{"id":104690,"date":"2026-08-04T12:17:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:17:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/laozi-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:18:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:18:07","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104690\" class=\"elementor elementor-104690 elementor-3065\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, fondatorul Daoismului<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, cunoscut \u0219i ca Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) este considerat \u00een tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 fondatorul <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span> \u0219i legendarul autor al Daodejing, unul dintre cele mai influente texte din istoria religiilor \u0219i a filozofiei chineze.<\/p><p>Existen\u021ba sa istoric\u0103 este controversat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103; sursele despre via\u021ba sa sunt rare, contradictorii \u0219i par\u021bial transformate \u00een mit. Cercetarea din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor a lui Laozi se concentreaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi mai pu\u021bin asupra persoanei istorice \u0219i mai mult asupra istoriei efectelor textelor atribuite lui \u0219i a diviniz\u0103rii ulterioare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zeu \/ Zei\u021b\u0103: Putere suprem\u0103 personificat\u0103 \u00een panteonul unei culturi, cu atribu\u021bii clare, for\u021be ale naturii, destin, r\u0103zboi, fertilitate. Venerat\u0103 prin culte, jertfe \u0219i institu\u021bii templiere.\">Zeu<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3217\" alt=\"Laozi - G\u00f6tter aus der Daoismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Situa\u021bia surselor privind persoana istoric\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai detaliat\u0103 biografie <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoca culturii grece\u0219ti \u0219i romane, aproximativ 800 \u00ee.Hr. p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 600 d.Hr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic\u0103<\/span> a lui Laozi se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een Shiji (&#8222;Memoriile istorice&#8221;) ale lui Sima Qian, finalizate \u00een jurul anului 90 \u00ee.Hr. Sima Qian relateaz\u0103 trei versiuni diferite despre Laozi \u0219i recunoa\u0219te el \u00eensu\u0219i c\u0103 nu \u0219tie care dintre ele este adev\u0103rat\u0103.<\/p><p>Versiunea cea mai popular\u0103 \u00eel prezint\u0103 pe Laozi ca pe un func\u021bionar la curtea dinastiei Zhou de Est, care \u00een secolul al VI-lea \u00ee.Hr. ar fi fost bibliotecar sau arhivist.<\/p><p>El l-ar fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit pe t\u00e2n\u0103rul Confucius (551-479 \u00ee.Hr.) \u0219i i-ar fi dat acestuia o lec\u021bie. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, dezam\u0103git de declinul imperiului, Laozi ar fi p\u0103r\u0103sit \u021bara spre vest \u0219i, la rug\u0103mintea paznicului de frontier\u0103 Yinxi de la pasul Han-Gu, ar fi scris Daodejing \u00een 5000 de caractere.<\/p>\n\n<p>A doua versiune \u00eel identific\u0103 pe Laozi cu Lao Laizi, un alt maestru daoist din epoca Zhou. A treia versiune \u00eel plaseaz\u0103 cu aproximativ 100 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu. Aceste versiuni multiple arat\u0103 c\u0103 nici Sima Qian \u00eensu\u0219i nu dispunea de date biografice fiabile \u0219i c\u0103 a adunat materialul din diverse tradi\u021bii orale \u0219i scrise.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller a demonstrat \u00een &#8222;Laotse&#8221; (1995) \u0219i &#8222;The Philosophy of the Daodejing&#8221; (2006) c\u0103 datele rare ale lui Sima Qian au mai degrab\u0103 substan\u021b\u0103 legendar\u0103 dec\u00e2t istoric\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Istoricitatea \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea sinologic\u0103 modern\u0103 dezbate intens problema istoricit\u0103\u021bii lui Laozi. Russell Kirkland a sus\u021binut \u00een &#8222;Taoism: The Enduring Tradition&#8221; (2004) o pozi\u021bie critic\u0103, potrivit c\u0103reia Laozi ca persoan\u0103 istoric\u0103 este cu greu identificabil, iar textele atribuite lui sunt mai degrab\u0103 produsul mai multor genera\u021bii de erudi\u021bi cu forma\u021bie daoist\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 pozi\u021bie este sus\u021binut\u0103 de cercetarea istoriei textului: Daodejing nu este, conform concep\u021biei actuale, o lucrare redactat\u0103 unitar, ci o compila\u021bie ale c\u0103rei straturi cele mai vechi se \u00eentorc \u00een secolul al IV-lea sau al III-lea \u00ee.Hr.