{"id":104710,"date":"2026-08-04T12:19:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:19:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/xi-wangmu-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:20:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:20:18","slug":"xi-wangmu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/xi-wangmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Xi Wangmu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104710\" class=\"elementor elementor-104710 elementor-3044\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9657ee0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9657ee0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b1ecb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78b1ecb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a729d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"74a729d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da3cc37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da3cc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu, Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9043efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9043efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xi Wangmu, &#8222;Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului&#8221;, este una dintre cele mai vechi \u0219i, totodat\u0103, mai complexe figuri feminine divine din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinez\u0103. Potrivit reprezent\u0103rii tradi\u021bionale, ea locuie\u0219te pe Mun\u021bii Kunlun din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Occident \u0219i de\u021bine piersicile nemuririi, care se coc o dat\u0103 la trei mii sau nou\u0103 mii de ani.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, ea a parcurs o transformare remarcabil\u0103, de la monstrul arhaic, semianimal, al Occidentului din epoca Shang, la eleganta regin\u0103 celest\u0103 daoist\u0103 din tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d13aac5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d13aac5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fbc7a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"5fbc7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/china\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religie chinez\u0103 a zeilor, spiritelor \u0219i credin\u021ba popular\u0103 - daoist\u0103, budist\u0103, confucianist\u0103.\">China<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-348dd89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"348dd89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c4cf6 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"54c4cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__54c4cf6\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a95859 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a95859\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08bc788 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08bc788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3214\" alt=\"Xi Wangmu - G\u00f6tter aus der China-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_china_xi-wangmu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f79af e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1f79af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29633cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29633cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5895c46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5895c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Primele atest\u0103ri \u00een Shanhaijing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e617f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e617f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai veche atestare a lui Xi Wangmu se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een &#8222;Shanhaijing&#8221; (&#8222;Clasicul Mun\u021bilor \u0219i M\u0103rilor&#8221;), o lucrare ale c\u0103rei straturi cele mai vechi dateaz\u0103 din secolele IV-III \u00ee.Hr.<\/p><p>Cartea &#8222;Mun\u021bilor Occidentali&#8221; o descrie ca pe un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 care reune\u0219te \u00een sine tr\u0103s\u0103turi ale diferitelor vie\u021buitoare.\" tabindex=\"0\">hibrid<\/span> cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi umane, coad\u0103 de panter\u0103, din\u021bi de tigru \u0219i p\u0103r s\u0103lbatic, care locuie\u0219te pe un munte din Occident \u0219i r\u0103spunde de pestilen\u021be \u0219i pedepse divine.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 figur\u0103 timpurie este departe de a fi gra\u021bioas\u0103; ea se \u00eenscrie \u00een r\u00e2ndul altor fiin\u021be divine arhaice chineze care poart\u0103 elemente zoomorfe. Edward Schafer a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;The Divine Woman&#8221; (San Francisco 1973) c\u0103 uniformizarea iconografic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a lui Xi Wangmu nu \u00eencepe dec\u00e2t din epoca Han \u0219i reflect\u0103 o transformare profund\u0103 de sens.