{"id":104683,"date":"2026-08-04T12:16:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:16:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/khormusta-zeul-suprem-al-cerului-la-mongoli\/"},"modified":"2026-08-04T12:17:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T12:17:18","slug":"khormusta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ro\/khormusta\/","title":{"rendered":"Khormusta &#8211; Zeul suprem al cerului la mongoli"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"104683\" class=\"elementor elementor-104683 elementor-2639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta, zeul suprem budist-tengrist al mongolilor<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta (mongol\u0103 <em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>, tibetan\u0103 <em>brGya-byin<\/em>) este, \u00een tengrismul mongol \u0219i \u00een suprastructura sa budist\u0103, cel mai \u00eenalt dintre cei 99 de Tengri cere\u0219ti \u0219i conduc\u0103torul celor 33 de Tengri occidentali \u201ealbi&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Creatorul tradi\u021biei Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Creator<\/span><a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia tradi\u021biei Siberia \/ Tengrism.\">Siberia \/ Tengrism<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Divinitate suprem\u0103.\">Divinitate suprem\u0103<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Pe aceast\\u0103 pagin\\u0103 nu au fost g\\u0103site titluri.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tCuprins\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" 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130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-khormusta-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2863\" alt=\"Khormusta - G\u00f6tter aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_sibirisch-tengrismus_khormusta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-khormusta elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta este considerat zeul suprem <strong>budist-tengrist<\/strong> \u00een sincretismele mongole \u0219i tibetane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00cencadrare \u0219i profil succint<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta este o figur\u0103 deosebit de bine documentat\u0103 a religiei mongole t\u00e2rzii.<\/p><p>El constituie un pilon de leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre trei straturi: Ahura Mazda irano-indian (Pahlavi <em>Hormizd<\/em>), Indra budist (sanscrit\u0103 <em>\u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra<\/em>) \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> turcic-mongol vechi. \u00cen literatura narativ\u0103 a Istoriei secrete \u0219i \u00een textele epice ulterioare (eposul Geser-Han) apare ca \u201etat\u0103l celor 33 de zei din Occident&#8221; \u0219i arbitru al disputelor cere\u0219ti.<\/p><p>\u00cen cadrul <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">tradi\u021biei siberian-tengriiste<\/a>, el marcheaz\u0103 trecerea de la Tengri neindividualizat la pantheonul budist personalizat. Din perspectiva istoriei religiilor, reprezint\u0103 un caz exemplar al mecanismelor <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretismului<\/span> religios.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Literatura de cercetare dedicat\u0103 lui Khormusta este, \u00een compara\u021bie cu multe alte figuri Tengri, neobi\u0219nuit de dens\u0103. <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) a lui Walther Heissig este la fel de indispensabil\u0103 ca lucr\u0103rile lui Klaus Sagaster \u0219i Christopher Atwood. Densitatea se explic\u0103 prin func\u021bia sa de punte: cine \u00eel studiaz\u0103 pe Khormusta studiaz\u0103 \u00een acela\u0219i timp religia iranian\u0103, indian\u0103 \u0219i mongol\u0103 \u00een contactul lor reciproc.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nume \u0219i etimologie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele deriv\u0103 din persana medie <em>Hormizd \/ Ohrmazd<\/em>, adic\u0103 din zeul suprem al Iranului zoroastrian (Ahura Mazda). Transferul a avut loc probabil \u00eentre secolele VII \u0219i IX prin rutele comerciale sogdiene spre Asia Interioar\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen spa\u021biul lingvistic mongol, numele prime\u0219te sufixul Tengri (<em>Qormusta Tngri<\/em>), prin care zeul suprem iranian este integrat \u00een sistemul ceresc mongol, un exemplu clasic de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretism<\/span> religios.