{"id":104719,"date":"2026-08-04T12:20:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/milarepa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:21:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:21:16","slug":"milarepa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/milarepa\/","title":{"rendered":"Milarepa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104719\" class=\"elementor elementor-104719 elementor-3040\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c0acb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52c0acb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0ff9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac0ff9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c2abb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c2abb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f96346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f96346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa, yogi \u0219i sf\u00e2nt tibetan<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d9b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1d9b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa este un yogi \u0219i sf\u00e2nt tibetan al c\u0103rui drum de via\u021b\u0103, de la gre\u0219eal\u0103 grav\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la iluminare, este considerat un model exemplar. Milarepa (tibetan Mila Repa, \u201eMila cel \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een bumbac&#8221;, cca. 1052-1135) este unul dintre cei mai cunoscu\u021bi yogini din istoria religioas\u0103 tibetan\u0103.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de Padmasambhava, el este o persoan\u0103 identificabil\u0103 istoric, a c\u0103rei biografie a fost totodat\u0103 puternic stilizat\u0103 din punct de vedere al istoriei religiilor. Este considerat \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul central al \u0219colii Kagy\u00fc, iar versurile sale (mgur) se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai citite texte ale literaturii religioase tibetane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4728ea5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4728ea5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa2e6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aa2e6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie budist\u0103 cu bodhisattva, divinit\u0103\u021bi protectoare, spirite ale foamei \u0219i paznici ai iadului.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f06c579 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f06c579\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92ad8a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"c92ad8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__c92ad8a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d7944c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d7944c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd599cd iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dd599cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3276\" alt=\"Milarepa - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_milarepa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61fa776 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61fa776\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecda391 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ecda391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d89a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d89a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse biografice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da35bc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da35bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descrierea biografic\u0103 cea mai detaliat\u0103 este &#8222;Nampar Tharpa&#8221; (titlul complet al eliber\u0103rii), pe scurt &#8222;Mila Tharpa&#8221;, redactat\u0103 de Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka (1452-1507), un yogi \u0219i scriitor care a prezentat din nou imaginea lui Milarepa ca figur\u0103 idealizat\u0103 de yogi pentru mi\u0219carea sa de reform\u0103 a Kagy\u00fc t\u00e2rziu.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 vita este remarcabil\u0103 din punct de vedere literar \u0219i a fost tradus\u0103 \u00een mai multe limbi occidentale, \u00eens\u0103 a fost redactat\u0103 la aproximativ trei sute cincizeci de ani dup\u0103 moartea lui Milarepa \u0219i se sprijin\u0103 pe tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i scrise mai vechi, par\u021bial pierdute.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman a reconstituit \u00een &#8222;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221; (New York 2014) evolu\u021bia textual\u0103 a vitei lui Milarepa \u0219i a demonstrat c\u0103 au existat cel pu\u021bin trei versiuni mai vechi, dintre care unele s-au p\u0103strat doar fragmentar.