{"id":104699,"date":"2026-08-04T12:18:30","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/astarte-zeita-feniciana\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:18:52","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:18:52","slug":"astarte","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/astarte\/","title":{"rendered":"Astarte &#8211; Zei\u021ba fenician\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104699\" class=\"elementor elementor-104699 elementor-2625\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, zei\u021ba fenician\u0103 a iubirii, r\u0103zboiului \u0219i domniei regale<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (fenician\u0103 <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>) este principala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician \u0219i apare \u00een ora\u0219ele-stat Sidon, Tyr, Byblos, Kition \u0219i \u00een \u00eentregul bazin mediteranean fenician. Este zei\u021ba iubirii, r\u0103zboiului, domniei regale \u0219i a fertilit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zei\u021b\u0103 a tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Zei\u021b\u0103<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei feniciene.\">Fenician\u0103<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-astartepho-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2847\" alt=\"Astarte Phoenix - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte (akkadian\u0103 I\u0161tar, ugaritian\u0103 \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) este forma fenician\u0103 a uneia dintre cele mai vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi feminine ale Orientului Apropiat. Sabatino Moscati a ar\u0103tat \u00een <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1966) c\u0103 Astarte ocup\u0103 o pozi\u021bie central\u0103 \u00een aproape fiecare ora\u0219-stat fenician, adesea ca so\u021bie a zeului principal local.<\/p><p>\u00cen Sidon este so\u021bia lui Eshmun; \u00een Tyr apare al\u0103turi de <a href=\"\/ro\/melqart\/\">Melqart<\/a>; \u00een Byblos al\u0103turi de Baalat. \u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">tradi\u021biei feniciene<\/a>, ea este de departe cea mai important\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet a prezentat \u00een <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) monografia cea mai cuprinz\u0103toare consacrat\u0103 acestei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinit\u0103\u021bi<\/span>. Ea arat\u0103 c\u0103 Astarte a avut un profil func\u021bional foarte larg: zei\u021b\u0103 a iubirii \u0219i sexualit\u0103\u021bii, zei\u021b\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului, protectoare a regalit\u0103\u021bii, patroan\u0103 a navigatorilor, zei\u021b\u0103 vindec\u0103toare \u0219i, \u00een anumite contexte, cu func\u021bie htonic\u0103 \u0219i infernal\u0103. Aceast\u0103 multifunc\u021bionalitate este tipic\u0103 pentru zei\u021bele orientale din familia \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar.<\/p><p>Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, Astarte apar\u021bine tipului de zei\u021b\u0103 vest-semitic\u0103, dezvoltat din tradi\u021bia siro-amorian\u0103 a lui A\u1e6ftart. \u00cen primul mileniu \u00ee.Hr. a fost identificat\u0103 cu Afrodita greac\u0103; tradi\u021bia Afroditei cipriote deriv\u0103 direct din Astarte fenician\u0103, dup\u0103 cum a remarcat deja Herodot.<\/p><p>O important\u0103 specifica\u021bie urban\u0103 este \u201eAstarte din Liban&#8221;, men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een mai multe inscrip\u021bii; ea era probabil identic\u0103 cu Astarte din Beirut. O \u201eAstarte a M\u0103rii&#8221; este atestat\u0103 \u0219i la Tyr. Aceast\u0103 diversitate de ipostaze este tipic\u0103 pentru religia fenician\u0103 \u0219i face din Astarte zei\u021ba cu cel mai diferen\u021biat profil din panteon.<\/p><p>Pozi\u021bia Astarteei \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonul<\/span> fenician este comparabil\u0103 cu cea a <a href=\"\/ro\/arinna\/\">Zei\u021be-Soare din Arinna<\/a> la hiti\u021bi sau cu <a href=\"\/ro\/hebat\/\">Hebat<\/a> ca suprem\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103 a imperiului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denumire \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele \u02bf\u0161trt (Astarte) este vest-semitic \u0219i apar\u021bine r\u0103d\u0103cinii <em>\u02bf\u0161tr<\/em>, care st\u0103 \u0219i la baza lui \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu (Ugarit) \u0219i I\u0161tar (Mesopotamia). Etimologia nu este definitiv clarificat\u0103; o interpretare plauzibil\u0103 leag\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cina de termenul \u201estea&#8221; \u0219i o vede pe Astarte drept \u201ezei\u021ba-stea&#8221;, probabil cu referire la steaua dimine\u021bii (Venus).