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Istoria lingvistic\u0103 \u0219i religioas\u0103 exact\u0103 este complex\u0103: maniheii \u0219i zoroastrienii sogdieni din ora\u0219ele-oaze ale Asiei Interioare (Turfan, Khotan, Samarkand) au fost probabil intermediarii. Hans-Joachim Klimkeit a reconstituit \u00een detaliu aceste rute de transmitere \u00een <em>Die Seidenstra\u00dfe<\/em> (1988).<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen traducerile tibetane, Khormusta apare ca <em>brGya-byin<\/em> sau <em>dBang-po brGya-byin<\/em>, red\u00e2nd indianul \u015aakra Dev\u0101n\u0101\u1e43 Indra, \u201eIndra cel cu o mie de nume&#8221;. Aceast\u0103 identificare l-a integrat definitiv \u00een sistemul de zei budist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descriere \u0219i iconografie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen arta mongol\u0103 de factur\u0103 budist\u0103, Khormusta apare ca figur\u0103 regal\u0103 \u00eencoronat\u0103 pe un tron de lotus, \u021bin\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 tr\u0103snetul (vajra, mong. <em>otschir<\/em>), iar \u00een st\u00e2nga arborele dorin\u021bei. C\u0103l\u0103re\u0219te pe elefantul cu trei capete Airavata, ceea ce \u00eel identific\u0103 iconografic definitiv cu Indra budist.<\/p><p>\u00cen straturile mongole prebudiste, \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care pot fi reconstituite, reprezentarea sa era mai pu\u021bin fixat\u0103; ap\u0103rea mai degrab\u0103 ca \u201erege dintre cei 99 de Tengri&#8221; \u00een <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021bia oral\u0103<\/span> dec\u00e2t \u00een tipuri iconografice stabile. Budizarea Mongoliei \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu secolul al XIII-lea \u0219i mai ales din secolele XVI-XVII a consacrat iconografia tantric\u0103 uzual\u0103 ast\u0103zi.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Klaus Sagaster a catalogat exhaustiv tradi\u021bia imagistic\u0103 a lui Khormusta \u00een <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971). Remarcabil\u0103 este observa\u021bia c\u0103 formele populare mongole prezint\u0103 adesea o iconografie mixt\u0103: r\u0103zboinic \u00eencoronat cu vajra, dar pe cal alb \u00een loc de elefant, indiciu al adapt\u0103rii populare a formei budiste standard.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nara\u021biuni mitologice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00cen eposul Geser-Han (versiunile mongol\u0103 \u0219i tibetan\u0103), Khormusta este sursa din care eroul Geser este trimis pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a restabili ordinea unei lumi dezechilibrate de fiin\u021be malefice. Khormusta ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 aici ca mandatar ceresc \u0219i \u00eendepline\u0219te func\u021bia care \u00een eposurile indiene i-ar reveni lui Indra.<\/p><p>O a doua nara\u021biune descrie r\u0103zboiul dintre cei 33 de Tengri albi occidentali \u0219i cei 44 de Tengri negri orientali condu\u0219i de hanul negru <em>Atai Ulan<\/em>; Khormusta c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 prin f\u0103urirea tr\u0103snetului, asigur\u00e2nd astfel ordinea cosmic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 nara\u021biune dualist\u0103 a b\u0103t\u0103liei poart\u0103 urme zoroastriene clare.<\/p><p>\u00cen Istoria secret\u0103 a mongolilor (1240) Khormusta nu este men\u021bionat direct; tradi\u021bia ulterioar\u0103 identific\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 pe alocuri formula \u201eM\u00f6ngke Tengri&#8221; cu el. Igor de Rachewiltz a discutat critic aceast\u0103 identificare ulterioar\u0103 \u00een comentariul s\u0103u Brill (2004).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cult \u0219i venerare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ansamblul actelor de venerare religioas\u0103 adresate unei divinit\u0103\u021bi sau unei figuri sacre.\" tabindex=\"0\">Cultul<\/span> lui Khormusta a fost ancorat istoric la curtea mongol\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd din epoca Yuan. A fost integrat sistematic de Khubilai-Han \u00een cadrul ritualului de curte tibetan-budist. \u00cen secolele XVII-XVIII, sub influen\u021ba \u0219colii Gelug, a devenit protector al m\u0103n\u0103stirilor mai multor bannere.