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Textele pe bambus descoperite \u00een 1993 la Guodian (provincia Hubei) con\u021bineau fragmente dintr-o versiune timpurie a Daodejing, datate \u00een perioada t\u00e2rzie a secolului al IV-lea \u00ee.Hr. Aceste descoperiri au revitalizat discu\u021bia despre istoria form\u0103rii textului \u0219i arat\u0103 c\u0103 Daodejing a fost redactat \u0219i completat de-a lungul mai multor secole.<\/span><\/p><p>O singur\u0103 personalitate de autor istoric\u0103 devine astfel improbabil\u0103. Tradi\u021bia de a atribui lucrarea lui Laozi se \u00eenscrie \u00eentr-un tipar chinezesc tipic al atribuirii pseudepigrafice unui \u00eentemeietor legendar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing (&#8222;Clasicul C\u0103ii \u0219i al Virtu\u021bii&#8221;) este un text de 81 de capitole scurte, care expune \u00een form\u0103 poetic\u0103 \u0219i aforistic\u0103 conceptele daoiste fundamentale.<\/p><p>Termenii centrali sunt &#8222;Dao&#8221; (Cale, realitate cosmic\u0103 originar\u0103), &#8222;De&#8221; (Virtute, for\u021b\u0103 interioar\u0103), &#8222;Wuwei&#8221; (Non-ac\u021biune, ac\u021biune spontan\u0103), &#8222;Ziran&#8221; (Naturalitate, de-la-sine-a\u0219a) \u0219i &#8222;Pu&#8221; (lemnul nesculptat, simplitate originar\u0103). Ace\u0219ti termeni formeaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 un sistem filozofic \u0219i religios, care a fost dezvoltat \u00een numeroase comentarii ulterioare.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cele mai importante comentarii clasice la Daodejing apar\u021bin lui Wang Bi (226-249) \u0219i Heshang Gong (secolul I \u00ee.Hr. sau secolul al II-lea d.Hr.). Ambii sus\u021bin lecturi diferite: Wang Bi cite\u0219te textul filozofico-ontologic, Heshang Gong religios-practic, cu referire la medita\u021bie \u0219i tehnici respiratorii.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tensiunea dintre o lectur\u0103 filozofic\u0103 \u0219i una religioas\u0103 caracterizeaz\u0103 receptarea Daodejing p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent. Livia Kohn a ar\u0103tat \u00een &#8222;Daoism and Chinese Culture&#8221; (2001) cum aceast\u0103 dubl\u0103 natur\u0103 a textului a permis efectul s\u0103u extraordinar \u00een cele mai variate contexte culturale.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Divinizarea lui Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen secolul al II-lea d.Hr. a \u00eenceput divinizarea religioas\u0103 a lui Laozi. \u00cen \u0219coala daoist\u0103 timpurie a Tianshi (&#8222;Mae\u0219trii Cere\u0219ti&#8221;), fondat\u0103 de Zhang Daoling \u00een jurul anului 142 d.Hr., Laozi era venerat ca maestru ceresc \u0219i manifestare a Dao-ului.<\/p><p>El i-ar fi ap\u0103rut lui Zhang Daoling \u00eentr-o viziune \u0219i i-ar fi transmis textele sacre. Prin aceasta, Laozi nu mai era doar un filozof legendar, ci o figur\u0103 cosmic\u0103 cu func\u021bie religioas\u0103 activ\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<p>Aceast\u0103 divinizare a fost amplificat\u0103 \u00een cursul secolelor urm\u0103toare. \u00cen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismul<\/span> epocii Tang (618-907), Laozi era considerat Taishang Laojun (&#8222;Supremul Domn B\u0103tr\u00e2n&#8221;), una dintre cele trei divinit\u0103\u021bi principale ale panteonului daoist, al\u0103turi de Yuanshi Tianzun (&#8222;Demnitarul Ceresc al \u00cenceputului&#8221;) \u0219i Lingbao Tianzun (&#8222;Demnitarul Ceresc al Comorii Sacre&#8221;).<\/p><p>Sub aceast\u0103 form\u0103, Laozi este prezent \u0219i ast\u0103zi \u00een templele daoiste din China, Taiwan \u0219i Hong Kong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi \u0219i politica imperial\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi a jucat un rol deosebit \u00een politica imperial\u0103. \u00cemp\u0103ra\u021bii Tang, care purtau numele de familie Li, revendicau o descenden\u021b\u0103 genealogic\u0103 din Laozi, al c\u0103rui nume de familie ar fi fost tot Li.