{"id":104691,"date":"2026-08-04T12:17:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hananim-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:18:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:18:15","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"Hananim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104691\" class=\"elementor elementor-104691 elementor-3054\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim, zeul suprem al \u0219amanismului coreean<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim (coreean\u0103 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) este termenul coreean modern pentru \u201eDomnul Cerului&#8221; sau \u201ezeul suprem&#8221;. Spre deosebire de Hwanin, care reprezint\u0103 o figur\u0103 mitologic\u0103 ancorat\u0103 \u00een mitul fondator, Hananim este un termen relativ recent din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, utilizat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XIX-lea mai ales \u00een contexte cre\u0219tine, neo-religioase \u0219i de spiritualitate popular\u0103.<\/p><p>Ascensiunea sa la rangul de nume divin central face parte din transformarea religioas\u0103 a Coreei \u00een \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu cre\u0219tinismul occidental \u0219i cu propriile mi\u0219c\u0103ri de reform\u0103 religioas\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare - for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Lumea zeilor, \u0219amanilor \u0219i spiritelor populare coreene.\">Coreea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc34b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc34b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508a21 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2508a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3243\" alt=\"Hananim - G\u00f6tter aus der Korea-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologie \u0219i istoricul termenului<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termenul Hananim este alc\u0103tuit din cuv\u00e2ntul coreean \u201ehaneul&#8221; (cer) \u0219i sufixul onorific \u201e-nim&#8221;, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 literal \u201ecerul cel venerat&#8221; sau \u201eDomnul Cerului&#8221;. \u00cen forma mai veche suna Hanunim sau Hanonim \u0219i provine din practica popular\u0103 de a se adresa cerului ca unei puteri personale.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker a ar\u0103tat \u00een \u201eKorean Spirituality&#8221; (2008) c\u0103 forma cuv\u00e2ntului este atestat\u0103 \u00een practica popular\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolele al XVII-lea \u0219i al XVIII-lea, f\u0103r\u0103 ca aceasta s\u0103 fi fost formulat\u0103 ca o doctrin\u0103 teologic\u0103 sistematic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson a remarcat \u00een \u201eKorea: A Religious History&#8221; (1989) c\u0103 termenul \u00een forma modern\u0103 Hananim \u0219i-a g\u0103sit locul stabil abia \u00een secolul al XIX-lea, la primii converti\u021bi coreeni la catolicism \u0219i mai ales la misionarii protestan\u021bi din a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XIX-lea.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Misionarii sco\u021bieni John Ross \u0219i John MacIntyre, care au realizat \u00een 1882 la Mukden prima traducere coreean\u0103 a Bibliei, au ales Hananim ca traducere a numelui divin ebraic-grec. Aceast\u0103 alegere a marcat profund tradi\u021bia protestant\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a Coreei.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim \u00een tradi\u021bia religioas\u0103 popular\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cenainte ca misionarii cre\u0219tini s\u0103 preia termenul, Hananim sau Hanunim reprezenta o invocare a cerului \u00een numeroase rituri populare coreene.<\/p><p>\u021a\u0103ranii \u00eel invocau \u00eenainte de sem\u0103nat, \u0219amanii \u00eel men\u021bionau \u00een rug\u0103ciuni de jale, iar p\u0103rin\u021bii i se adresau la na\u0219tere \u0219i la moarte. Aceast\u0103 venerare nu era organizat\u0103 \u00eentr-un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul zeilor unei religii sau culturi.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> \u00eenchegat, ci ap\u0103rea al\u0103turi de religiozitatea budist\u0103, confucianist\u0103 \u0219i \u0219amanic\u0103 ca un strat suplimentar.<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven a ar\u0103tat \u00een studiile sale despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistem religios \u00een care speciali\u0219ti comunic\u0103 cu lumea spiritelor.