u0219i un alt zeu. Ei \u00eel despic\u0103 pe Kumarbi \u0219i ies afar\u0103.<\/p><p>Dup\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103turarea lui Kumarbi, Teshub preia domnia \u00een cer. Urmeaz\u0103 tentative repetate ale lui Kumarbi de a-l r\u0103sturna: prin <a href=\"\/ro\/ullikummi\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>, gigantul de piatr\u0103 care cre\u0219te pe um\u0103rul uria\u0219ului primordial Upelluri p\u00e2n\u0103 la cer \u0219i amenin\u021b\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> lui Teshub din Kummiya; prin monstrul marin <a href=\"\/ro\/hedammu\/\">Hedammu<\/a>, care amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 devoreze p\u0103m\u00e2ntul; prin \u201ecreatura de argint&#8221; \u0219i alte fiin\u021be.<\/p><p>\u00cen toate nara\u021biunile, Teshub \u00eenvinge cu ajutorul surorii sale \u0160au\u0161ga \u0219i al zeului fierar Ea, care folose\u0219te fier\u0103str\u0103ul cu care au fost odat\u0103 separate cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul.<\/p><p>O alt\u0103 nara\u021biune este \u201eC\u00e2ntecul M\u0103rii&#8221; (CTH 346), un text conservat fragmentar \u00een care Teshub lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii. Paralelele cu Ciclul ugaritic al lui Baal, \u00een care <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a> se lupt\u0103 cu <a href=\"\/ro\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a>, sunt aici deosebit de evidente.<\/p><p>Mary Bachvarova a tratat aceste paralele pe larg \u00een <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016) \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 miturile luptei cu marea au migrat prin Levant \u0219i Cipru \u00een cercul mitologic grec al lui Typhon \u0219i Apollo.<\/p><p>\u00centr-un alt fragment mitologic, \u201eC\u00e2ntecul Eliber\u0103rii&#8221; (CTH 789), Teshub apare ca mediator \u00eentr-un conflict \u00eentre zeii cet\u0103\u021bilor Ebla \u0219i Megi.<\/p><p>Textul este bilingv hurrit-hittit \u0219i a fost editat de Erich Neu \u00eentr-o edi\u021bie monumental\u0103 (1996). Teshub cere eliberarea sclavilor cet\u0103\u021bii Ikinkalis \u0219i amenin\u021b\u0103 Ebla cu distrugerea dac\u0103 cererea nu este \u00eendeplinit\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este deosebit de valoroas\u0103 din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, deoarece \u00eel arat\u0103 pe Teshub ca zeu social-etic care se angajeaz\u0103 pentru eliberarea celor lipsi\u021bi de libertate. Este una dintre pu\u021binele pove\u0219ti divine orientale antice cu con\u021binut explicit etic \u0219i se \u00eenscrie \u00eentr-o linie cu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> biblic al Exodului, f\u0103r\u0103 ca o dependen\u021b\u0103 direct\u0103 s\u0103 fie demonstrabil\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult ale lui Teshub erau Alepul (\u1e2aalab), Kummiya (loca\u021bie necunoscut\u0103, probabil \u00een nordul Siriei sau sudul Anatoliei) \u0219i \u0160amu\u1e2ba. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templul<\/span> s\u0103u din Alep era, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din epoca sirian-veche, cel mai important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al zeului furtunii din nordul Siriei; a fost integrat \u00een religia de stat sub suzeranitate hittit\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>S\u0103p\u0103turile conduse de Kay Kohlmeyer au scos la lumin\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Alep magnifice reliefuri de bazalt din secolul al IX-lea \u00ee.Hr., care \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe Teshub ca zeu al furtunii.<\/p><p>La \u1e2aattu\u0161a exista un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> propriu dedicat lui Teshub, la fel \u0219i \u00een celelalte mari ora\u0219e hittite. Principala s\u0103rb\u0103toare anual\u0103 era str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de ritualul hurrito-hittit de adunare a zeilor <em>itkalzi<\/em>, care garanta puritatea tuturor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templelor<\/span>. Joost Hazenbos a studiat organizarea acestor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u00een <em>The Organization of the Anatolian Local Cults<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>Tratatele de vasalitate hittite \u00eel con\u021bin pe Teshub ca al doilea zeu al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului al\u0103turi de Tarhunna; formula sa de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt prevede c\u0103 un c\u0103lc\u0103tor de jur\u0103m\u00e2nt va fi \u201esf\u0103r\u00e2mat ca un ulcior de lut&#8221;. \u00cen sursele hurri\u021be apare ca principal garant al tratatelor. Organizarea preo\u021beasc\u0103 cuprindea c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u021bi hurri\u021bi (<em>kaluti<\/em>) care transmiteau lingvistic c\u00e2ntecele de s\u0103rb\u0103toare hurrite \u00een original.