<\/p><p>\u00cen inscrip\u021biile feniciene apare ca <em>\u02bf\u0161trt<\/em>, la fel \u0219i \u00een textele punice. O form\u0103 elenistic\u0103 important\u0103 este <em>A\u0161tart<\/em>, cu varia\u021bia vocalic\u0103 aramaic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen akkadian\u0103 este identificat\u0103 cu I\u0161tar; \u00een lumea elenistic\u0103 cu Afrodita sau Hera (\u00een func\u021bie de accentul func\u021bional); \u00een Egipt apare din perioada Noului Regat ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> importat\u0103 autonom\u0103 sub numele Astarte, p\u0103str\u00e2ndu-\u0219i caracterul vest-semitic.<\/p><p>Afrodita Urania greac\u0103 corespunde direct Astarteei feniciene; Herodot deduce venerarea ei din Fenicia, prin Cipru, spre Grecia. Aceast\u0103 linie de mo\u0219tenire face din Astarte una dintre zei\u021bele cu cea mai mare influen\u021b\u0103 \u00een istoria religiilor din lumea mediteranean\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen unele texte este denumit\u0103 \u0219i \u201eDoamna Cerului&#8221; sau \u201eRegina Cerului&#8221;, titlu care apare \u0219i \u00een Ieremia biblic (Ier 7,18; 44,17, 19) \u0219i este comentat acolo critic. Aceast\u0103 tradi\u021bie a \u201eReginei Cerului&#8221; a fost cercetat\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 \u0219i reprezint\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 important\u0103 \u00eentre istoria religiei canaaneene \u0219i cea biblic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte apare \u00een iconografia fenician\u0103 \u00een mai multe tipuri de imagini: ca zei\u021b\u0103 nud\u0103 \u00een picioare (postura \u201epl\u0103cu\u021bei Astarte&#8221;), ca regin\u0103 pe tron cu coroan\u0103 polos, ca zei\u021b\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului cu suli\u021b\u0103 \u0219i scut, ca c\u0103l\u0103rea\u021b\u0103 pe un leu sau ca regin\u0103 cereasc\u0103 cu nimb stelar. Aceast\u0103 diversitate de reprezent\u0103ri reflect\u0103 multifunc\u021bionalitatea ei.<\/p><p>Animalul s\u0103u sacru este leul sau leoaica; la Sidon \u0219i Cartagina apare frecvent pe un leu, tron\u00e2nd sau c\u0103l\u0103rind. Porumbi\u021ba \u00eei este \u0219i ea atribuit\u0103, mai ales \u00een contexte cipriote \u0219i mediteraneene; porumbeii Afroditei sunt o mo\u0219tenire direct\u0103 a Astarteei feniciene. O alt\u0103 asociere animal\u0103 este \u0219arpele, care \u00eei reprezint\u0103 latura htonic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen coloniile din Mediterana occidental\u0103, mai ales la Tartessos (Spania), Astarte era venerat\u0103 cu deosebit\u0103 intensitate; faimoasa figur\u0103 de bronz \u201eAstarte din Carambolo&#8221;, din secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr., o \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 ca zei\u021b\u0103 pe tron cu inscrip\u021bie votiv\u0103 fenician\u0103. Figurine ale Astarteei au fost descoperite \u0219i la Sevilla, C\u00e1diz \u0219i \u00een alte situri, document\u00e2nd prezen\u021ba intens\u0103 a cultului ei.<\/p><p>La Kition (Cipru) a fost excavat un vast <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al Astarteei, unul dintre cele mai mari sanctuare ale lumii mediteraneene din epoca fierului. S\u0103p\u0103turile conduse de Vassos Karageorghis \u0219i, mai recent, de Maria Iacovou au extins considerabil imaginea cultului fenician din Cipru.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen textele ugaritice (KTU 1.92 \u0219i altele) Astarte apare ca zei\u021b\u0103 a v\u00e2n\u0103torii \u0219i \u00eenso\u021bitoare a lui <a href=\"\/ro\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a>; \u00een Ciclul lui Baal joac\u0103 totu\u0219i un rol mai modest dec\u00e2t sora ei <a href=\"\/ro\/anat-phoenix\/\">Anat<\/a>. \u00cen fragmentele mitologice feniciene, mai ales la Filon din Byblos (citat de Eusebiu), apare ca regin\u0103 care c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te cu taurul la Tyr \u0219i preia acolo tronul regal.<\/p><p>Filon relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 Astarte ar fi \u201eg\u0103sit un cap de taur&#8221; \u0219i l-ar fi a\u0219ezat pe propriul cap, confirm\u00e2ndu-\u0219i astfel divinitatea. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune aminte\u0219te de tradi\u021bia egiptean\u0103 a lui Hathor \u0219i de povestea mesopotamian\u0103 Inanna-Anu. Albert Baumgarten a editat critic materialul \u00een <em>The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>\u00cen textele elenistice, Astarte este pus\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu nara\u021biunea Europei: Europa, fiica regelui Agenor din Tyr, a fost r\u0103pit\u0103 de Zeus \u00een chip de taur \u0219i dus\u0103 \u00een Creta. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 istoric\u0103: Astarte este at\u00e2t mama Europei, c\u00e2t \u0219i fundalul ei divin. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul nara\u021biunilor despre zei transmise prin tradi\u021bie \u00eentr-o cultur\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitologia<\/span> Europei reprezint\u0103 astfel o sintez\u0103 heleno-fenician\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perioada cartagineza este transmis\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre Astarte \u0219i figura eroic\u0103 Dido; regina Dido, fondatoarea Cartaginei, este interpretat\u0103 \u00een unele surse romane drept \u201eincarnare sacerdotal\u0103&#8221; a Astarteei. Aceast\u0103 identificare este revelatoare din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principalele centre de cult ale Astarteei erau Sidon (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templul<\/span> Astarteei, construit de Eshmunazar al II-lea), Tyr, Byblos (cu Baalat), Kition (Cipru, unde un vast <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> al Astarteei domina insula), Cartagina \u0219i coloniile mediteraneene. Maria Eugenia Aubet a documentat r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103 \u00een <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001).<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> cuprindea arderea de jertfe, liba\u021bii \u0219i a\u0219a-numita \u201es\u0103rb\u0103toare a dansului sacru&#8221;, men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een unele surse feniciene.<\/p><p>Un rol aparte \u00eel jucau <em>qedeshim<\/em> \u0219i <em>qedeshot<\/em>, b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i femei consacra\u021bi, a c\u0103ror func\u021bie exact\u0103 este dezb\u0103tut\u0103 \u00een cercetare; Annie Caubet, Corinne Bonnet \u0219i Stephanie Budin au argumentat \u00eempotriva interpret\u0103rii tradi\u021bionale ca \u201eprostitu\u021bie templier\u0103&#8221;, f\u0103r\u0103 ca problema s\u0103 fie definitiv clarificat\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen epoca elenistic\u0103, Astarte a fost identificat\u0103 cu Afrodita; faimosul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al Afroditei din Paphos, Cipru, este continuarea direct\u0103 a vener\u0103rii feniciene a Astarteei. De asemenea, la Corint, la Eryx (Sicilia) \u0219i \u00een numeroase alte situri mediteraneene, tradi\u021bia fenician\u0103 a Astarteei a fost perpetuat\u0103 sub denumire greac\u0103.<\/p><p>La Cartagina, Astarte a fost treptat \u00eenlocuit\u0103 de <a href=\"\/ro\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>, f\u0103r\u0103 a disp\u0103rea cu totul; \u00een inscrip\u021biile tofet apar uneori ambele zei\u021be al\u0103turi. Aceast\u0103 rivalitate dintre dou\u0103 zei\u021be supreme feminine este una dintre tr\u0103s\u0103turile cele mai caracteristice ale religiei punice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i elemente apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte era zei\u021ba protectoare a familiilor regale, a femeilor gravide, a navigatorilor \u0219i a b\u0103rba\u021bilor \u00een arme. La Sidon apare pe sigiliile regale ca patroan\u0103 a casei regale; faimoasa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bie<\/span> a regelui Eshmunazar al II-lea (secolul al V-lea \u00ee.Hr.) o nume\u0219te, al\u0103turi de Eshmun, suprem\u0103 zei\u021b\u0103 protectoare.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cu rol de respingere a r\u0103ului: despre semne \u0219i obiecte menite s\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rteze influen\u021bele d\u0103un\u0103toare.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span>, figurinele Astarteei erau a\u0219ezate \u00een locuin\u021be; a\u0219a-numitele \u201epl\u0103cu\u021be Astarte&#8221;, mici reliefuri de teracot\u0103 reprezent\u00e2nd o femeie nud\u0103, sunt cunoscute \u00een mii de exemplare din situri feniciene. Ele serveau probabil drept protec\u021bie, invocarea fertilit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i ap\u0103rarea casei. Func\u021bia acestor pl\u0103cu\u021be este discutat\u0103 controversat \u00een cercetare; frecven\u021ba lor este oricum un indiciu al intensei vener\u0103ri domestice a Astarteei.