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca7262 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ca7262\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e575668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e575668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transformarea din epoca Han<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6c2c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6c2c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen epoca Han (206 \u00ee.Hr. &#8211; 220 d.Hr.), imaginea lui Xi Wangmu se schimb\u0103 radical. Din zei\u021ba monstruoas\u0103 a pestei devine d\u0103ruitoarea nemuririi.<\/p><p>Piersicile nemuririi, care cresc pe copacii ei de pe Kunlun, devin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> central. Epoca Han cunoa\u0219te o preocupare intens\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de aspira\u021bia spre nemurirea corporal\u0103 (xian), iar Xi Wangmu devine cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 patron\u0103 a acestei c\u0103ut\u0103ri.<\/p><p>\u00cen &#8222;Huainanzi&#8221; (secolul al II-lea \u00ee.Hr.), ea este p\u0103zitoarea elixirului nemuririi, pe care arca\u0219ul Hou Yi \u00eel prime\u0219te de la ea \u0219i pe care so\u021bia sa Chang&#8217;e \u00eel r\u0103pe\u0219te spre Lun\u0103. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune o leag\u0103 pe Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului de zei\u021ba Lunii \u0219i stabile\u0219te o dimensiune astronomic-cosmologic\u0103 profund\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Un episod semnificativ este \u00eent\u00e2lnirea legendar\u0103 a lui Xi Wangmu cu regele Zhou Mu, transmis\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Mu Tianzi Zhuan&#8221; (secolele IV-III \u00ee.Hr.). Regele c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te spre Occident, o \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te pe Regina-Mam\u0103 pe unul dintre mun\u021bii ei \u0219i face schimb de poezii cu ea.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnire a fost reluat\u0103 frecvent \u00een literatura \u0219i arta chinez\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 \u0219i a simbolizat leg\u0103tura suveranului p\u0103m\u00e2ntesc cu puterile divine ale Occidentului. Stephen Bokenkamp (&#8222;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997) a analizat importan\u021ba acestei nara\u021biuni pentru autolegitimarea primelor mi\u0219c\u0103ri daoiste.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691b21f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"691b21f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96514c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96514c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Piersicile nemuririi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d9a7f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d9a7f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pantao, piersicile nemuririi, sunt atributul iconografic cel mai important al lui Xi Wangmu. Potrivit tradi\u021biilor, ele se coc doar o dat\u0103 la trei mii de ani, unele versiuni vorbind de trei mii, \u0219ase mii \u0219i nou\u0103 mii de ani pentru trei soiuri diferite. Cine m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 un fruct devine xian, un nemuritor.<\/p><p>\u00cen &#8222;C\u0103l\u0103torie spre Occident&#8221; (Xiyou Ji), jefuirea gr\u0103dinii de piersici de c\u0103tre regele-maimu\u021b\u0103 Sun Wukong este unul dintre cele mai cunoscute episoade ale literaturii romanesce chineze. Aceast\u0103 elaborare narativ\u0103 este de natur\u0103 literar\u0103, dar se sprijin\u0103 pe un complex mitologic existent \u00eenc\u0103 din epoca Han.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9650940 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9650940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45570bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45570bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leg\u0103tura cu Yu Huang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c03cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c03cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odat\u0103 cu stabilirea \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad \u00een epoca Song, Xi Wangmu devine &#8222;Mama Regal\u0103&#8221; (Wangmu Niangniang), so\u021bia sa. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 este, din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, o construc\u021bie t\u00e2rzie, care reune\u0219te dou\u0103 complexe divine ini\u021bial distincte. \u00cen aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie, ea guverneaz\u0103 jum\u0103tatea feminin\u0103 a cerului divin \u0219i este patroana nemuritoarelor feminine, femeile-xian.