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Cele o sut\u0103 de mii de c\u00e2ntece&#8221; (Mila Gurbum), compilat\u0103 tot de Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, adun\u0103 versurile pe care Milarepa se presupune c\u0103 le-ar fi improvizat \u00een diferite situa\u021bii de predare pentru discipolii \u0219i peti\u021bionarii s\u0103i. Aceast\u0103 colec\u021bie este a doua surs\u0103 central\u0103 despre Milarepa; c\u00e2ntecele sale individuale sunt datate foarte diferit \u0219i reflect\u0103 probabil o tradi\u021bie care s-a dezvoltat pe parcursul mai multor secole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9c360 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a9c360\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a83792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a83792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tinere\u021bea \u0219i magia neagr\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16a21ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16a21ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Potrivit vitei, Milarepa s-a n\u0103scut ca fiu al unui mare proprietar funciar \u00eenst\u0103rit din Kya Ngatsa, \u00een vestul Tibetului. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u a murit devreme, dup\u0103 care unchiul \u0219i m\u0103tu\u0219a \u0219i-au \u00eensu\u0219it averea \u0219i au \u00eenrobit familia.<\/p><p>La \u00eendemnul mamei, Milarepa a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span> neagr\u0103 \u0219i a ucis prin intermediul unui ritual al grindinei treizeci \u0219i cinci de rude ale unchiului, distrug\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 recoltele care le asigurau bog\u0103\u021bia.<\/p><p>Karma rea a acestei fapte l-a \u00eempins ulterior spre c\u0103utarea eliber\u0103rii religioase. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune este important\u0103 din punct de vedere fenomenologic-religios: introduce un sf\u00e2nt care nu este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dat sacrului printr-o ac\u021biune religioas\u0103 \u0219i astfel separat de sfera cotidian\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">sf\u00e2nt<\/span> de la bun \u00eenceput, ci ajunge la iluminare pornind dintr-o vin\u0103 profund\u0103.<\/p><p>Donald Lopez (&#8222;Religions of Tibet in Practice&#8221;, Princeton 1997) interpreteaz\u0103 acest element ca reflectare a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turilor tantrice care recunosc &#8222;calea p\u0103t\u0103rii&#8221; (kleshamarga) ca posibilitate de eliberare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e753fd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e753fd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84127d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84127d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marpa ca \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27889e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d27889e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa \u0219i-a g\u0103sit \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul \u00een Marpa Ch\u00f6kyi Lodr\u00f6 (1012-1097), un traduc\u0103tor tibetan care efectuase mai multe c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00een India \u0219i fusese instruit acolo de Naropa.<\/p><p>Marpa l-a supus pe Milarepa timp de mul\u021bi ani unei probe de \u00eendurare extreme: l-a pus s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 singur numeroase turnuri din pietre, d\u00e2ndu-i de fiecare dat\u0103 instruc\u021biunea de a le d\u0103r\u00e2ma de \u00eendat\u0103 ce erau terminate.<\/p><p>Turnul Sekhar-Guthok, p\u0103strat \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een Lhodrak, sudul Tibetului, este considerat prin tradi\u021bie edificiul final pe care Milarepa nu a mai trebuit s\u0103-l demoleze. Potrivit vitei, proba a servit la purificarea karmei rele a magiei grindinei, \u00eenainte ca Milarepa s\u0103 poat\u0103 primi ini\u021bierile tantrice superioare.<\/p>\n<p>La finalizarea probei, a primit transmiterea complet\u0103 a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii Mahamudra \u0219i a celor \u0219ase yogas ale lui Naropa, printre care c\u0103ldura interioar\u0103 (tummo), corpul de lumin\u0103 clar\u0103 (\u00f6dsal) \u0219i yoga visului (milam). Aceste transmisii constituie miezul \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii Kagy\u00fc \u0219i sunt transmise p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een linie ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec45904 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec45904\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e685e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e685e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Via\u021ba de eremit \u00een pe\u0219teri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8377eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8377eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dup\u0103 perioada de ucenicie, Milarepa s-a retras \u00een pe\u0219terile Himalayei, \u00een special \u00een regiunea masivului Lapchi, situat la grani\u021ba dintre Tibet \u0219i Nepal.