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">\u00cen ritualurile feniciene de c\u0103l\u0103torie, Astarte era invocat\u0103 ca patroan\u0103 a naviga\u021biei; c\u0103pitanii \u0219i negustorii \u00eei aduceau ofrande \u00eenainte \u0219i dup\u0103 voiaje maritime. Aceast\u0103 \u201eevlavie de c\u0103l\u0103torie&#8221; este interesant\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, deoarece \u00eencadreaz\u0103 religios mobilitatea interna\u021bional\u0103 a lumii feniciene. iWell Guard \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 Astarte ca figur\u0103 istoric\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 referin\u021be la promisiuni terapeutice actuale.<\/p><p>Sigiliile-scarabeu feniciene din secolele al VII-lea \u0219i al VI-lea \u00ee.Hr. prezint\u0103 frecvent motive ale Astarteei: zei\u021ba nud\u0103 \u00een picioare, Astarte pe un leu, Astarte cu floare de lotus. Aceste sigilii de mici dimensiuni erau purtate ca amulete personale de protec\u021bie \u0219i erau foarte r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een lumea fenician\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte apar\u021bine marii familii de zei\u021be vest-semitice \u0219i mesopotamiene \u02bfA\u1e6ftart\/I\u0161tar. Este \u00eenrudit\u0103 \u00eendeaproape cu \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu ugaritian\u0103, cu I\u0161tar mesopotamian\u0103, cu Atargatis medio-aramaic\u0103 (cu evolu\u021bie proprie), cu \u0160au\u0161ga hurritian\u0103 \u0219i cu I\u0161tar hitit\u0103 din \u0160amu\u1e2ba. \u00cen akkadian\u0103, multifunc\u021bionalitatea este deosebit de bine documentat\u0103 la I\u0161tar din Uruk.<\/p><p>Cu Afrodita greac\u0103, Astarte este din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 identic\u0103; Afrodita cipriot\u0103 este continuatoarea direct\u0103 a Astarteei feniciene. De asemenea, Hera greac\u0103, Atena \u0219i, \u00een unele aspecte, Artemis poart\u0103 mo\u0219tenirea Astarteei. La Cartagina se contope\u0219te treptat cu <a href=\"\/ro\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>, care \u00ee\u0219i dezvolt\u0103 func\u021bia proprie.<\/p><p>\u00cen materialul ebraic, Astarte apare ca Ashtoreth, cu conota\u021bie polemic\u0103 negativ\u0103 (1 Regi 11,5; 2 Regi 23,13). Aceast\u0103 polemic\u0103 se \u00eendreapt\u0103 \u00eempotriva religiei canaaneene \u00een forma ei fenician\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, Astarte reprezint\u0103 pentru Israelul antic o divinitate concurent\u0103 din aceea\u0219i tradi\u021bie canaanean\u0103; anti-a\u0161tarismul biblic este reac\u021bia teologic\u0103 la o vecin\u0103tate religioas\u0103 real\u0103. Paralele <a href=\"\/ro\/hethitisch\/\">hitite<\/a> se reg\u0103sesc \u00een \u0160au\u0161ga din \u0160amu\u1e2ba.<\/p><p>Identificarea Astarte = Afrodita nu este arbitrar\u0103; Pausanias \u0219i al\u021bi autori <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antici<\/span> atest\u0103 derivarea Afroditei grece\u0219ti din modele feniciene. Studiile lui Walter Burkert \u00een <em>Die orientalisierende Epoche<\/em> \u0219i ale Vincianei Pirenne-Delforge sunt referin\u021ba standard \u00een aceast\u0103 chestiune.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare actual\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea dedicat\u0103 Astarteei se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la un nivel \u00eenalt. Monografia lui Corinne Bonnet <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (1996) este referin\u021ba standard; <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (2003) al lui Stephanie Budin trateaz\u0103 critic leg\u0103tura cu Afrodita. Sabatino Moscati \u0219i Maria Eugenia Aubet sunt autorit\u0103\u021bi pentru r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103. Edi\u021bia inscrip\u021biilor feniciene realizat\u0103 de Charles Krahmalkov \u0219i Wolfgang R\u00f6llig furnizeaz\u0103 textele primare.<\/p><p>\u00cen receptarea popular\u0103, Astarte este cunoscut\u0103 mai ales prin identificarea cu Afrodita \u0219i prin polemica biblic\u0103. O revitalizare spiritual\u0103 \u00een sens neop\u0103g\u00e2n, mai ales \u00een cercuri feministe \u0219i neop\u0103g\u00e2ne \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1980, a receptat-o pe Astarte drept \u201ezei\u021b\u0103-mam\u0103&#8221;; aceast\u0103 receptare modern\u0103 este problematic\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103, deoarece simplific\u0103 profilul istoric.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, Astarte este considerat\u0103 ast\u0103zi unul dintre cele mai importante obiecte de studiu ale religiei vest-semitice. Direc\u021biile actuale de cercetare vizeaz\u0103 diferen\u021bierea ipostazelor locale ale Astarteei (Astarte din Sidon, Tyr, Byblos, Kition), leg\u0103tura cu tradi\u021bia Afroditei \u0219i problema <em>qedeshot<\/em> \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Astarteei. iWell Guard o \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 pe Astarte ca membr\u0103 central\u0103 a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonului<\/span>, nu ca destinatar\u0103 actual\u0103 a vreunei protec\u021bii.