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub era zeul protector suprem al regelui \u0219i al regalit\u0103\u021bii. Pe sigiliile regale apare frecvent ca figur\u0103 protectoare; formula iconografic\u0103 a \u201e\u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103rii divine&#8221; de la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya \u00eel arat\u0103 pe un alt zeu (de obicei <a href=\"\/ro\/sarruma\/\">Sarruma<\/a>) \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u00e2nd regele, \u00eens\u0103 Teshub este instan\u021ba protectoare suprem\u0103.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apotropaic: despre semne \u0219i obiecte destinate s\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rteze influen\u021bele d\u0103un\u0103toare.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span>, figurinele lui Teshub erau depuse \u00een funda\u021biile templelor \u0219i palatelor; figurinele din bronz cu securea ridicat\u0103 sunt cunoscute \u00eentr-un num\u0103r considerabil din \u1e2aattu\u0161a, Karkami\u0161 \u0219i alte situri.<\/p><p>\u00cen ritualul magic hurrit <em>itkahi<\/em> se foloseau figurine din lut ca imagini protectoare care aduceau puterea lui Teshub \u00een gospod\u0103rie. Volkert Haas a descris detaliat practicile de protec\u021bie domestic\u0103 \u00een <em>Materia Magica et Medica Hethitica<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, func\u021bia de protec\u021bie a lui Teshub este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de ordinea politic\u0103: el protejeaz\u0103 nu individul, ci ordinea imperial\u0103. iWell Guard \u00eel consider\u0103 o figur\u0103 istoric\u0103 \u0219i nu un destinatar contemporan al protec\u021biei. Promisiunile terapeutice sau efectele spirituale nu fac parte, din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, din aceast\u0103 prezentare lexicografic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen rug\u0103ciunile hittite pentru cium\u0103 ale lui Mur\u0161ili al II-lea, Teshub este invocat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Tarhunna ca zeu care ar putea pune cap\u0103t epidemiei. Aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocare<\/span> arat\u0103 str\u00e2nsa \u00eempletire religios-politic\u0103 a ambelor ipostaze ale zeului furtunii \u00een cultul imperial.<\/p><p>De asemenea, \u00een tratatele de vasalitate hittite cu Mittani, cu Alepul \u0219i cu Karkami\u0161, Teshub figureaz\u0103 ca garant al jur\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u00een prim-plan; numele s\u0103u \u00een formularul tratatului este garantul unei ordini politice foarte concrete.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub este str\u00e2ns \u00eenrudit cu <a href=\"\/ro\/tarhunna\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, cu vechiul sirian Hadad \u0219i Adad, cu <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> vest-semitic \u0219i cu Tei\u0161eba urartean. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> luptei sale cu dragonul are paralele str\u00e2nse cu lupta Indra-Vrtra \u0219i cu lupta Zeus-Typhon. Daniel Schwemer a tratat aceste paralele detaliat \u00een monografia sa (2001).<\/p><p>Cu <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a>, Teshub \u00eemparte lupta \u00eempotriva m\u0103rii (<a href=\"\/ro\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a>); cu Zeus, lupta \u00eempotriva monstrului de piatr\u0103 (Typhon corespunde lui <a href=\"\/ro\/ullikummi\/\">Ullikummi<\/a>).<\/p><p>Hans G\u00fcterbock \u0219i Walter Burkert au tratat pe larg influen\u021ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologiei<\/span> hurrito-hittite asupra teogoniei grece\u0219ti; Burkert a reconstituit c\u0103ile de transmitere cultural-istorice \u00een <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> (1984) \u0219i \u00een <em>Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis<\/em> (2003).<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Teshub apar\u021bine tipului nord-vest asiatic al zeului furtunii din Bronzul T\u00e2rziu \u0219i este un martor-cheie pentru \u00eempletirile culturale dintre Anatolia, Siria, Mesopotamia \u0219i Egee. Profilul s\u0103u prezint\u0103 puternice concordan\u021be cu <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a> din <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103<\/a>.