<\/p><p>Vita \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 timp de decenii \u00een schituri montane izolate, adesea aproape dezbr\u0103cat, hr\u0103nindu-se cu urzici s\u0103lbatice care i-ar fi colorat corpul \u00een verde. A dezvoltat c\u0103ldura interioar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la un nivel la care rezista furtunilor de z\u0103pad\u0103 \u00eembr\u0103cat doar cu o bucat\u0103 de p\u00e2nz\u0103 de bumbac (repa), de unde \u0219i epitetul Repa.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este atestat\u0103 \u0219i \u00een afara nara\u021biunii hagiografice, \u00een tradi\u021bia yoginilor tibetani; \u00een secolul al XX-lea, Alexandra David-N\u00e9el a documentat-o etnografic, iar studii fiziologice mai recente efectuate pe practican\u021bi de tummo \u00een Ladakh \u0219i Nepal au m\u0103surat efecte de \u00eenc\u0103lzire.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, este relevant c\u0103 leg\u0103tura dintre asceza extrem\u0103 \u0219i generarea de c\u0103ldur\u0103 corporal\u0103 \u00een Vajrayana reprezint\u0103 o cale de practic\u0103 descris\u0103 sistematic \u00een Tantre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6d992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d6d992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef249c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef249c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e2ntece \u0219i forma de predare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33c35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33c35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa nu preda prin conferin\u021be canonice sau prin c\u0103r\u021bi, ci improviza versuri spontane adaptate situa\u021biei de moment. Un v\u00e2n\u0103tor, o discipola \u00eendoielnic\u0103, un grup de t\u00e2lhari, to\u021bi erau aborda\u021bi \u00een func\u021bie de nivelul lor de con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103. &#8222;Cele o sut\u0103 de mii de c\u00e2ntece&#8221; reprezint\u0103 culegerea scris\u0103 a acestor improviza\u021bii.<\/p><p>Ele se \u00eenscriu \u00een tradi\u021bia literaturii indiene doha \u0219i caryagiti, care a jucat deja un rol important \u00een Vajrayana indian. \u00cen Tibetul secolului al XI-lea, forma prelegerii c\u00e2ntate era o metod\u0103 eficient\u0103 de a transmite con\u021binuturi doctrinare \u0219i ascult\u0103torilor analfabe\u021bi.<\/p><p>Roger Jackson a prezentat \u00een detaliu, \u00een &#8222;Tantric Treasures&#8221; (Oxford 2004), compatibilitatea tradi\u021biei tibetane mgur cu modelele indiene.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e19ec7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e19ec7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4f2e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Discipoli \u0219i succesiune<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b11763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b11763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa a avut doi discipoli principali: Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079-1153) \u0219i Rechungpa (1085-1161). Gampopa, fost medic \u0219i c\u0103lug\u0103r al \u0219colii Kadam, a integrat practica yoginilor tantrici a lui Milarepa \u00eentr-un cadru monastic \u0219i a \u00eentemeiat astfel linia m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103 a \u0219colilor Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Rechungpa a p\u0103strat tradi\u021bia yoginilor non-monastici. Din discipolii lui Gampopa au rezultat cele \u201epatru mari&#8221; \u0219i \u201eopt mici&#8221; sub-tradi\u021bii Kagy\u00fc, printre care Karma Kagy\u00fc cu celebra linie de re\u00eencarnare a Karmapei. Astfel, experien\u021ba individual\u0103 de \u00eendurare \u0219i iluminare a lui Milarepa a devenit temelia unei mari \u0219coli institu\u021bionale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9ff0fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9ff0fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edca6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"edca6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af3f9de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af3f9de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew Quintman arat\u0103 c\u0103 vita lui Milarepa a stabilit un model al \u201ecelui iluminat pornind dintr-o vin\u0103 profund\u0103&#8221;, model reluat de multiple ori \u00een istoria religioas\u0103 tibetan\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de concep\u021bia theravadin\u0103 despre sfin\u021benie, \u00een care puritatea \u0219i meritul sunt prezente de la bun \u00eenceput, tradi\u021bia Milarepa subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219i abateri morale grave pot fi purificate prin practica tantric\u0103 \u00een cursul aceleia\u0219i vie\u021bi.