<\/p><p>Cele \u0219apte fiice ale sale sunt figuri centrale \u00een nara\u021biunile religiei populare, \u00een special a \u0219aptea fiic\u0103, Zhin\u00fc, &#8222;Fata \u021aes\u0103toare&#8221;, a c\u0103rei poveste cu p\u0103storul Niulang st\u0103 la originea festivalului Qixi, \u00een a \u0219aptea zi a celei de-a \u0219aptea luni lunare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b0f263 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b0f263\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c5721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"27c5721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99476c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99476c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Transformarea iconografic\u0103 a lui Xi Wangmu ilustreaz\u0103 o schimbare de semnifica\u021bie exemplar\u0103 pentru istoria religiei chineze. Reliefurile din mormintele din Sichuan \u0219i Shandong din epoca Han o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 frecvent cu podoaba de cap Sheng, un accesoriu caracteristic, asem\u0103n\u0103tor suveicii unui r\u0103zboi de \u021besut, \u0219i cu animalul s\u0103u \u00eenso\u021bitor, pas\u0103rea cu trei picioare care \u00eei aduce m\u00e2ncarea, precum \u0219i cu vulpea cu nou\u0103 cozi \u0219i iepurele de lun\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cencep\u00e2nd din epoca Tang, reprezentarea ei evolueaz\u0103 spre imaginea doamnei curtene\u0219ti idealizate \u00een ve\u0219minte lungi, adesea cu o piersic\u0103 sau o pan\u0103 de fenix. \u00cen epocile Ming \u0219i Qing, ea este iconografic aproape de nedistins fa\u021b\u0103 de alte doamne celeste daoiste; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbolul<\/span> ei r\u0103m\u00e2ne piersica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52bbc08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52bbc08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24c721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b24c721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-026d838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"026d838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templele<\/span> lui Xi Wangmu sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een toat\u0103 China, cu o concentrare deosebit\u0103 \u00een vestul \u0219i nordul \u021b\u0103rii. Palatul Wangmu de pe Muntele Huashan din Shaanxi este unul dintre cele mai renumite sanctuare. Zilele ei de s\u0103rb\u0103toare cad \u00een a treia zi a celei de-a treia luni lunare (ziua de na\u0219tere) \u0219i \u00een a 18-a zi a celei de-a \u0219aptea luni lunare (S\u0103rb\u0103toarea Piersicii).<\/p><p>\u00cen aceste zile se aduc ofrande de pr\u0103jituri din piersici \u0219i t\u0103i\u021bei ai longevit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen Taiwan \u0219i \u00een diaspora chinez\u0103, venerarea ei este vie, \u00een special \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu dorin\u021ba de longevitate \u0219i cu ocazia petrecerilor de ziua de na\u0219tere ale membrilor mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ai familiei, c\u0103rora li se ofer\u0103 adesea sculpturi \u00een form\u0103 de piersic\u0103 din aluat de orez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b1d2b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b1d2b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b78191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b78191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motivul Occidentului \u0219i contactele culturale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d6afc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"30d6afc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Situarea lui Xi Wangmu \u00een &#8222;\u00eendep\u0103rtatul Occident&#8221; este un element interesant din perspectiva geografiei religioase. \u00cen con\u0219tiin\u021ba primei epoci Han, extremul Occident cunoscut se afla \u00een regiunile actualelor Xinjiang, Kazahstan \u0219i Iran. Regina-Mam\u0103 devenea astfel personificarea mitologic\u0103 a necunoscutului exterior.<\/p><p>Odat\u0103 cu deschiderea Drumului M\u0103t\u0103sii spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al II-lea \u00ee.Hr., s-au stabilit \u00een mod real conexiuni cu regatele occidentale, iar preocuparea pentru Xi Wangmu s-a intensificat.