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219amanismul<\/span> coreean c\u0103 \u0219amanii (\u201emudang&#8221;) \u00eel invocau pe Domnul Cerului adesea ca pe o putere \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103, care intervine rareori, \u00een timp ce practica propriu-zis\u0103 de vindecare era mediat\u0103 prin spirite locale \u0219i zeit\u0103\u021bi ale mun\u021bilor.<\/p><p>Hananim se afla \u00een v\u00e2rful ierarhiei religioase, f\u0103r\u0103 a avea \u00een via\u021ba cotidian\u0103 o semnifica\u021bie ritual\u0103 direct\u0103. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 de tip \u201eDeus otiosus&#8221; este, dup\u0103 Mircea Eliade, tipic\u0103 pentru formele de credin\u021b\u0103 celest\u0103 din Asia de Nord.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00censu\u0219irea cre\u0219tin\u0103 \u00een secolul al XIX-lea<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alegerea lui Hananim ca traducere a numelui divin biblic a fost o decizie deliberat\u0103 a misiunii protestante. Alternativele includeau Sanonim (Domnul Muntelui), Shinjeo (putere divin\u0103) \u0219i Sangje (suveranul suprem, un termen confucianist).<\/p><p>John Ross \u0219i cercul s\u0103u s-au decis \u00eempotriva lui Sangje, deoarece acesta era prea str\u00e2ns legat de cultul de curte confucianist, \u0219i \u00eempotriva lui Shinjeo, deoarece putea fi \u00een\u021beles ca politeist sau panteist. Hananim avea avantajul de a fi deja consacrat \u00een credin\u021ba popular\u0103 ca o putere personal\u0103 \u0219i unic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Un al doilea val de misionari protestan\u021bi, mai ales metodi\u0219ti \u0219i prezbiterieni din SUA, a adoptat aceast\u0103 alegere \u00een anii 1880 \u0219i 1890. Horace Underwood \u0219i Henry Appenzeller, sosi\u021bi la Seul \u00een 1885, au folosit Hananim \u00een traducerea lor biblic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een practica liturgic\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Astfel, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1900 termenul era ferm ancorat \u00een Biblia coreean\u0103, un fapt care nu are un precedent autohton comparabil \u00een nicio alt\u0103 tradi\u021bie est-asiatic\u0103 (China, Japonia).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim \u0219i tradi\u021bia catolic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradi\u021bia catolic\u0103 mai veche a Coreei, importat\u0103 \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XVIII-lea din China, a folosit ini\u021bial termenul de origine chinez\u0103 Cheonju (\u201eDomnul Cerului&#8221;), introdus de Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>Acest termen se men\u021bine p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O succesiune reglementat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni simbolice cu semnifica\u021bie religioas\u0103 sau cultural\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgia<\/span> catolic\u0103 coreean\u0103. Astfel, \u00een cre\u0219tinismul coreean exist\u0103 o separare confesional\u0103 a denumirii divine: protestan\u021bii \u00eel numesc Hananim, catolicii Cheonju. Ambii termeni sunt ferm ancora\u021bi \u00een uzul lingvistic cotidian.<\/p>\n\n<p>Aceast\u0103 scindare a denumirii divine este remarcabil\u0103 din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i a generat \u00een ultimele decenii discu\u021bii ecumenice. Don Baker a subliniat c\u0103 alegerea unor nume divine diferite dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te simpla chestiune de traducere; ea marcheaz\u0103 conexiuni teologice diferite: Cheonju se leag\u0103 de tradi\u021bia ierarhic-confucianist\u0103, Hananim de pietatea celest\u0103 popular\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mi\u0219c\u0103ri neo-religioase<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim joac\u0103 un rol central \u0219i \u00een mi\u0219c\u0103rile neo-religioase coreene din perioada t\u00e2rzie Joseon \u0219i din perioada colonial\u0103.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Mi\u0219carea Donghak, fondat\u0103 \u00een 1860 de Choe Je-u, venera Hannolnim, o variant\u0103 a lui Hananim, ca cer personificat prezent \u00een fiecare om (exprimat \u00een celebra formul\u0103 \u201einnaecheon&#8221;, \u201eomul este cer&#8221;). Aceast\u0103 mi\u0219care a condus \u00een 1894 la marea R\u0103scoal\u0103 Donghak \u0219i a fost institu\u021bionalizat\u0103 ulterior ca Cheondogyo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>De asemenea, Daejonggyo, care \u00een 1909 a formulat sistematic tradi\u021bia Dangun-Hwanin, folose\u0219te Hananim ca denumire pentru zeul suprem al sfintei treimi. Mi\u0219carea Sun Myung Moon (Biserica