<\/p><p>Aceasta este, din punct de vedere fenomenologic-religios, o afirma\u021bie central\u0103 a Vajrayanei, care o distinge de \u0219colile budiste mai vechi, \u00een care erau considerate necesare mai multe existen\u021be pentru o purificare complet\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47965f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47965f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555a7da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"555a7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare \u00een Occident<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82970f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82970f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prima traducere european\u0103 a vitei lui Milarepa apar\u021bine lui Jacques Bacot (Paris 1925), iar prima \u00een limba englez\u0103 lui Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (Oxford 1928). Aceasta din urm\u0103 este cunoscut\u0103 pentru coloratura sa teosofic\u0103 \u0219i este ast\u0103zi dep\u0103\u0219it\u0103 \u00een tibetologia \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103. Lobsang Lhalungpa a realizat \u00een 1977 o traducere englez\u0103 sigur\u0103 din punct de vedere filologic.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, Milarepa a devenit, al\u0103turi de Padmasambhava, figura tibetan\u0103 cea mai proeminent\u0103 \u00een receptarea occidental\u0103 a budismului. Identificabilitatea sa biografic\u0103, amestecul de abatere moral\u0103 \u0219i sfin\u021bire, precum \u0219i c\u00e2ntecele simple, adesea de inspira\u021bie naturist\u0103, i-au conferit o influen\u021b\u0103 autonom\u0103 dincolo de linia de transmitere strict tantric\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96d20ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96d20ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d10a01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d10a01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-050e560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"050e560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Tsangny\u00f6n Heruka, &#8222;Mila Tharpa&#8221; (vita lui Milarepa), secolul al XV-lea; &#8222;Mila Gurbum&#8221; (Cele o sut\u0103 de mii de c\u00e2ntece ale lui Milarepa), secolul al XV-lea.<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Andrew Quintman, &#8222;The Yogin and the Madman.<\/p><p>Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet&#8217;s Great Saint Milarepa&#8221;, New York 2014; Donald Lopez, &#8222;Religions of Tibet in Practice&#8221;, Princeton 1997; David Snellgrove, &#8222;Indo-Tibetan Buddhism&#8221;, London 1987; Roger Jackson, &#8222;Tantric Treasures&#8221;, Oxford 2004; Lobsang Lhalungpa, &#8222;The Life of Milarepa&#8221;, New York 1977; Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8222;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6396940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6396940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7811b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7811b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahamudra \u0219i Dzogchen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d7f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d7f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura pe care Milarepa a primit-o de la Marpa \u0219i a transmis-o discipolilor s\u0103i apar\u021bine tradi\u021biei Mahamudra (\u201eMarea Pecete&#8221;). Ea vizeaz\u0103 recunoa\u0219terea direct\u0103, non-conceptual\u0103, a naturii min\u021bii. Mahamudra este structural asem\u0103n\u0103toare tradi\u021biei Dzogchen (\u201eMarea Perfec\u021biune&#8221;) a \u0219colii Nyingma, dar metodologic diferit\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce Dzogchen porne\u0219te de la puritatea originar\u0103 a min\u021bii ca punct de plecare, Mahamudra trece treptat de la recunoa\u0219terea conceptual\u0103 la contemplarea direct\u0103.