<\/p><p>O pozi\u021bie aparte remarcabil\u0103 ocup\u0103 Teshub \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> urartean din secolele IX-VII \u00ee.Hr.; acolo apare ca Tei\u0219eba pe locul al doilea dup\u0103 zeul imperial \u1e2aaldi \u0219i \u00eenaintea zeului soarelui \u0160iwini. Triada urart\u0103 demonstreaz\u0103 continuitatea ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 a religiei hurri\u021be chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u0219irea imperiului hittit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare modern\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea modern\u0103 despre Teshub \u00eencepe cu Hans G\u00fcterbock \u0219i Emmanuel Laroche (catalogul CTH). Contribu\u021bii recente importante provin de la Daniel Schwemer, Volkert Haas, Itamar Singer \u0219i Mary Bachvarova. Monografia lui Schwemer r\u0103m\u00e2ne p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi cea mai cuprinz\u0103toare prezentare; este referin\u021ba standard \u0219i pentru Tarhunna \u0219i Baal-Hadad.<\/p><p>\u00cen receptarea popular\u0103, Teshub este aproape necunoscut. \u00cen publicitatea turistic\u0103 turc\u0103 pentru \u00c7orum \u0219i Bo\u011fazkale este men\u021bionat ocazional drept \u201ezeul tunerii anatolian&#8221;. \u00cen Siria, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Alep era p\u00e2n\u0103 la r\u0103zboiul civil un important sit al patrimoniului cultural; soarta sa dup\u0103 2012 nu este complet clarificat\u0103, lucr\u0103rile de restaurare au re\u00eenceput din 2018.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Teshub este considerat ast\u0103zi un exemplu central al tradi\u021biei orientale antice a zeului furtunii. Direc\u021biile actuale de cercetare vizeaz\u0103 determinarea precis\u0103 a rela\u021biei cu Tarhunna, rolul lui Teshub \u00een tratatele de vasalitate \u0219i transmiterea miturilor sale \u00een teogonia greac\u0103. iWell Guard \u00eel prezint\u0103 ca membru al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonului<\/span> istoric \u0219i nu ca destinatar spiritual.<\/p><p>Lucr\u0103rile de restaurare la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Alep dup\u0103 daunele de r\u0103zboi reprezint\u0103 un important proiect arheologic actual; o parte din reliefurile de bazalt a putut fi conservat\u0103 \u0219i pus\u0103 \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 la muzeul din Alep. Rezultatele cercet\u0103rilor misiunii siriano-germane conduse de Kay Kohlmeyer continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie publicate \u00een seria <em>Damaszener Forschungen<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 pentru cercetarea despre Teshub sunt reunite \u00een selec\u021bia de mai jos. Aceasta cuprinde monografii, edi\u021bii \u0219i sinteze istorice. Monografia lui Schwemer r\u0103m\u00e2ne cea mai detaliat\u0103, cu o bibliografie extins\u0103 \u0219i o tratare aprofundat\u0103 a tuturor ipostazelor cunoscute ale lui Teshub. Publica\u021bia lui Kay Kohlmeyer despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> din Alep este cel mai important complement arheologic; studiul Bachvarovei despre leg\u0103tura hittito-homeric\u0103 este cea mai important\u0103 lucrare comparativ\u0103 a ultimei genera\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp224b8235 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp224b8235\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263d9115 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp263d9115\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e2ntecul lui Ullikummi \u0219i \u00eenl\u0103turarea lui Teshub<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24990c0c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24990c0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2662854b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2662854b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Printre cele mai impresionante texte ale <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> hittite se num\u0103r\u0103 a\u0219a-numitul C\u00e2ntec al lui Ullikummi, un episod din ciclul mitologic mai amplu al lui Kumarbi. Zeul detronat <a href=\"\/ro\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a> z\u0103misle\u0219te cu o st\u00e2nc\u0103 o fiin\u021b\u0103 din diorit, numit\u0103 Ullikummi, menit\u0103 s\u0103-l r\u0103stoarne pe Teshub din domnie.<\/p><p>Ullikummi cre\u0219te f\u0103r\u0103 impediment pe um\u0103rul uria\u0219ului Upelluri, care poart\u0103 lumea, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd atinge cerul.<\/p><p>Teshub prive\u0219te de pe muntele Hazzi \u00een jos \u0219i recunoa\u0219te amenin\u021barea. Un prim atac al zeilor e\u0219ueaz\u0103, deoarece Ullikummi este orb, surd \u0219i insensibil \u0219i nimic nu \u00eel poate opri.<\/p><p>\u00centoarcerea situa\u021biei o aduce \u00een\u021beleptul zeu Ea, care merge \u00een vechiul depozit al zeilor \u0219i ia unealta de t\u0103iat cu care fuseser\u0103 separate odinioar\u0103 cerul \u0219i p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. Cu aceast\u0103 unealt\u0103, Ullikummi este t\u0103iat de la picioarele um\u0103rului lui Upelluri \u0219i astfel lipsit de putere.