Unific\u0103rii), ap\u0103rut\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu, a preluat termenul din tradi\u021bia cre\u0219tin\u0103 coreean\u0103. Aceast\u0103 diversitate arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de deschis este Hananim ca form\u0103 religioas\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 \u0219i cum diferite curente l-au valorificat pentru programe teologice distincte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim \u0219i Cheonju \u00een compara\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alegerea \u00eentre Hananim \u0219i Cheonju poate fi descris\u0103 nu doar confesional, ci \u0219i din perspectiva istoriei limbii. Hananim este un termen pur coreean, Cheonju o forma\u021bie sino-coreean\u0103. Aceste diferen\u021be lingvistice se reflect\u0103 \u00een percep\u021bia credincio\u0219ilor.<\/p><p>\u00cen timp ce Hananim este tr\u0103it ca familiar, popular \u0219i personal, Cheonju este perceput ca mai formal, mai solemn \u0219i mai literar. Astfel, ambii termeni au conota\u021bii diferite, f\u0103r\u0103 ca \u00eentre ei s\u0103 existe o ierarhie teologic\u0103 clar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno a propus \u00een studiile sale despre limbajul religios coreean s\u0103 se \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 distinc\u021bia ca un multilingvism con\u0219tient men\u021binut \u00een interiorul religozit\u0103\u021bii coreene. Ea arat\u0103 cum o limb\u0103 poate p\u0103stra dou\u0103 cuvinte diferite pentru aceea\u0219i categorie teologic\u0103 fundamental\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ca aceasta s\u0103 genereze confuzie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utilizare actual\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ast\u0103zi, Hananim este termenul standard pentru Dumnezeu \u00een tradi\u021bia protestant\u0103 coreean\u0103. Cu peste zece milioane de protestan\u021bi \u00een Coreea de Sud \u0219i o prezen\u021b\u0103 puternic\u0103 a bisericilor coreene \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, termenul are o r\u0103sp\u00e2ndire foarte larg\u0103.<\/p><p>Totodat\u0103, el este folosit \u00een contexte literare \u0219i nereligioase ca denumire general\u0103 a divinit\u0103\u021bii, de exemplu \u00een poezie, \u00een exclama\u021bii cotidiene \u0219i \u00een limbajul filozofic.<\/p>\n\n<p>P\u0103strarea termenului \u00een vocabularul coreean modern este un exemplu remarcabil al eficacit\u0103\u021bii istorico-religioase a unei invoca\u021bii ini\u021bial populare, care prin preluarea misionar\u0103 a devenit categoria teologic\u0103 principal\u0103.<\/p><p>James Grayson a apreciat acest proces drept \u201erelativ unic \u00een istoria mondial\u0103 a misiunii cre\u0219tine&#8221;, deoarece \u00een majoritatea celorlalte limbi traduc\u0103torii Bibliei au trebuit fie s\u0103 creeze un termen nou, fie s\u0103 redefineasc\u0103 profund un termen existent. \u00cen cazul coreean, termenul existent \u0219i-a p\u0103strat \u00een mare parte sensul \u0219i a fost doar precizat teologic prin utilizarea cre\u0219tin\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia cercet\u0103rii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea asupra lui Hananim este sus\u021binut\u0103 mai ales de James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven \u0219i Antonetta Bruno. \u00cen ultimele trei decenii, ace\u0219tia au eviden\u021biat profunzimea istoric\u0103 \u0219i semnifica\u021bia istorico-religioas\u0103 a termenului.<\/p><p>O istorie lexical\u0103 sistematic\u0103 cu toate atest\u0103rile relevante din texte popular-religioase, cre\u0219tine \u0219i neo-religioase nu a fost \u00eens\u0103 prezentat\u0103 \u00een mod complet. Maurizio Riotto a discutat \u00een mai multe studii de istorie religioas\u0103 coreean\u0103 leg\u0103tura cu tradi\u021bia Tengri din Asia de Nord, ajung\u00e2nd la concluzia prudent\u0103 c\u0103 o linie direct\u0103 nu poate fi stabilit\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen cadrul mai larg al \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor, Hananim constituie un exemplu pentru dezbaterea teoretic\u0103 privind \u201eproblema zeului primordial&#8221;, plasat\u0103 \u00een centrul aten\u021biei de Mircea Eliade \u0219i Wilhelm Schmidt \u00een prima jum\u0103tate a secolului al XX-lea.<\/p><p>Teza unui zeu suprem originar, acoperit ulterior de alte divinit\u0103\u021bi, a fost criticat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103 a religiilor, dar r\u0103m\u00e2ne relevant\u0103 ca cadru de discu\u021bie pentru cazul coreean.