<\/p><p>David Jackson a documentat \u00een &#8222;Enlightenment by a Single Means&#8221; (Viena 1994) disputa istoric\u0103 dintre concep\u021bia Sakya a Mahamudrei \u0219i cea a Kagy\u00fc. Aceast\u0103 dezbatere este una dintre cele mai importante din filosofia tibetan\u0103 a secolelor XIII-XV \u0219i prive\u0219te direct interpretarea \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii lui Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e68a954 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e68a954\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c788afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c788afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele \u0219ase yogas ale lui Naropa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cdc8ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cdc8ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al\u0103turi de Mahamudra, transmiterea \u201ecelor \u0219ase yogas ale lui Naropa&#8221; reprezint\u0103 a doua linie principal\u0103 a practicii Kagy\u00fc care se \u00eentoarce la Milarepa.<\/p><p>Aceste \u0219ase yogas cuprind c\u0103ldura interioar\u0103 (tummo), corpul de lumin\u0103 clar\u0103 (\u00f6dsal), yoga visului (milam), yoga bardo-ului (yoga st\u0103rilor intermediare), transferul de con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 (phowa) \u0219i practica corpului iluzoriu (gyul\u00fc). Ele alc\u0103tuiesc un program sistematic de practic\u0103 care se \u00eentoarce la yoginul indian Naropa \u0219i a fost transmis prin Marpa lui Milarepa.<\/p><p>C\u0103ldura interioar\u0103, cu care Milarepa a devenit celebru, este prima \u0219i \u00een multe privin\u021be practica fundamental\u0103 dintre acestea. Glenn Mullin a tradus \u0219i comentat corpusul de practic\u0103 \u00een &#8222;The Six Yogas of Naropa&#8221; (Ithaca 1996).<\/p><p>Cercetarea etnografic\u0103 asupra practican\u021bilor actuali de tummo, \u00een special lucr\u0103rile lui Herbert Benson de la Harvard Medical School \u00een anii 1980, a documentat cre\u0219teri m\u0103surabile ale temperaturii pielii, f\u0103r\u0103 ca prin aceasta s\u0103 fie confirmate sau infirmate preten\u021biile religioase ale tradi\u021biei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8c8bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a8c8bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02be439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02be439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pe\u0219terile lui Milarepa ca locuri de pelerinaj<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a9549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05a9549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pe\u0219terile \u00een care Milarepa a meditat potrivit tradi\u021biei sunt \u0219i ast\u0103zi locuri de pelerinaj. Deosebit de proeminente sunt pe\u0219tera Drakar Taso (\u201eSt\u00e2nca alb\u0103 dinte de cal&#8221;), pe\u0219terile Lapchi de la grani\u021ba dintre Tibet \u0219i Nepal, pe\u0219terile Chuwar din regiunea Nyalam \u0219i pe\u0219terile Kyirong, tot la grani\u021ba nepalez\u0103.<\/p><p>Rutele de pelerinaj spre aceste locuri au reprezentat o ax\u0103 important\u0103 a spiritualit\u0103\u021bii budiste p\u00e2n\u0103 la anexarea chinez\u0103 a Tibetului.<\/p><p>Ast\u0103zi sunt par\u021bial din nou accesibile, \u00eens\u0103 traficul de pelerini este limitat de restric\u021biile politice. \u00cen Nepal, regiunea Lapchi \u0219i Muntele Kailash (accesibil dinspre Tibet) sunt destina\u021bii centrale de pelerinaj \u0219i pentru venerarea lui Milarepa. Toni Huber a documentat detaliat geografia pelerinajului tibetan \u00een &#8222;The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain&#8221; (New York 1999).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42766a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a42766a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3699add elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3699add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa \u00een receptarea modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5e66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5e66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, Milarepa a devenit una dintre cele mai proeminente figuri tibetane \u00een receptarea occidental\u0103 a budismului.<\/p><p>Lama Anagarika Govinda i-a dedicat \u00een &#8222;The Way of the White Clouds&#8221; (Londra 1966) pasaje ample, \u00een care leg\u0103tura dintre via\u021ba de ascet \u0219i cunoa\u0219terea mistic\u0103 este prezentat\u0103 ca realizare central\u0103 tibetan\u0103. Traducerea lui Lobsang Lhalungpa (1977) a condus la o receptare occidental\u0103 larg\u0103.