<\/p><p>Textul este transmis pe t\u0103bli\u021be de lut \u00een limba hittit\u0103 din arhiva de la Hattu\u0161a, dar se bazeaz\u0103 pe un original hurrit. Hans Gustav G\u00fcterbock a editat C\u00e2ntecul lui Ullikummi \u00een 1951 \u0219i 1952, f\u0103c\u00e2nd accesibil unul dintre textele-cheie pentru compara\u021bia cu teogonia greac\u0103.<\/p><p>Nara\u021biunea \u00eel arat\u0103 pe Teshub nu ca st\u0103p\u00e2n de necontestat, ci ca rege a c\u0103rui pozi\u021bie trebuie ap\u0103rat\u0103 mereu din nou. Ea constituie astfel o m\u0103rturie central\u0103 pentru concep\u021bia hittit\u0103 despre domnia divin\u0103 ca stare precar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cb5f7c0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cb5f7c0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e132455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e132455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Teshub \u0219i dragonul Illujanka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24b232d0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24b232d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp259e779e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp259e779e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u0103turi de Ciclul lui Kumarbi exist\u0103 un al doilea mare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span> \u00een care zeul furtunii joac\u0103 rolul principal: lupta \u00eempotriva dragonului Illujanka. Acest text era legat de s\u0103rb\u0103toarea hittit\u0103 de Anul Nou <em>purulli<\/em> \u0219i este transmis \u00een dou\u0103 versiuni, pe care scriitorul Kella le atribuie unui preot din cetatea Nerik.<\/p><p>\u00cen versiunea mai veche, dragonul \u00eel \u00eenfr\u00e2nge mai \u00eent\u00e2i pe zeul furtunii. Zei\u021ba Inara organizeaz\u0103 apoi un osp\u0103\u021b \u0219i \u00eel c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 pe muritorul Hupasija ca ajutor, care negociaz\u0103 o r\u0103splat\u0103 de la ea. Dragonul \u0219i puii s\u0103i sunt \u00eemb\u0103ta\u021bi la osp\u0103\u021b, lega\u021bi \u0219i uci\u0219i de zeul furtunii.<\/p><p>\u00cen versiunea mai nou\u0103, dragonul i-a furat zeului furtunii inima \u0219i ochii. Zeul z\u0103misle\u0219te un fiu, care o ia de so\u021bie pe fiica dragonului \u0219i cere \u00eenapoi ca zestre inima \u0219i ochii. Astfel restabilit, zeul furtunii \u00eel ucide pe dragon, dar trebuie s\u0103 \u00eel sacrifice \u0219i pe propriul fiu, care st\u0103 de partea familiei socrilor.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitului<\/span> cu s\u0103rb\u0103toarea purulli este semnificativ\u0103 din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific. Avem aici un caz rar \u00een care un text narativ este explicit legat de un context ritual concret.<\/p><p>Calvert Watkins a tratat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> Illujanka \u00een lucrarea sa comparativ-lingvistic\u0103 ca exemplu pentru un tipar narativ indo-european \u00een care un erou ucide un dragon. Totodat\u0103, nara\u021biunea este o dovad\u0103 c\u0103 zeul furtunii hittit putea fi conceput ca \u00eenvins \u0219i c\u0103 victoria sa se datoreaz\u0103 ajutorului uman \u0219i divin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25d451a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25d451a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c6279ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c6279ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sanctuarul rupestru de la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24364644 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24364644\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp225cd153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp225cd153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La aproximativ doi kilometri nord-est de capitala hittit\u0103 Hattu\u0161a se afl\u0103 sanctuarul rupestru de la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya, o camer\u0103 natural\u0103 \u00een st\u00e2nc\u0103 ale c\u0103rei pere\u021bi au fost acoperi\u021bi \u00een secolul al XIII-lea \u00ee.Hr. cu reliefuri ale lumii divine hittite.<\/p><p>\u00cen camera A, cea mai mare, dou\u0103 procesiuni \u00eenainteaz\u0103 una spre cealalt\u0103, una masculin\u0103 din st\u00e2nga, una feminin\u0103 din dreapta. Acolo unde ele se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc se afl\u0103 zeul furtunii, identificat \u00een reliefuri prin inscrip\u021bii hieroglifice ca Teshub hurrit, iar \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 \u00eei st\u0103 so\u021bia sa Hebat.