<\/p><p>Hananim arat\u0103 cum un concept popular de zeu suprem poate fi prezent de-a lungul secolelor f\u0103r\u0103 a fi integrat \u00eentr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> sistematic\u0103, \u0219i cum poate fi reactivat prin programe teologice externe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donghak, Choe Je-u \u0219i teologia Hannolnim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cea mai important\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologie<\/span> coreean\u0103 autonom\u0103 a secolului al XIX-lea se leag\u0103 de Hananim. Choe Je-u (1824-1864), fondatorul mi\u0219c\u0103rii Donghak (\u201e\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura de Est&#8221;), a relatat o \u00eent\u00e2lnire mistic\u0103 \u00een anul 1860, \u00een care Domnul Cerului Hannolnim i-a transmis \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura despre cerul interior.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Textele sale, reunite \u00een \u201eDonggyeong daejeon&#8221; (1880) \u0219i \u201eYongdam yusa&#8221; (1881), formuleaz\u0103 doctrina fundamental\u0103 c\u0103 omul \u0219i cerul nu sunt separate. Propozi\u021bia central\u0103 \u201esi cheonju&#8221; (\u201ea purta \u00een sine pe Domnul Cerului&#8221;) s-a dezvoltat la succesorul s\u0103u Choe Si-hyeong \u0219i mai ales la Son Byong-hi \u00een formula mai radical\u0103 \u201einnaecheon&#8221; (\u201eomul este cer&#8221;).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie teologic\u0103 s-a \u00eembinat cu o practic\u0103 social-critic\u0103, care i-a costat via\u021ba lui Choe Je-u \u00een 1864; acesta a fost executat pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O concep\u021bie de credin\u021b\u0103 care se abate de la doctrina bisericeasc\u0103 recunoscut\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">erezie<\/span> \u0219i tulburare a ordinii publice. Mi\u0219carea a condus \u00een 1894 la marea R\u0103scoal\u0103 \u021a\u0103r\u0103neasc\u0103 Donghak, care a ob\u021binut ini\u021bial succese regionale, dar a fost \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103 militar de trupele japoneze \u0219i confucianist-coreene.<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker \u0219i Susan Shin au ar\u0103tat \u00een studiile lor despre mi\u0219carea Donghak c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> Hananim a mi\u0219c\u0103rii Donghak reprezint\u0103 o tentativ\u0103 coreean\u0103 autonom\u0103 de a formula o religie modern\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a se subordona cre\u0219tinismului occidental sau cultului de curte confucianist.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi a institu\u021bionalizat mi\u0219carea \u00een 1905 ca Cheondogyo (\u201eReligia C\u0103ii Cere\u0219ti&#8221;), care a jucat un rol important \u00een mi\u0219carea de independen\u021b\u0103 din perioada colonial\u0103, de exemplu la Mi\u0219carea din Martie 1919.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Problema termenului coreean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Decizia misionarilor protestan\u021bi de a opta pentru Hananim, cunoscut\u0103 drept \u201eKorean Term Question&#8221;, face parte dintr-o dezbatere est-asiatic\u0103 mai ampl\u0103. \u00cen China, problema paralel\u0103 privind Shen, Shangdi \u0219i Tianzhu a generat controverse de secole, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu tentativele de adaptare ale lui Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>\u00cen Japonia, misionarii din secolul al XIX-lea au ales <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00cen shinto-ul japonez, fiin\u021bele spirituale venerate \u0219i puterile divine.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span> ca termen de traducere, cu pierderi semnificative de sens. \u00cen cazul coreean, chestiunea s-a solu\u021bionat comparativ rapid \u0219i consensual, fapt pe care Don Baker \u00eel atribuie apropierii structurale a lui Hananim popular-religios de un zeu suprem personal.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross a publicat \u00een 1877 \u201eCorean Primer&#8221; \u0219i \u00een 1882 primele traduceri biblice din Noul Testament grecesc. Cercul s\u0103u de colaboratori era format din primii converti\u021bi coreeni Seo Sang-ryun \u0219i Baek Hong-jun.<\/span><\/p><p>Ross a motivat alegerea lui Hananim prin faptul c\u0103 popula\u021bia coreean\u0103 \u201ecunoa\u0219te deja zeul suprem sub acest nume&#8221;, o constatare pe care cercetarea ulterioar\u0103 o apreciaz\u0103 ca exact\u0103, dar teologic accentuat\u0103.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Teologul american James Scarth Gale a dezvoltat medierea literar\u0103 a lui Hananim \u00een lumea anglofon\u0103 prin lucr\u0103rile sale \u201eKorean Sketches&#8221; (1898) \u0219i \u201eThe Cloud Dream of the Nine&#8221; (1922).