<\/p><p>La nivel popular, Khormusta apare \u00een ritualurile Ovoo ca destinatar principal al rug\u0103ciunilor; t\u0103m\u00e2ia (mong. <em>sang<\/em>) \u00eei este oferit\u0103 \u00een primele ore ale dimine\u021bii, iar cuvintele \u201eQormusta Tngri \u00f6ber\u00f6\u00f6&#8221; (\u201eKhormusta \u00eensu\u0219i&#8221;) deschid multe invoca\u021bii. Caroline Humphrey a descris aceasta \u00een detaliu \u00een <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996).<\/p><p>\u00cen Mongolia contemporan\u0103, Khormusta este prezent mai ales \u00een budismul m\u0103n\u0103stiresc; unele m\u0103n\u0103stiri (Gandan din Ulaanbaatar) desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 liturghii anuale Khormusta. De asemenea, face parte din repertoriul unor grupuri neo-tengriiste, care \u00eel marginalizeaz\u0103 uneori ca \u201eprea budist&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practici de protec\u021bie \u0219i apotropaice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Din perspectiva \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor: practica de protec\u021bie din complexul Khormusta este str\u00e2ns \u00eempletit\u0103 cu conceptul budist al \u201ecelor opt mari zei&#8221; \u0219i cu mandalele de protec\u021bie tantric\u0103. Elementele apotropaice uzuale sunt t\u0103m\u00e2ierea cu ienup\u0103r, ag\u0103\u021barea de <em>khadag<\/em> (p\u00e2nze de binecuv\u00e2ntare albastre) \u0219i recitarea textului <em>Sang<\/em>. Khormusta este considerat o surs\u0103 general\u0103 de lumin\u0103, nu un zeu al protec\u021biei specializat \u00eempotriva unor boli concrete.<\/p><p>O form\u0103 special\u0103 este <em>Khormusta-Sang<\/em>, un text liturgic pentru purificarea casei \u0219i a gospod\u0103riei, transmis \u00een mai multe tip\u0103rituri mongole (Beijing, Urga) \u00eencep\u00e2nd din secolul al XVII-lea. Klaus Sagaster a realizat o edi\u021bie critic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen practica popular\u0103, Khormusta nu apare ca destinatar direct al unei rug\u0103ciuni de protec\u021bie; oamenii se adreseaz\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 solilor s\u0103i sau puterilor Yer-Sub legate de loc. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 de mediere este tipic\u0103 pentru religia mongol\u0103 \u0219i corespunde tipologic practicii catolice de a se adresa unui sf\u00e2nt mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t lui Dumnezeu direct.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralele \u00een alte culturi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Direct conectat cu Ahura Mazda (Iran), Indra (India), \u015aakra (budism), divinit\u0103\u021bile centrale Heng-O (China). \u00cen Siberia propriu-zis\u0103, este oarecum analog cu <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, cu deosebirea c\u0103 Khormusta este net mai personalizat \u00een sens budist-tantric.<\/p><p>O paralel\u0103 deosebit de interesant\u0103 este identificarea cu Yuanshi Tianzun din tradi\u021bia daoist\u0103 chinez\u0103, \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 \u00een mai multe sincretisme mongolo-chineze. Encyclopedia lui Christopher Atwood discut\u0103 aceast\u0103 identificare ca exemplu de \u201edivinitate suprem\u0103 cu straturi multiple&#8221;.<\/p><p>\u00cen sens comparativ mai larg, Khormusta este un exemplu tipologic de \u201ezeu migrator&#8221;, care \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 propria genealogie de-a lungul mai multor frontiere lingvistice \u0219i religioase. Astfel de zei migratori sunt rareori at\u00e2t de clar documenta\u021bi ca Khormusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Receptare contemporan\u0103 \u0219i cercetare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Khormusta face obiectul mongolisticii la Walther Heissig, Klaus Sagaster (<em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em>, 1971), Christopher Atwood (<em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia<\/em>, 2004) \u0219i \u00een \u0219coala rus\u0103 la N. L. \u017dukovskaja. \u00cen budismul mongol contemporan r\u0103m\u00e2ne viu; \u00een schimb, \u00een scrierile neo-tengriiste este uneori marginalizat ca \u201eprea budist&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p>O direc\u021bie proprie de cercetare se ocup\u0103 de tradi\u021bia Khormusta-Geser ca form\u0103 epic\u0103 oral\u0103 \u0219i scris\u0103. Eposul Geser-Han a fost men\u021bionat pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een Europa de Bruno Gallinucci \u00een 1716, tradus sistematic \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1839 (Schmidt); cercetarea lui Walther Heissig a reliefat \u00een mod nou rela\u021bia sa cu Khormusta.