<\/p><p>Teshub st\u0103 pe doi zei ai mun\u021bilor apleca\u021bi, un tip iconografic care exprim\u0103 leg\u0103tura sa cu mun\u021bii. \u00cen spatele lui \u0219i \u00een fa\u021ba Hebatei urmeaz\u0103 copiii lor, printre care zeul Sarruma, care st\u0103 pe un panther. Identificarea figurilor se sprijin\u0103 pe semnele hieroglifice luvite \u0219i pe compara\u021bia cu listele de zei din arhivele de t\u0103bli\u021be.<\/p><p>Cercetarea interpreteaz\u0103 Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya predominant ca loc legat de s\u0103rb\u0103toarea de Anul Nou \u0219i posibil de cultul funerar al familiei regale. Camera mai mic\u0103 B con\u021bine un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O reprezentare plastic\u0103 \u00een relief executat\u0103 pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">relief<\/span> al regelui Tudhalija al IV-lea \u0219i este considerat\u0103 de unii un memorial pentru acest suveran. Kurt Bittel, care a excavat Hattu\u0161a timp de decenii, a documentat temeinic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span>.<\/p><p>Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya este singurul loc \u00een care \u00eentreaga ierarhie divin\u0103 de stat din perioada hittit\u0103 t\u00e2rzie s-a p\u0103strat \u00een piatr\u0103, iar Teshub st\u0103 literal \u00een centrul ei. Aceasta face din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> cea mai important\u0103 surs\u0103 arheologic\u0103 pentru pozi\u021bia sa \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26382bdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26382bdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29a5dce3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp29a5dce3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De la Teshub hurrit la zeul imperial hittit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28354bbc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp28354bbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab489b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab489b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub nu era ini\u021bial un zeu hittit, ci hurrit. Hurri\u021bii, un popor a c\u0103rui limb\u0103 nu este nici semitic\u0103, nici indo-european\u0103, tr\u0103iau \u00een nordul Mesopotamiei \u0219i \u00een nordul Siriei \u0219i au exercitat \u00een mileniul al doilea \u00ee.Hr. o puternic\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103 cultural\u0103 asupra imperiului hittit.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu aceast\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103, Teshub a intrat \u0219i \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> hittit, unde s-a contopit cu zeul autohton al furtunii, pe care hititii \u00eel scriau cu sumerograma pentru zeul furtunii.<\/p><p>Ascensiunea lui Teshub la statutul de zeu imperial este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de casa regal\u0103 hittit\u0103 din perioada t\u00e2rzie.<\/p><p>\u00cen special regina Puduhepa, o hurrita\u0103 de origine \u0219i so\u021bie a lui Hattusili al III-lea, a promovat cultele hurri\u021be la curte. Sub influen\u021ba ei \u0219i a fiului lor Tudhalija al IV-lea, lumea divin\u0103 hurrit\u0103 cu Teshub \u00een frunte a fost integrat\u0103 \u00een cultul de stat, vizibil tocmai la Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 stratificare se eviden\u021biaz\u0103 clar lingvistic. Acela\u0219i zeu se nume\u0219te \u00een hattit\u0103 Taru, \u00een hittit\u0103 este de obicei scris doar logografic, \u00een hurrit Teshub, \u00een luvit Tarhunt, iar \u00een spa\u021biul aramaic-sirian \u00eei corespunde Hadad.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 diversitate de nume atest\u0103 faptul c\u0103 este vorba despre o func\u021bie divin\u0103, st\u0103p\u00e2nul furtunii, care a luat o form\u0103 proprie \u00een numeroasele limbi ale Orientului Antic.<\/p><p>Volkert Haas a prezentat detaliat amprenta hurritic\u0103 a cultului hittit t\u00e2rziu \u00een <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em>. Pentru Teshub, aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 istoria sa devine inteligibil\u0103 numai ca istorie a traducerii culturale \u00eentre hurri\u021bi \u0219i hitit\u021bi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Volkert Haas: <em>Geschichte der hethitischen Religion<\/em> (Leiden 1994)<\/li><li>Gary Beckman: <em>Hittite Myths<\/em> (SBL 1998)<\/li><li>Mary Bachvarova: <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (Cambridge 2016)<\/li><li>Trevor Bryce: <em>The Kingdom of the Hittites<\/em> (Oxford 2005)<\/li><li>Kay Kohlmeyer: <em>Der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempel<\/span> des Wettergottes von Aleppo<\/em> (M\u00fcnster 2000)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-teshub e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-teshub\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-teshub-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-teshub-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Teshub constituia \u00een spa\u021biul hurrito-hittit un element central al religiei de stat. La Hattu\u0161a, Kummanni \u0219i Alep, regii \u00eentre\u021bin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u00een care jertfele de tauri, rug\u0103ciunile pentru ploaie \u0219i calendarele de s\u0103rb\u0103tori \u00eel omagiau pe zeul furtunii.