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer a luat \u00een considerare, \u00een mai multe studii, posibilitatea c\u0103 reprezent\u0103ri religioase iraniene sau central-asiatice s\u0103 fi influen\u021bat elaborarea ulterioar\u0103 a Reginei-Mame, f\u0103r\u0103 ca un traseu direct de transmitere s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi demonstrat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b4585 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5b4585\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad0a352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Asimilarea daoist\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fef7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fef7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismul<\/span> organizat, \u00een special \u00een \u0219coala Shangqing din secolele IV-VI, Xi Wangmu a devenit cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103toare feminin\u0103 a nemuririi. Se spune c\u0103 ea ar fi revelat mai multe texte centrale ale \u0219colii, printre care instruc\u021biuni privind medita\u021bia prin respira\u021bie \u0219i alchimia interioar\u0103. Suzanne Cahill a examinat \u00een detaliu aceast\u0103 asimilare daoist\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Transcendence and Divine Passion.<\/p><p>The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221; (Stanford 1993) \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 Xi Wangmu ocup\u0103 \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing o pozi\u021bie proprie, independent\u0103 de ierarhia de factur\u0103 confucianist\u0103 din perioada ulterioar\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen studiul ei reiese, de asemenea, c\u0103 practicantele daoiste feminine g\u0103seau \u00een Xi Wangmu o figur\u0103 de identificare direct\u0103, a c\u0103rei existen\u021b\u0103 nu necesita legitimare prin intermedierea unui maestru de gen masculin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71eb24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c71eb24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6192592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6192592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f84b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f84b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anne Birrell \u0219i Sarah Allan au ar\u0103tat independent una de cealalt\u0103 c\u0103 Xi Wangmu, ca figur\u0103 divin\u0103, \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 o tranzi\u021bie de la o concep\u021bie arhaic\u0103, natural-magic\u0103, la una curtenesc-civilizatorie.<\/p><p>Piersicile nemuririi nu simbolizeaz\u0103 doar puterea asupra vie\u021bii \u0219i mor\u021bii; ele sunt \u0219i o imagine a cultiv\u0103rii, deoarece piersica este un fruct cultivat \u00een mod con\u0219tient \u0219i reprezint\u0103 astfel o realizare civilizatorie.<\/p><p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 tensiune dintre puterea s\u0103lbatic\u0103 \u0219i demnitatea cultivat\u0103 rezid\u0103 una dintre bazele semnifica\u021biei durabile a lui Xi Wangmu pentru religia chinez\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da9250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da9250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e447a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7e447a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a634e28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a634e28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Surse primare: Shanhaijing (&#8222;Clasicul Mun\u021bilor \u0219i M\u0103rilor&#8221;), cartea &#8222;Mun\u021bilor Occidentali&#8221;; Mu Tianzi Zhuan (secolele IV-III \u00ee.Hr.); Huainanzi; reliefuri funerare din epoca Han din Sichuan \u0219i Shandong; texte Shangqing din secolele IV-VI; C\u0103l\u0103torie spre Occident (Xiyou Ji).<\/p>\n<p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103: Edward Schafer, &#8222;The Divine Woman&#8221;, San Francisco 1973; Suzanne Cahill, &#8222;Transcendence and Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221;, Stanford 1993; Anne Birrell, &#8222;Chinese Mythology.<\/p><p>An Introduction&#8221;, Baltimore 1993; Stephen Bokenkamp, &#8222;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221;, Berkeley 1997; Sarah Allan, &#8222;The Shape of the Turtle&#8221;, Albany 1991; Mark Lewis, &#8222;The Construction of Space in Early China&#8221;, Albany 2006.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6047f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b6047f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-515b864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"515b864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Muntele Kunlun ca loc cosmic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fef03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5fef03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Muntele Kunlun, pe care Xi Wangmu locuie\u0219te potrivit tradi\u021biei, este un loc cosmic central \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinez\u0103.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere geografic, el este identificat de obicei cu actualul Lan\u021b Muntos Kunlun din Xinjiang sau cu \u0219irurile de mun\u021bi din Tibetul estic, \u00eens\u0103 din punct de vedere mitologic este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un munte-ax al lumii cu orientare vertical\u0103, comparabil cu Muntele Meru din tradi\u021bia indian\u0103 sau cu Olimpul din cea greceasc\u0103.