<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie genealogic\u0103 a devenit baza ideologic\u0103 a dinastiei Tang \u0219i a dus la sprijinul statal acordat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span>. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Xuanzong (a domnit 712-756) i-a conferit lui Laozi titlul de &#8222;Str\u0103mo\u0219 Preasf\u00e2nt, Domn Ceresc Etern de Virtute Colosal\u0103&#8221; \u0219i a dispus ca Daodejing s\u0103 devin\u0103 lectur\u0103 obligatorie la examenele de stat.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter a demonstrat \u00een &#8222;The Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period&#8221; (1998) c\u00e2t de str\u00e2ns era legat\u0103 venerarea religioas\u0103 a lui Laozi de autoprezentarea politic\u0103 a dinastiei Tang.<\/span><\/p><p>Sprijinul imperial a dus la o \u00eenflorire a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span>, la ridicarea a numeroase <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O construc\u021bie destinat\u0103 vener\u0103rii uneia sau mai multor divinit\u0103\u021bi.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> \u0219i la standardizarea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"R\u00e2nduiala fixat\u0103 a cultului divin al unei comunit\u0103\u021bi religioase.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturghiei<\/span> daoiste. Aceast\u0103 instrumentalizare politic\u0103 a marcat durabil imaginea lui Laozi \u0219i deosebe\u0219te receptarea sa de linia mai pu\u021bin institu\u021bionalizat\u0103 a confucianismului.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen cercetarea din domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor se face distinc\u021bie \u00eentre &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismul<\/span> filozofic&#8221; (Daojia) \u0219i &#8222;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismul<\/span> religios&#8221; (Daojiao), o separare utilizat\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd din epoca Han (206 \u00ee.Hr. &#8211; 220 d.Hr.). Aceast\u0103 distinc\u021bie este \u00eens\u0103 problematic\u0103, deoarece \u00een realitatea istoric\u0103 cele dou\u0103 filoane se \u00eentrep\u0103trund.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet a demonstrat \u00een &#8222;Taoism: Growth of a Religion&#8221; (1997), iar Harold Roth \u00een &#8222;Original Tao&#8221; (1999), c\u0103 o separare strict\u0103 nu reflect\u0103 adecvat constat\u0103rile istorice. \u0218i Daodejing con\u021bine pasaje care se pot citi din perspectiva practicii medita\u021biei, \u00een timp ce curentele religioase utilizeaz\u0103 central conceptele filozofice.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles a documentat, \u00een lucr\u0103rile sale despre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismul<\/span> din Sichuan, diversitatea regional\u0103 a vener\u0103rii lui Laozi. \u00cen unele regiuni, Laozi este venerat ca principiu cosmic, \u00een altele ca <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> personal\u0103 cu domenii concrete de ac\u021biune (vindecare, protec\u021bie, bog\u0103\u021bie).<\/p><p>Aceast\u0103 diversitate arat\u0103 c\u0103 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismul<\/span> nu este o religie \u00eenchis\u0103, ci o tradi\u021bie religioas\u0103 larg\u0103, cu numeroase curente \u0219i expresii locale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi \u00een perspectiv\u0103 comparat\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Compara\u021bia lui Laozi cu marii \u00eentemeietori ai altor tradi\u021bii religioase (Confucius, Buddha, Socrate) este uneori realizat\u0103 \u00een cercetare, dar este metodologic delicat\u0103. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller a subliniat c\u0103 ideea unui \u00eentemeietor unic, proeminent\u0103 \u00een religiile occidentale, nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een acela\u0219i mod \u00een tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103.<\/p><p>Laozi este mai pu\u021bin un fondator \u00een sensul lui Isus sau Mahomed, ci o figur\u0103-simbol legendar\u0103 care reprezint\u0103 o anumit\u0103 tradi\u021bie, f\u0103r\u0103 a o fi creat \u00een mod activ.