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> s\u0103u era str\u00e2ns legat de regalitate: suveranul era considerat loc\u021biitor p\u0103m\u00e2ntesc, iar tratatele de alian\u021b\u0103 erau jurate prin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Adresarea rug\u0103toare sau invocatoare c\u0103tre o divinitate sau o putere.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocarea<\/span> lui Teshub, ceea ce conferea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultului<\/span> s\u0103u o ancorare totodat\u0103 politic\u0103 \u0219i cosmologic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-teshub e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-teshub\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-teshub-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-teshub-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teshub apare \u00een sursele hurrito-hittite ca zeul suprem al furtunii \u0219i <em>st\u0103p\u00e2n imperial<\/em>, care str\u0103bate cu carul de lupt\u0103 mun\u021bii \u0219i trece prin lupta zeilor pentru st\u0103p\u00e2nirea lumii \u00een Ciclul lui Kumarbi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Teshub hurrit zeul furtunii Ciclul lui Kumarbi Ullikummi Alep Kummiya \u0160eri \u1e2aurri.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-teshub\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">hittit\u0103<\/a> \u0219i a multor altor culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-teshub-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-teshub-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teshub, zeul furtunii hurrito-hittit \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2n al imperiului Teshub este zeul suprem al furtunii din panteonul hurrit \u0219i apare \u00een religia de stat hittit\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd din secolul al XIV-lea \u00ee.Hr. al\u0103turi de Tarhunna ca zeu imperial de rang egal sau dominant. \u00cen Ciclul lui Kumarbi instaureaz\u0103 noua ordine divin\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103turarea tat\u0103lui s\u0103u Kumarbi. Zeul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2843,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Teshub hurrit zeul furtunii","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Teshub - Zeul furtunii hurrit, mit \u0219i cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Teshub este zeul furtunii hurrit care, \u00een Ciclul lui Kumarbi, instaureaz\u0103 ordinea divin\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu surse.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"hethitisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104722","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Teshub - Zeul furtunii hurrit, mit \u0219i cult<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Teshub este zeul furtunii hurrit care, \u00een Ciclul lui Kumarbi, instaureaz\u0103 ordinea divin\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu surse.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/teshub\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Teshub - Zeul furtunii hurrit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Teshub este zeul furtunii hurrit care, \u00een Ciclul lui Kumarbi, instaureaz\u0103 ordinea divin\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu surse.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/teshub\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T12:21:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/\",\"name\":\"Teshub - Zeul furtunii hurrit, mit \u0219i cult\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T12:21:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T12:21:24+00:00\",\"description\":\"Teshub este zeul furtunii hurrit care, \u00een Ciclul lui Kumarbi, instaureaz\u0103 ordinea divin\u0103. \u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, cu surse.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_hethitisch_teshub.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"G\u00f6tter aus der Hethitisch-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/teshub\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Teshub &#8211; 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