<\/p><p>Pe v\u00e2rful s\u0103u se afl\u0103, conform reprezent\u0103rii din Huainanzi, &#8222;Gr\u0103dina Suspendat\u0103&#8221; (Xuanpu), care poart\u0103 piersicile nemuririi. De pe Kunlun coboar\u0103 cele mai importante fluvii chineze, printre care Fluviul Galben, a c\u0103rui surs\u0103 era considerat\u0103, \u00een reprezentarea epocii Han, a fi pe acel munte.<\/p><p>Edward Schafer a prezentat \u00een detaliu \u00een &#8222;Pacing the Void&#8221; (Berkeley 1977) felul \u00een care Kunlun a fost construit \u00een cosmografia daoist\u0103 a epocilor Han \u0219i Tang drept centrul geografiei cosmice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab463b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab463b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e74366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e74366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pas\u0103rea cu trei picioare \u0219i vulpea cu nou\u0103 cozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aaea46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aaea46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00censo\u021bitorii lui Xi Wangmu, \u00eendeosebi \u00een iconografia epocii Han, alc\u0103tuiesc un ansamblu mitologic propriu. Pas\u0103rea cu trei picioare (sanzu wu) este considerat\u0103 aduc\u0103toarea de hran\u0103 a zei\u021bei; ea este adesea identificat\u0103 \u0219i cu Soarele, \u00een care, potrivit reprezent\u0103rii tradi\u021bionale, locuie\u0219te un corb cu trei picioare.<\/p><p>Vulpea cu nou\u0103 cozi (jiuwei hu) este un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al prosperit\u0103\u021bii cosmice \u0219i al fericirii; \u00een nara\u021biunile ulterioare, aceast\u0103 vulpe a dob\u00e2ndit \u00eens\u0103 \u0219i conota\u021bii ambivalente, uneori demonice.<\/p><p>Iepurele de lun\u0103, care piseaz\u0103 elixirul nemuririi, este, potrivit unor versiuni, identificat cu Chang&#8217;e, femeia care a primit elixirul de la Xi Wangmu \u0219i l-a r\u0103pit spre Lun\u0103. Aceste trei figuri animale formeaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 curtea cosmic\u0103 a Reginei-Mame \u0219i sunt reprezentate \u00een numeroase reliefuri funerare din epoca Han din preajma ei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bf23e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83bf23e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1861bdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1861bdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Xi Wangmu \u0219i \u0219coala Shangqing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5de5307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5de5307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0218coala Shangqing a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismului<\/span>, fondat\u0103 \u00een anii 360 \u00een sudul Chinei, i-a acordat lui Xi Wangmu o pozi\u021bie aparte. Potrivit revela\u021biilor primite de Yang Xi \u0219i de tovar\u0103\u0219ii s\u0103i, ea este cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103toare feminin\u0103 a nemuririi.<\/p><p>Se spune c\u0103 ea ar fi revelat mai multe texte centrale ale \u0219colii, printre care instruc\u021biuni privind medita\u021bia prin respira\u021bie, imagina\u021bia vizual\u0103 a corpului interior \u0219i absorb\u021bia luminilor stelare.<\/p><p>Suzanne Cahill a tradus \u0219i comentat \u00een detaliu textele Shangqing despre Xi Wangmu \u00een &#8222;Transcendence and Divine Passion&#8221; (Stanford 1993).<\/p><p>Una dintre cele mai importante observa\u021bii ale sale este c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Shangqing le permite practicantelor feminine o identificare direct\u0103 cu Xi Wangmu, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesar\u0103 medierea prin mae\u0219tri de gen masculin. Aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie a fost descris\u0103 \u00een cercetarea de istorie a religiilor drept unul dintre pu\u021binele spa\u021bii de practic\u0103 daoist\u0103 autonom\u0103 feminin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32649c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32649c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b9c39c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b9c39c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Piersica ca simbol cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab018e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab018e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Piersica (tao), cel mai important atribut al lui Xi Wangmu, este \u00een contextul cultural chinez mai mult dec\u00e2t un simplu fruct. Ea simbolizeaz\u0103 longevitatea, are o func\u021bie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic\u0103<\/span> (lemnul de piersic este folosit \u00een mod tradi\u021bional pentru alungarea demonilor) \u0219i simbolizeaz\u0103 fertilitatea, tinere\u021bea \u0219i gra\u021bia feminin\u0103.