<\/p><p>Descoperiri arheologice recente din situri feniciene din Spania (Sevilla, C\u00e1diz) \u0219i Maroc (Lixus) extind considerabil imaginea vener\u0103rii ei occidentale. Cercet\u0103rile Mar\u00edei Bel\u00e9n Deamos \u0219i ale Manuelei Mar\u00edn au publicat \u00een ultimii ani dovezi noi de importan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Selec\u021bia de mai jos reune\u0219te cele mai importante lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103 dedicate cercet\u0103rii Astarteei. Cuprinde monografii, edi\u021bii de inscrip\u021bii \u0219i sinteze istorice. <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> a lui Corinne Bonnet este primul punct de pornire; studiul lui Budin despre Afrodita trateaz\u0103 linia greac\u0103; Aubet, r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea mediteranean\u0103. Gramatica fenicio-punic\u0103 a lui Krahmalkov furnizeaz\u0103 materialul istorico-lingvistic; sinteza clasic\u0103 a lui Moscati, cadrul cultural-istoric.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b13b4ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2b13b4ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp277df97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp277df97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte \u00een sarcofagul lui Eshmunazar \u0219i inscrip\u021biile regale din Sidon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp293101c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp293101c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26973d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26973d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una dintre cele mai importante surse epigrafice despre Astarte este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bia<\/span> de pe sarcofagul regelui Eshmunazar al II-lea din Sidon, datat\u0103 \u00een prima jum\u0103tate a secolului al V-lea \u00ee.Hr. Sarcofagul \u00eensu\u0219i este de origine egiptean\u0103 \u0219i a fost descoperit \u00een 1855; se afl\u0103 ast\u0103zi la Luvru. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">Inscrip\u021bia<\/span> fenician\u0103 este printre cele mai lungi texte p\u0103strate \u00een aceast\u0103 limb\u0103.<\/p><p>Ea relateaz\u0103 c\u0103 familia regal\u0103 a construit un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">templu<\/span> pentru Astarte. Este men\u021bionat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuarul<\/span> <em>Astarte Schem Baal<\/em>, Astarte, Numele lui Baal, o formul\u0103 apropiat\u0103 de Tanit pene Baal din inscrip\u021biile punice, exprim\u00e2nd o leg\u0103tur\u0103 teologic\u0103 \u00eentre zei\u021b\u0103 \u0219i zeu.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">Inscrip\u021bia<\/span> \u00eel men\u021bioneaz\u0103 totodat\u0103 pe zeul Eshmun, dezv\u0103luind astfel programul religios al dinastiei regale sidoniene.<\/p><p>O a doua surs\u0103 central\u0103 este <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un text gravat sau cioplit \u00eentr-un suport solid.\" tabindex=\"0\">inscrip\u021bia<\/span> regelui Bodashtart, tot din Sidon, care men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i ea activitatea de construc\u021bie pentru Astarte \u0219i Eshmun. Din aceste texte rezult\u0103 c\u0103 Astarte era principala zei\u021b\u0103 a Sidonului \u0219i c\u0103 cultul urban era str\u00e2ns legat de legitimarea familiei regale.<\/p><p>Inscrip\u021biile regale feniciene sunt at\u00e2t de valoroase deoarece, spre deosebire de textele mitologice din Ugarit, provin direct din inima teritoriului fenician \u0219i din practica cultic\u0103 real\u0103.<\/p><p>Ele o prezint\u0103 pe Astarte nu ca personaj narativ, ci ca destinatar\u0103 de temple, dona\u021bii \u0219i venerare regal\u0103. Edi\u021biile acestor texte se g\u0103sesc \u00een colec\u021biile standard ale inscrip\u021biilor feniciene, de exemplu la Herbert Donner \u0219i Wolfgang R\u00f6llig.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2acdcf65 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2acdcf65\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ce0b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp28ce0b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte, Afrodita \u0219i \u201etraducerea\" greac\u0103 a zei\u021bei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp241006cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp241006cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21761654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp21761654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grecii, afla\u021bi \u00een contact cu fenicienii \u00een \u00eentregul bazin mediteranean, au asimilat-o pe Astarte cu propria lor zei\u021b\u0103 a iubirii \u0219i frumuse\u021bii, Afrodita. Aceast\u0103 asimilare este mai mult dec\u00e2t o simpl\u0103 traducere.