<\/p><p>Filmul tibetan &#8222;Milarepa&#8221; (2006) al \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torului Neten Chokling a adus povestea pentru prima dat\u0103 unui public interna\u021bional de cinema. \u00cen budismul tibetan occidental, \u00een special \u00een liniile Kagy\u00fc, Milarepa este o figur\u0103 central\u0103 de identificare pentru practican\u021bi, \u00een a c\u0103ror vita leg\u0103tura dintre abaterea etic\u0103, \u00eendurare \u0219i iluminare este citit\u0103 ca model pentru propriul drum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c510076 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c510076\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b269ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b269ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa \u0219i poezia naturii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42109d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b42109d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O linie literar\u0103 proprie a c\u00e2ntecelor lui Milarepa o constituie poeziile sale despre natur\u0103. Ele descriu via\u021ba \u00een schiturile montane, perceperea anotimpurilor, a animalelor, a st\u00e2ncilor, a z\u0103pezii \u0219i a v\u00e2ntului. Aceste poeme se \u00eenscriu \u00eentr-o tradi\u021bie a poeziei ascetice tibetane care dezvolt\u0103, similar poeziei Zen japoneze, un limbaj natural direct \u0219i neartificial.<\/p><p>Au fost receptate de litera\u021bi occidentali precum Gary Snyder \u0219i Allen Ginsberg \u0219i au exercitat astfel o influen\u021b\u0103 mai larg\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een cadrul strict al tradi\u021biei religioase. Per S\u00f8rensen a eviden\u021biat \u00een &#8222;Divinity Secularized.<\/p><p>An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama&#8221; (Viena 1990) leg\u0103turile structurale dintre c\u00e2ntecele lui Milarepa \u0219i poezia de dragoste laic\u0103 tibetan\u0103 ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05aa2e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c05aa2e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a11e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a11e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsangnyon Heruka \u0219i vita canonic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a17ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a17ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Descrierea biografic\u0103 ast\u0103zi canonic\u0103 a lui Milarepa (Mi la ras pa&#8217;i rnam thar) a fost redactat\u0103 \u00een anul 1488 de Tsangnyon Heruka (1452-1507).<\/p><p>Tsangnyon, el \u00eensu\u0219i un yogi excentric al tradi\u021biei \u201eSfin\u021bilor nebuni&#8221;, a extras din surse anterioare, dar le-a configurat \u00eentr-o oper\u0103 literar\u0103 unitar\u0103 cu o structur\u0103 clar\u0103: preistorie \u0219i na\u0219tere, tinere\u021be \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Practici care urm\u0103resc s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een cursul lucrurilor prin ac\u021biuni sau formule speciale.\" tabindex=\"0\">magie<\/span>, Marpa \u0219i probele, calea eliber\u0103rii, anii de predare, moartea.<\/p><p>Andrew Quintman (&#8222;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221;, New York 2014) a reconstituit detaliat istoria surselor vitei lui Milarepa. El arat\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 cel pu\u021bin nou\u0103 straturi mai vechi ale vitei, cel mai timpuriu dintre ele \u00eentorc\u00e2ndu-se la Gampopa (1079-1153), discipolul nemijlocit al lui Milarepa.<\/p><p>Versiunea lui Tsangnyon a avut un succes literar at\u00e2t de mare \u00eenc\u00e2t a eclipsat practic sursele mai vechi. A devenit standardul hagiografiei tibetane \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi imaginea popular\u0103 a lui Milarepa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6ef287 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6ef287\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84b2d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cele 100.000 de c\u00e2ntece ca oper\u0103 literar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9be78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c9be78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Colec\u021bia &#8222;Mila Grubum&#8221; (100.000 de c\u00e2ntece ale lui Milarepa) a fost \u0219i ea configurat\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 literar\u0103 de Tsangnyon Heruka, dar con\u021bine material mai vechi. Cuprinde aproximativ 130 de episoade \u00een care Milarepa transmite \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi \u00een versuri poetice (&#8222;mgur&#8221;), \u00eei pune la \u00eencercare pe discipoli sau caut\u0103 dialogul cu oamenii de r\u00e2nd. Mgur reprezint\u0103 un gen literar tibetan propriu, care \u00eembin\u0103 spiritualitatea religioas\u0103 cu poezia popular\u0103.