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00cen cadrul tradi\u021biei chineze, Laozi se \u00eenscrie \u00een acela\u0219i \u0219ir cu Zhuangzi (secolul al IV-lea \u00ee.Hr.), al doilea mare autor daoist, a c\u0103rui oper\u0103 omonim\u0103 &#8222;Zhuangzi&#8221; are de asemenea o importan\u021b\u0103 fundamental\u0103.<\/p><p>Ambii sunt adesea desemna\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103 drept fondatorii <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradi\u021bie religios-filozofic\u0103 chinez\u0103 orientat\u0103 dup\u0103 Dao, Calea.\" tabindex=\"0\">Daoismului<\/span> clasic. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u0219i Harold Roth au demonstrat c\u0103 cele dou\u0103 texte stabilesc accente filozofice diferite, dar utilizeaz\u0103 concepte de baz\u0103 comune \u0219i se comenteaz\u0103 reciproc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manuscrisele de la Mawangdui \u0219i Guodian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Cercetarea istoriei textuale a Daodejing a fost fundamental transformat\u0103 de dou\u0103 descoperiri arheologice din secolul al XX-lea. \u00cen 1973, arheologii chinezi au descoperit \u00een morm\u00e2ntul nr. 3 de la Mawangdui, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Changsha (provincia Hunan), dou\u0103 manuscrise pe m\u0103tase ale textului, datate \u00een 168 \u00ee.e.n.<\/span><\/p><p>Versiunile &#8222;Mawangdui A&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Mawangdui B&#8221; prezint\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de textul standard ulterior o ordine inversat\u0103 a p\u0103r\u021bilor principale: &#8222;Partea De&#8221; (capitolele 38-81 ale textului standard) preced\u0103 &#8222;Partea Dao&#8221; (capitolele 1-37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aceast\u0103 constatare este interpretat\u0103 \u00een sinologie ca indiciu al unei redac\u021bii mai vechi, anterioare textului standard. Robert G. Henricks a prezentat \u00een &#8222;Lao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching&#8221; (New York, 1989) o traducere complet\u0103 \u00een englez\u0103 a versiunilor de la Mawangdui cu aparat critic \u0219i a semnalat 130 de diferen\u021be de lectur\u0103 substan\u021biale fa\u021b\u0103 de vulgata Wang Bi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A doua descoperire-cheie o constituie f\u00e2\u0219iile de bambus s\u0103pate \u00een 1993 la Guodian (tot \u00een Hunan), dintr-un morm\u00e2nt datat \u00een jurul anului 300 \u00ee.e.n.<\/p><p>Ele con\u021bin, \u00een trei fascicule, aproximativ dou\u0103 cincimi din textul Daodejing \u00eentr-o form\u0103 ne\u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi. Aceast\u0103 versiune este considerat\u0103 ast\u0103zi cel mai vechi martor material al complexului textual Daodejing. Robert Henricks a prezentat \u00een &#8222;Lao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian&#8221; (New York, 2000) o prim\u0103 edi\u021bie filologic\u0103; Sarah Allan \u0219i Crispin Williams au discutat \u00een volumul colectiv &#8222;The Guodian Laozi&#8221; (Berkeley, 2000) consecin\u021bele metodologice pentru problema dat\u0103rii.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth a demonstrat \u00een &#8222;Original Tao&#8221; (New York, 1999) c\u0103 f\u00e2\u0219iile de bambus de la Guodian plaseaz\u0103 textul Daodejing ca parte a unui curent mai larg de reflec\u021bie meditativ-cosmologic\u0103 timpurie, ale c\u0103rei urme sunt identificabile \u0219i \u00een &#8222;Neiye&#8221; \u0219i &#8222;Heguanzi&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradi\u021bia comentariilor \u0219i apropierea religioas\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istoria efectelor productive ale Daodejing este sus\u021binut\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de tradi\u021bia sa de comentarii.