<\/p><p>Herodot relateaz\u0103 despre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">sanctuar<\/span> al Afroditei cere\u0219ti la Ascalon \u0219i \u00eel nume\u0219te cel mai vechi dintre toate sanctuarele acestei zei\u021be, din care deriv\u0103 \u0219i cel din Cipru. Astfel, el localizeaz\u0103 explicit originea Afroditei \u00een spa\u021biul siro-fenician.<\/p><p>Cipru joac\u0103 un rol-cheie \u00een aceast\u0103 poveste. Insula a fost colonizat\u0103 timpuriu de fenicieni, mai ales ora\u0219ul Kition, iar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> zei\u021bei cipriote, venerat\u0103 de greci sub numele Afrodita, poart\u0103 urme clare ale Astarteei.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un loc sacru dedicat vener\u0103rii unei divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sanctuarul<\/span> din Paphos, Cipru, venera imaginea divin\u0103 sub forma unei pietre conice, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O ac\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie \u0219i repetat\u0103 \u00een mod regulat \u00eentr-o comunitate.\" tabindex=\"0\">obicei<\/span> care corespunde mai degrab\u0103 concep\u021biei de cult a Orientului Apropiat dec\u00e2t celei grece\u0219ti.<\/p><p>Cercetarea dezbate \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 Afrodita este o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> greceasc\u0103 \u00een sine sau dac\u0103 a rezultat \u00een mod esen\u021bial din preluarea fenicienei Astarte. Walter Burkert a subliniat puternic aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre influen\u021ba oriental\u0103 asupra religiei grece\u0219ti. Al\u021bi cercet\u0103tori v\u0103d un amestec \u00eentre o zei\u021b\u0103 indo-european\u0103 a aurorei \u0219i elemente din Orientul Apropiat.<\/p><p>Este cert c\u0103 Astarte \u0219i Afrodita au fost tratate de-a lungul secolelor ca dou\u0103 nume ale unei zei\u021be percepute ca \u00eenrudite. Pentru Astarte, aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 istoria ei de influen\u021b\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu mult ora\u0219ele feniciene \u0219i se continu\u0103 \u00een religia greac\u0103 \u0219i ulterior roman\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd57195 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2cd57195\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b9874d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b9874d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Astarte \u0219i Ashtoreth \u00een Biblia ebraic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d0ede1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d0ede1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e38e53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e38e53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Astarte apare \u00een Biblia ebraic\u0103 sub forma <em>Ashtoreth<\/em>, la plural <em>Ashtarot<\/em>. Vocalizarea acestui nume este considerat\u0103 de cercetare o deformare inten\u021bionat\u0103: erudi\u021bii masore\u021bi ar fi \u00eenlocuit vocalele originale cu cele ale cuv\u00e2ntului ebraic pentru ru\u0219ine, procedeu suspectat \u0219i \u00een cazul altor divinit\u0103\u021bi str\u0103ine.<\/p><p>Textele biblice o men\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Ashtoreth \u00een mai multe locuri. \u00cen prima Carte a Regilor este numit\u0103 zei\u021ba sidoni\u021bilor, al c\u0103rei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cult<\/span> regele Solomon l-ar fi tolerat.<\/p><p>Frecvent apare la plural al\u0103turi de Baali, formele lui Baal, ca simbol al cultelor str\u0103ine \u00eempotriva c\u0103rora polemizeaz\u0103 autorii biblici. Cartea Judec\u0103torilor \u0219i C\u0103r\u021bile lui Samuel folosesc formularea c\u0103 poporul a slujit Baalilor \u0219i Ashtarotelor.<\/p><p>Aceste m\u0103rturii sunt importante din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 din dou\u0103 motive. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, confirm\u0103 din exterior c\u0103 Astarte era \u00eentr-adev\u0103r principala zei\u021b\u0103 a Sidonului, lucru pe care inscrip\u021biile regale feniciene \u00eel atest\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 proprie. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, arat\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> Astarteei era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u0219i \u00een r\u00e2ndul popula\u021biei din spa\u021biul israelit \u0219i iudean, altfel polemica profetic\u0103 nu ar fi avut nicio \u021bint\u0103.