<\/p><p>La petrecerile de ziua de na\u0219tere ale membrilor mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ai familiei se ofer\u0103 \u00een mod tradi\u021bional pr\u0103jituri \u00een form\u0103 de piersic\u0103 din aluat de orez (shoutao, &#8222;piersici ale longevit\u0103\u021bii&#8221;). Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie deriv\u0103 din venerarea pantao a lui Xi Wangmu \u0219i constituie un bun exemplu al felului \u00een care o reprezentare religioas\u0103 poate trece \u00eentr-un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cultura popular\u0103 transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie, cu obiceiuri, nara\u021biuni \u0219i c\u00e2ntece.\" tabindex=\"0\">obicei<\/span> cultural laic, f\u0103r\u0103 ca r\u0103d\u0103cina religioas\u0103 s\u0103 fie \u00een mod explicit prezent\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e77517 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e77517\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b8a308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b8a308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cent\u00e2lnirea din Mu Tianzi Zhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45abd8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45abd8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8222;Mu Tianzi Zhuan&#8221; (\u00censemn\u0103rile despre Fiul Cerului Mu), un text redactat probabil \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie Zhou sau timpuriu Han, descrie c\u0103l\u0103toria legendar\u0103 a regelui Zhou Mu (a domnit cca. 956-918 \u00ee.Hr.) la re\u0219edin\u021ba lui Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>Textul a fost redescoperit \u00een anul 281 d.Hr. \u00eentr-un morm\u00e2nt regal din Ji (Henan) \u0219i este astfel atestat arheologic. El descrie \u00een detaliu c\u0103l\u0103toria regelui spre Occident, \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu Xi Wangmu pe Muntele Kunlun \u0219i schimbul de c\u00e2ntece poetice dintre cei doi.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune marcheaz\u0103 tranzi\u021bia lui Xi Wangmu de la o semidivinitate s\u0103lbatic\u0103 din straturile mai vechi la o regin\u0103 demn\u0103 care \u00eel \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 pe Fiul Cerului de pe pozi\u021bii egale. R\u00e9mi Mathieu a tradus \u0219i comentat Mu Tianzi Zhuan \u00een francez\u0103 \u00een 1978.<\/p><p>Semnifica\u021bia \u0219tiintific\u0103 a textului const\u0103 \u00een aceea c\u0103 atest\u0103 transformarea zei\u021bei \u00eentr-o faz\u0103 intermediar\u0103: fiin\u021ba s\u0103lbatic\u0103 cu din\u021bi de tigru din Shanhaijing este deja atenuat\u0103 aici, dar rafinarea deplin\u0103 din epoca Han la rangul de zei\u021b\u0103 curteneasc\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 nu s-a produs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10145e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c10145e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99228bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99228bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reliefurile Han \u0219i motivul Occidentului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aafbe47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aafbe47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen reliefurile funerare Han (secolele I-III d.Hr.), Xi Wangmu este una dintre cele mai frecvente reprezent\u0103ri. Ea st\u0103 de obicei pe un tron, flancat de pas\u0103rea cu trei picioare (san zu wu), vulpea cu nou\u0103 cozi (jiu wei hu) \u0219i iepurele de lun\u0103 care piseaz\u0103 elixirul nemuririi.<\/p><p>Aceste animale \u00eenso\u021bitoare sunt atribute iconografice standard. Suzanne Cahill (&#8222;Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China&#8221;, Stanford 1993) a evaluat sistematic iconografia Han \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 reliefurile sunt concentrate \u00een dou\u0103 regiuni principale: Shandong \u0219i Sichuan.<\/p><p>Reliefurile din Sichuan, provenind din camerele funerare de la Cangshan \u0219i din alte locuri, sunt deosebit de detaliate \u0219i o prezint\u0103 pe Xi Wangmu \u00eentr-o curte cereasc\u0103 occidental\u0103, \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de numero\u0219i nemuritori. Aceast\u0103 vizualizare era motivat\u0103 religios-escatologic: se spera ca, dup\u0103 moarte, s\u0103 se ajung\u0103 la Xi Wangmu \u0219i s\u0103 se dob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 nemurirea la curtea ei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc500 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddcc500\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-198facc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"198facc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motivul piersicii \u00een Han Wudi neizhuan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9300987 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9300987\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivul<\/span> piersicilor din gr\u0103dina lui Xi Wangmu, ale c\u0103ror fructe se coc doar o dat\u0103 la 3000 sau 9000 de ani \u0219i confer\u0103 nemurirea, este o tradi\u021bie mai veche din epoca Han \u0219i a primit forma sa canonic\u0103 \u00een &#8222;Han Wudi neizhuan&#8221; (\u00censemn\u0103rile interioare ale \u00cemp\u0103ratului Han Wu, probabil secolele IV-VI).