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim \u00een teologia \u0219i cultura modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen secolele al XX-lea \u0219i al XXI-lea, Hananim a primit mai multe elabor\u0103ri teologice. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Teologia<\/span> Minjung coreean\u0103, o teologie a eliber\u0103rii din anii 1970 \u0219i 1980 dezvoltat\u0103 de Suh Nam-dong \u0219i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un str\u0103mo\u0219 c\u0103ruia \u00een multe culturi i se aduce venera\u021bie ca putere protectoare.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahn<\/span> Byung-mu, l-a identificat pe Hananim cu Dumnezeul celor asupri\u021bi \u0219i umili\u021bi, leg\u00e2ndu-l de experien\u021ba Han, suferin\u021ba colectiv\u0103 a poporului coreean sub colonialism, r\u0103zboi \u0219i dictatur\u0103.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 teologic\u0103 dintre Hananim \u0219i suferin\u021ba social\u0103 a marcat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi identitatea protestant\u0103 coreean\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen contrast, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre Dumnezeu \u0219i despre credin\u021ba unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> bisericilor penticostale coreene, \u00een special Yoido Full Gospel Church a lui Cho Yonggi (1936-2021), i se adresa lui Hananim ca d\u0103t\u0103torului binecuv\u00e2ntat de bunuri materiale \u0219i spirituale.<\/span><\/p><p>Ambele interpret\u0103ri, cea social\u0103 \u0219i cea a prosperit\u0103\u021bii teologice, au ancorat profund Hananim ca nume divin coreean \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021ba religioas\u0103 modern\u0103. Sebastian Kim, James Grayson \u0219i Robert Buswell au documentat \u00een studiile lor despre religiozitatea coreean\u0103 modern\u0103 multistratificarea acestor \u00eensu\u0219iri ale lui Hananim.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i literatur\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Surse primare: Choe Je-u, \u201eDonggyeong daejeon&#8221; (postum 1880) \u0219i \u201eYongdam yusa&#8221; (postum 1881); John Ross, \u201eHistory of Corea, Ancient and Modern&#8221; (Paisley 1879) \u0219i \u201eCorean Primer&#8221; (Shanghai 1877); James Scarth Gale, \u201eKorean Sketches&#8221; (New York 1898); Horace G. Underwood, \u201eThe Religions of Eastern Asia&#8221; (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>Literatur\u0103 secundar\u0103:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u201eKorea: A Religious History&#8221; (Oxford 1989, 2002) \u0219i \u201eEarly Buddhism and Christianity in Korea&#8221; (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u201eKorean Spirituality&#8221; (Honolulu 2008) \u0219i \u201eCatholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea&#8221; (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u201eSongs of the Shaman&#8221; (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, \u201eTonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution&#8221;, \u00een \u201eKorea Journal&#8221; 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, \u201eIn Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India&#8221; cu sec\u021biuni comparative coreene (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, \u201eThe History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910&#8243; (Pyongyang 1929, ND Seoul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>Pentru problema termenului (Term Question) a se vedea Sung-Deuk Oak, \u201eThe Making of Korean Christianity&#8221; (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hananim, zeul suprem al \u0219amanismului coreean Hananim (coreean\u0103 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) este termenul coreean modern pentru \u201eDomnul Cerului&#8221; sau \u201ezeul suprem&#8221;. Spre deosebire de Hwanin, care reprezint\u0103 o figur\u0103 mitologic\u0103 ancorat\u0103 \u00een mitul fondator, Hananim este un termen relativ recent din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, utilizat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XIX-lea mai ales \u00een contexte cre\u0219tine, neo-religioase \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3243,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hananim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hananim - Zeul Suprem al Coreei | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hananim este zeul suprem al cerului \u00een \u0219amanismul coreean - creator al universului, preluat \u00een cre\u0219tinism ca nume 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