<\/p><p>Biblia este aici o surs\u0103 ostil\u0103, dar tocmai de aceea revelatoare. Ea nu transmite <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> veneratorilor Astarteei, dar ofer\u0103 dovada indirect\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> lor era destul de viu pentru a fi resim\u021bit ca o concuren\u021b\u0103 religioas\u0103 de-a lungul secolelor.<\/p><p>Problema raportului dintre Ashtoreth \u0219i Ashera, men\u021bionat\u0103 \u0219i ea \u00een Biblie, continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie dezb\u0103tut\u0103 \u00een cercetare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Astart\u00e9<\/em> (Rom 1996)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Origin of Aphrodite<\/em> (Bethesda 2003)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>Stephanie Budin: <em>The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity<\/em> (Cambridge 2008)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-astartephoenix-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitul<\/span> fenician, Astarte une\u0219te iubirea, r\u0103zboiul \u0219i domnia regal\u0103; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">cultul<\/span> ei se \u00eentinde de la Sidon \u0219i Tyr p\u00e2n\u0103 la Cartagina \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 ulterior identific\u0103rile elenistice cu Afrodita \u0219i Hera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Astarte fenicieni zei\u021b\u0103 iubire r\u0103zboi I\u0161tar Afrodita Sidon Tyr.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-astarte-phoenix\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/phoenizisch\/\">fenician\u0103<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-astartepho-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-astartepho-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te tratamentul medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Astarte, zei\u021ba fenician\u0103 a iubirii, r\u0103zboiului \u0219i domniei regale Astarte (fenician\u0103 \u02bf\u0161trt) este principala divinitate feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician \u0219i apare \u00een ora\u0219ele-stat Sidon, Tyr, Byblos, Kition \u0219i \u00een \u00eentregul bazin mediteranean fenician. Este zei\u021ba iubirii, r\u0103zboiului, domniei regale \u0219i a fertilit\u0103\u021bii. Zei\u021b\u0103Fenician\u0103Divinitate suprem\u0103 Cuprins \u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint Astarte (akkadian\u0103 I\u0161tar, ugaritian\u0103 \u02bfA\u1e6ftartu) este [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2847,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Astarte fenicieni zei\u021b\u0103","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Astarte - Zei\u021ba fenician\u0103, mit, cult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Astarte este principala divinitate feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician, asociat\u0103 cu iubirea, r\u0103zboiul \u0219i domnia regal\u0103.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104699","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Astarte - Zei\u021ba fenician\u0103, mit, cult<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Astarte este principala divinitate feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician, asociat\u0103 cu iubirea, r\u0103zboiul \u0219i domnia regal\u0103.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/astarte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Astarte - Zei\u021ba fenician\u0103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astarte este principala divinitate feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician, asociat\u0103 cu iubirea, r\u0103zboiul \u0219i domnia regal\u0103.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/astarte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-04T12:18:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"15 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/\",\"name\":\"Astarte - Zei\u021ba fenician\u0103, mit, cult\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-04T12:18:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-04T12:18:52+00:00\",\"description\":\"Astarte este principala divinitate feminin\u0103 a panteonului fenician, asociat\u0103 cu iubirea, r\u0103zboiul \u0219i domnia regal\u0103.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ro-RO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/goetter_phoenizisch_astarte-phoenix.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/astarte\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ro\\\/acasa\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Astarte &#8211; 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