<\/p><p>Acolo se relateaz\u0103 cum Xi Wangmu i-a d\u0103ruit \u00eemp\u0103ratului Han Wu (a domnit 141-87 \u00ee.Hr.) \u0219apte piersici.<\/p><p>\u00cemp\u0103ratul a p\u0103strat s\u00e2mburii pentru a-i cultiva el \u00eensu\u0219i, la care Xi Wangmu a replicat c\u0103 aceste piersici cresc doar \u00een cerul occidental \u0219i nu \u00een lumea p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103.<\/p><p>Acest episod este interesant din perspectiv\u0103 religio-politic\u0103, el abord\u00e2nd tensiunea dintre puterea imperial\u0103 \u0219i nemurirea transcendent\u0103. \u00cen &#8222;Xiyou Ji&#8221; (C\u0103l\u0103torie spre Occident, sec. XVI), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tematic recurent \u00een art\u0103 sau nara\u021biune.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivul<\/span> a fost preluat literar, Sun Wukong jefuind planta\u021bia de piersici a lui Xi Wangmu \u0219i perturb\u00e2nd astfel renumita S\u0103rb\u0103toare Divin\u0103 Bucolic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab076aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab076aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070a91a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"070a91a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0218coala Shangqing \u0219i transformarea spiritual\u0103 a lui Xi Wangmu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1004c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1004c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen \u0219coala Shangqing a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismului<\/span> (fondat\u0103 \u00een secolul al IV-lea d.Hr.), Xi Wangmu a dob\u00e2ndit o reinterpretare spiritual\u0103. Ea a devenit \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103toarea nemuri\u021bilor \u0219i p\u0103zitoarea revela\u021biilor secrete.<\/p><p>Textele Shangqing, \u00een special &#8222;Scripturile Adev\u0103rate ale Marelui Pur&#8221; (Shangqing Jing), descriu cum Xi Wangmu i-a ap\u0103rut lui Yang Xi (330-386) \u0219i altor vizionari \u00een interiorul mun\u021bilor \u0219i le-a transmis \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi secrete.<\/p><p>Isabelle Robinet (&#8222;M\u00e9ditation tao\u00efste&#8221;, Paris 1979) \u0219i Edward Schafer (&#8222;Mirages on the Sea of Time&#8221;, Berkeley 1985) au cercetat \u00een profunzime literatura vizionar\u0103 Shangqing. Rafinarea lui Xi Wangmu la rangul celei mai \u00eenalte daoiste feminine este des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103; ea devine mama tuturor nemuritoarelor feminine \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103toarea textelor paradigmatice de ini\u021biere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa41cd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa41cd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d92d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d92d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Piersica ca simbol al longevit\u0103\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e41e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e41e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Piersica este \u00een spa\u021biul cultural chinez unul dintre cele mai proeminente simboluri ale longevit\u0103\u021bii. Aceast\u0103 simbolic\u0103 deriv\u0103 direct din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> lui Xi Wangmu.<\/p><p>\u00cen artele plastice ale epocilor Ming \u0219i Qing, piersica a devenit, al\u0103turi de cocor \u0219i pin, un cifru vizual consacrat pentru o via\u021b\u0103 lung\u0103. De asemenea, \u00een cultura modern\u0103 a spa\u021biului lingvistic chinez, piersicile sunt cadouri tradi\u021bionale de ziua de na\u0219tere pentru persoanele \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103.<\/p><p>Religia popular\u0103 interpreteaz\u0103 piersica \u0219i \u00een cheie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Simbol protector, amulet\u0103 sau obiect apotropaic.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic\u0103<\/span>: s\u0103biile din lemn de piersic (taomu jian) sunt considerate eficace \u00eempotriva demonilor. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie apotropaic\u0103 este atestat\u0103 \u00een comentariul Yijing \u0219i \u00een lexicoanele Han (Shuowen Jiezi). Piersicul de la Xi Wangmu nu este, prin urmare, doar un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un semn care reprezint\u0103 prin substitu\u021bie o idee sau o semnifica\u021bie.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> al nemuririi, ci \u0219i al for\u021bei protectoare cosmologice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eef0f8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eef0f8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa7c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5aa7c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iepurele de lun\u0103 \u0219i elixirul nemuririi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be3c720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be3c720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iepurele de lun\u0103 (Yutu) face parte din curtea lui Xi Wangmu \u0219i piseaz\u0103 elixirul nemuririi pe Lun\u0103 \u00eentr-un mojar. Aceast\u0103 reprezentare este atestat\u0103 din epoca Han \u0219i se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een forme comparabile \u00een Coreea, Japonia \u0219i Vietnam.<\/p><p>Leg\u0103tura iepurelui cu Luna \u0219i cu nemurirea este posibil de origine central-asiatic\u0103 \u0219i a p\u0103truns \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonul<\/span> chinez pe calea Drumului M\u0103t\u0103sii.<\/p><p>Iepurele apare deja \u00een pove\u0219tile Jataka indiene \u0219i \u00een miturile mongolo-turcice. Edward Schafer a discutat \u00een mai multe studii despre epoca Tang r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea transcontinental\u0103 a motivului iepurelui de lun\u0103. \u00cen modernul festival chinese de Mijlocul Toamnei (Zhongqiu Jie), iepurele de lun\u0103 este o figur\u0103 vizual\u0103 central\u0103, mai ales \u00een literatura pentru copii \u0219i \u00een designul ambalajelor de mooncake.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95dbd08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95dbd08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f7ec17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f7ec17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e0453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3e0453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cine este Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> &#8222;Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului&#8221;, una dintre cele mai vechi figuri feminine divine din <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> chinez\u0103. De-a lungul istoriei religiilor, ea a fost reinterpretat\u0103 de la o zei\u021b\u0103 arhaic\u0103 a pestei la eleganta d\u0103ruitoare a nemuririi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce sunt piersicile nemuririi?<\/strong> Pantao, care potrivit tradi\u021biei se coc doar o dat\u0103 la trei mii, \u0219ase mii sau nou\u0103 mii de ani. Cine m\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 una devine xian, un nemuritor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unde locuie\u0219te Xi Wangmu?<\/strong> Pe Muntele Kunlun din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Occident. Din punct de vedere geografic, acest munte este identificat de obicei cu actualul Lan\u021b Muntos Kunlun din Xinjiang sau cu Tibetul estic, \u00eens\u0103 din punct de vedere mitologic este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un munte-ax al lumii cu orientare vertical\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce rela\u021bie are cu \u00cemp\u0103ratul de Jad?<\/strong> \u00cen credin\u021ba popular\u0103 chinez\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 (\u00eencep\u00e2nd din epoca Song), ea este venerat\u0103 ca so\u021bie a \u00cemp\u0103ratului de Jad. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 este o construc\u021bie istoric\u0103 t\u00e2rzie, care reune\u0219te dou\u0103 complexe divine ini\u021bial distincte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Xi Wangmu, Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului Xi Wangmu, &#8222;Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului&#8221;, este una dintre cele mai vechi \u0219i, totodat\u0103, mai complexe figuri feminine divine din mitologia chinez\u0103. Potrivit reprezent\u0103rii tradi\u021bionale, ea locuie\u0219te pe Mun\u021bii Kunlun din \u00eendep\u0103rtatul Occident \u0219i de\u021bine piersicile nemuririi, care se coc o dat\u0103 la trei mii sau nou\u0103 mii de ani. Din [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3214,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Xi Wangmu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Xi Wangmu - Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Xi Wangmu, Regina-Mam\u0103 a Occidentului, p\u0103ze\u0219te piersicul nemuririi. 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