<\/p><p>Garma C.C. Chang (&#8222;The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa&#8221;, New York 1962) a realizat o traducere englez\u0103 complet\u0103. C\u00e2ntecele sunt structurate metric \u00een mod diferit \u0219i urmeaz\u0103 o alternan\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre subiectul doctrinar \u0219i amintirea personal\u0103. Ele constituie at\u00e2t material de practic\u0103 religioas\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i literatur\u0103 popular\u0103, ceea ce explic\u0103 larga lor influen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d9990 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5d9990\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e21311c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e21311c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pe\u0219terile \u0219i locurile de pelerinaj ale lui Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a26a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a26a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cele mai importante pe\u0219teri \u00een care Milarepa a meditat potrivit tradi\u021biei sunt Drakar Taso l\u00e2ng\u0103 Nyalam \u00een sudul Tibetului, Chubar l\u00e2ng\u0103 Kyirong, Lapchi \u00een zona de frontier\u0103 tibeto-nepalez\u0103, precum \u0219i pe\u0219terile de la Muntele Kailash. Lapchi \u0219i Kailash sunt ast\u0103zi greu accesibile din cauza pandemiei \u0219i a restric\u021biilor de c\u0103l\u0103torie chineze, iar Drakar Taso a fost par\u021bial reconstruit dup\u0103 1980 ca ruin\u0103 m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103.<\/p><p>Toni Huber (&#8222;The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain&#8221;, New York 1999) a documentat etnografic practica de pelerinaj din jurul Tsari, un alt loc legat de Milarepa, \u0219i a ar\u0103tat cum locurile de pelerinaj func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca prelungire spa\u021bial\u0103 a hagiografiei.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura dintre textul vitei \u0219i locul de pelerinaj este un fenomen clasic al geografiei religioase, iar Milarepa se num\u0103r\u0103 printre sfin\u021bii tibetani cu cel mai puternic ancorament spa\u021bial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1971a07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1971a07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5980702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5980702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Linia Kagy\u00fc \u0219i cele patru mari subdiviziuni ale sale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfbe61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dfbe61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa se situeaz\u0103 \u00een linia principal\u0103 a \u0219colii Kagy\u00fc (bka&#8217; brgyud, \u201elinia de transmitere a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turilor orale&#8221;). Aceast\u0103 linie a fost adus\u0103 din India \u00een Tibet de Marpa Lotsawa. Dup\u0103 discipolul principal al lui Milarepa, Gampopa, Kagy\u00fc s-a divizat \u00een patru linii mari \u0219i opt linii mici. Cele patru mari sunt Karma Kagy\u00fc (cu Karmapas), Tselpa Kagy\u00fc, Baram Kagy\u00fc \u0219i Phagdru Kagy\u00fc.<\/p><p>Din linia Phagdru au provenit la r\u00e2ndul lor Drikung Kagy\u00fc, Drugpa Kagy\u00fc \u0219i Taglung Kagy\u00fc. Linia Drukpa este \u0219coala de stat a Bhutanului. Karenina Kollmar-Paulenz (&#8222;Geschichte der Mongolen&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 2005) \u0219i Matthew Kapstein (&#8222;The Tibetans&#8221;, Oxford 2006) au prezentat evolu\u021bia \u0219colilor fiecare \u00een contextul istoriei politice a Tibetului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5359825 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5359825\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc1941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ddc1941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Mahamudra a lui Milarepa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce56ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce56ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa a practicat \u0219i a transmis \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Mahamudra (\u201eMarea Pecete&#8221;), care se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai \u00eenalte niveluri ale practicii Anuttarayoga-Tantra. Transmiterea Mahamudrei a ajuns prin Maitripa \u0219i Naropa la Marpa \u0219i apoi la Milarepa.<\/p><p>Spre deosebire de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Dzogchen a \u0219colii Nyingma, cu care Mahamudra este filosofic \u00eenrudit\u0103, practica Mahamudra accentueaz\u0103 ascensiunea treptat\u0103 prin Shamatha (lini\u0219tea mental\u0103) \u0219i Vipashyana (perspicacitate) spre recunoa\u0219terea direct\u0103 a naturii min\u021bii.