<\/p><p>Trei comentarii sunt considerate \u00een sinologie drept <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Apar\u021bin\u00e2nd fondului scripturistic obligatoriu recunoscut al unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">canonice<\/span>. &#8222;Comentariul Heshanggong&#8221; (&#8222;Comentariul la Lao-tse al Maestrului de pe malul r\u00e2ului&#8221;), datat \u00een mod tradi\u021bional \u00een epoca Han (de fapt probabil secolele I-II d.Hr.), cite\u0219te textul \u00een cadrul unui program de autocultivare corporal\u0103 \u0219i modeleaz\u0103 astfel tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103 a Alchimiei Interioare daoiste (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes a publicat \u00een 1950 \u00een &#8222;Artibus Asiae&#8221; prima prelucrare sistematic\u0103 a Comentariului Heshanggong \u00eentr-o limb\u0103 occidental\u0103; Alan K. L. Chan a comparat \u00een &#8222;Two Visions of the Way&#8221; (Albany, 1991) Comentariul Heshanggong cu cel de-al doilea comentariu canonic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Acest al doilea comentariu apar\u021bine lui Wang Bi (226-249), reprezentant al &#8222;xuanxue&#8221; (&#8222;\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tura Misteriosului&#8221;) din epoca Wei-Jin, \u0219i reconfigureaz\u0103 textul pe o linie ontologico-metafizic\u0103, \u00een care &#8222;Neantul&#8221; (&#8222;wu&#8221;) este citit ca fundament ontologic al fiin\u021bei.<\/p><p>Comentariul lui Wang Bi a marcat durabil lectura chinez\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a textului \u0219i constituie sursa marii majorit\u0103\u021bi a edi\u021biilor standard actuale.<\/p><p>Al treilea comentariu central este &#8222;Comentariul Xiang&#8217;er&#8221; (&#8222;Explica\u021bie \u00een g\u00e2ndul la tine&#8221;), ap\u0103rut \u00een secolul al II-lea sau al III-lea \u00een cercurile primilor daois\u021bi &#8222;Tianshi&#8221; (Mae\u0219trii Cere\u0219ti).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp a tradus \u00een &#8222;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221; (Berkeley, 1997) pentru prima dat\u0103 integral Comentariul Xiang&#8217;er \u00een englez\u0103 \u0219i a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 apropierea religioas\u0103 a lui Laozi ca divinitate personal\u0103 &#8222;Taishang Laojun&#8221; este deja pe deplin conturat\u0103 \u00een acest strat \u0219i nu a ap\u0103rut abia \u00een \u0219colile ulterioare Lingbao \u0219i Shangqing.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptarea interna\u021bional\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing este, al\u0103turi de Biblie, cartea cel mai des tradus\u0103 \u00een alte limbi din lume. Primele traduceri europene dateaz\u0103 din secolul al XVIII-lea; \u00een secolele al XIX-lea \u0219i al XX-lea, opera a fost accesibil\u0103 unui public occidental larg prin traduc\u0103tori precum Richard Wilhelm, James Legge \u0219i Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>\u00cen secolul al XX-lea, Laozi a exercitat o influen\u021b\u0103 considerabil\u0103 \u0219i \u00een filozofia occidental\u0103, \u00een tradi\u021bia psihoterapeutic\u0103 \u0219i \u00een mi\u0219carea ezoteric\u0103, adesea \u00eentr-o form\u0103 puternic simplificat\u0103 \u0219i reinterpretat\u0103 occidental.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ast\u0103zi, cercetarea dedicat\u0103 lui Laozi este un domeniu interna\u021bional, la care particip\u0103 sinologi din China, Taiwan, Japonia, Europa \u0219i America. Dezbaterile privind datarea, istoria textului, lectura filozofic\u0103 \u0219i func\u021bia religioas\u0103 sunt vii.<\/p><p>O concluzie a cercet\u0103rii de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum poate fi re\u021binut\u0103: \u00eentrebarea despre Laozi-ul istoric este poate mai pu\u021bin important\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00eentrebarea despre istoria efectelor textelor atribuite lui, care se num\u0103r\u0103 printre operele cele mai influente ale literaturii universale \u0219i ale istoriei religiilor lumii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laozi, fondatorul Daoismului Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, cunoscut \u0219i ca Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) este considerat \u00een tradi\u021bia chinez\u0103 fondatorul Daoismului \u0219i legendarul autor al Daodejing, unul dintre cele mai influente texte din istoria religiilor \u0219i a filozofiei chineze. Existen\u021ba sa istoric\u0103 este controversat\u0103 \u00een cercetarea modern\u0103; sursele despre via\u021ba sa sunt rare, contradictorii \u0219i par\u021bial transformate \u00een mit. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi - Fondatorul Daoismului | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi este fondatorul mitic al Daoismului \u0219i autorul Daodejing. 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