<\/p><p>\u201eCele patru yogas ale Mahamudrei&#8221;, concentrarea unipunctal\u0103, non-construirea, gustul unic \u0219i realizarea non-meditativ\u0103, sunt considerate trepte centrale ale progresului. David Jackson (&#8222;Enlightenment by a Single Means&#8221;, Viena 1994) a cercetat \u00een profunzime tradi\u021bia Mahamudra \u00een compara\u021bie cu tradi\u021bia Lam-Rim a Gelugs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adcdb10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adcdb10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa12c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daa12c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Milarepa \u00een literatura \u0219i arta modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f003a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7f003a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milarepa a exercitat o influen\u021b\u0103 vast\u0103 asupra literaturii \u0219i artelor plastice occidentale. Eric Frechette a transpus \u00een 1968 \u201eCele o sut\u0103 de mii de imnuri&#8221; \u00een francez\u0103. Lobsang Lhalungpa a oferit \u00een 1977 o traducere englez\u0103 mult apreciat\u0103 a vitei. Regizorul bhutanez Neten Chokling a realizat \u00een 2006 un film \u00een dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi, &#8222;Milarepa&#8221;, care \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 tinere\u021bea \u0219i calea eliber\u0103rii.<\/p><p>Pictorul elve\u021bian Aldo Walker \u0219i artistul american budist Robert Beer au creat portrete ale lui Milarepa, orientate dup\u0103 modelele tradi\u021bionale tibetane. Diaspora tibetan\u0103 modern\u0103 a transformat Milarepa \u00eentr-o figur\u0103 de identificare a unei spiritualit\u0103\u021bi care mediaz\u0103 \u00eentre disciplina monastic\u0103 \u0219i autonomia yogic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2207bde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2207bde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f7a869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f7a869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a39e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a39e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A fost Milarepa o persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103?<\/strong> Da. Datele sale de via\u021b\u0103 sunt datate \u00een general la aproximativ 1052-1135, de\u0219i unele aspecte sunt disputate. Andrew Quintman a cercetat \u00een detaliu fiabilitatea istoric\u0103 a situa\u021biei surselor \u00een &#8222;The Yogin and the Madman&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce sunt \u201ecele \u0219ase yogas ale lui Naropa&#8221;?<\/strong> Un program de practic\u0103 yogic\u0103 tantric\u0103 care cuprinde c\u0103ldura interioar\u0103, corpul de lumin\u0103 clar\u0103, yoga visului, yoga bardo-ului, transferul de con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i practica corpului iluzoriu. Ele constituie linia central\u0103 de practic\u0103 a \u0219colilor Kagy\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>De ce era Milarepa verzui?<\/strong> Potrivit vitei, s-a hr\u0103nit timp de decenii aproape exclusiv cu urzici s\u0103lbatice, ceea ce i-ar fi colorat corpul. Dac\u0103 aceasta s-a petrecut astfel \u00een mod istoric este incert; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> subliniaz\u0103 \u00een orice caz asceza sa extrem\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cine au fost cei mai importan\u021bi discipoli ai lui Milarepa?<\/strong> Gampopa S\u00f6nam Rinchen (1079-1153), care a \u00eentemeiat linia monastic\u0103 a \u0219colilor Kagy\u00fc, \u0219i Rechungpa (1085-1161), care a perpetuat tradi\u021bia yoginilor non-monastici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Milarepa, yogi \u0219i sf\u00e2nt tibetan Milarepa este un yogi \u0219i sf\u00e2nt tibetan al c\u0103rui drum de via\u021b\u0103, de la gre\u0219eal\u0103 grav\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la iluminare, este considerat un model exemplar. Milarepa (tibetan Mila Repa, \u201eMila cel \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00een bumbac&#8221;, cca. 1052-1135) este unul dintre cei mai cunoscu\u021bi yogini din istoria religioas\u0103 tibetan\u0103. Spre deosebire de Padmasambhava, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Milarepa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Milarepa - Yogi \u0219i sf\u00e2nt tibetan | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Milarepa (1052-1135) este cel mai renumit yogi \u0219i poet tibetan, discipol al lui Marpa, \u00eentemeietor al liniei Kagy\u00fc. 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