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u00cen Mongolia prezentului, Khormusta este invocat din nou ca \u201ezeu suprem mongol&#8221; \u00een ceremonii oficiale de stat cu ocazia jubileului de 800 de ani al lui Chinggis Han (2006), un exemplu al modului \u00een care istoria religiilor \u0219i politica identitar\u0103 se \u00eentrep\u0103trund \u00een secolul al XXI-lea.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dezbateri de cercetare \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri deschise<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cea mai important\u0103 dezbatere de cercetare prive\u0219te ordinea straturilor: Khormusta a fost mai \u00eent\u00e2i iranianul Hormizd, apoi a intrat \u00een sistemul Tengri \u0219i \u00een final a fost identificat de budism cu Indra? Sau exist\u0103 un strat autohton mai vechi \u00een care numele iranian a fost ulterior \u00eempletit?<\/p><p>O a doua dezbatere se refer\u0103 la reprezentarea \u201ecelor 99 de Tengri&#8221;: este acest num\u0103r autohton-mongol sau importat din budism? Walther Heissig a argumentat pentru o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 prebudist\u0103; cercet\u0103ri mai recente (P. K. Kozin) ridic\u0103 semne de \u00eentrebare.<\/p><p>\u00cen fine: cum se raporteaz\u0103 Khormusta la religia \u0219amanic\u0103 siberian\u0103? La burja\u021bi apare puternic, la tuvini \u0219i altaieni abia deloc. Aceast\u0103 asimetrie geografic\u0103 este revelatoare din perspectiva istoriei religiilor \u0219i a\u0219teapt\u0103 o cercetare sistematic\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta \u00een religia Mongoliei Interioare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O studiere aparte merit\u0103 pozi\u021bia lui Khormusta \u00een Mongolia Interioar\u0103 (ast\u0103zi provincie a Republicii Populare Chineze). Aici influen\u021ba budist\u0103 este cea mai puternic\u0103, iar \u00een acela\u0219i timp ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 influen\u021be daoiste chineze. Khormusta este identificat \u00een mai multe m\u0103n\u0103stiri mongole interioare (de exemplu Wudangzhao) cu daoistul Yu-Huang Shangdi, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fuziunea reprezent\u0103rilor sau divinit\u0103\u021bilor provenite din tradi\u021bii religioase diferite.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretism<\/span> triplu greu de dep\u0103\u0219it \u00een istorie.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Christopher Atwood a reconstituit \u00een <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004) aceast\u0103 identificare multipl\u0103 \u0219i a ar\u0103tat cum Khormusta a devenit punte \u00eentre trei viziuni religioase despre lume: irano-zoroastric\u0103, indo-budist\u0103 \u0219i sino-daoist\u0103. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie de punte este unic\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00cen politica identitar\u0103 mongol\u0103 contemporan\u0103, Khormusta este uneori celebrat ca \u201esincretist remarcabil&#8221;, alteori privit critic ca \u201esuprapunere budist\u0103 a autenticului Tengri&#8221;. Ambele evalu\u0103ri sunt recognoscibile din perspectiv\u0103 istorico-religioas\u0103 \u0219i sunt revelatoare din punct de vedere politic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surse \u0219i leg\u0103tura cu centrul cultural<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cine dore\u0219te s\u0103 studieze complexul Khormusta \u00een toat\u0103 amploarea sa g\u0103se\u0219te pe pagina de prezentare <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Tradi\u021bia siberian-tengrist\u0103<\/a> principalele trimiteri la figuri \u00eenrudite precum <a href=\"\/ro\/tengri\/\">Tengri<\/a> (stratul mai vechi), <a href=\"\/ro\/uelgen\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> (paralela sud-siberian\u0103) \u0219i <a href=\"\/ro\/asbuiga\/\">Asbuiga<\/a> (stratul inferior al spiritelor auxiliare).<\/p><p><em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) a lui Walther Heissig \u0219i <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) a lui Klaus Sagaster sunt lucr\u0103rile de referin\u021b\u0103 indispensabile. Pentru tradi\u021bia Geser-Han, volumul Brill al lui Walther Heissig (1983) este central.<\/p><p><em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988) a lui N. L. \u017dukovskaja ofer\u0103 cea mai important\u0103 sintez\u0103 rus\u0103. Lucr\u0103rile etnografice ale lui Caroline Humphrey din anii 1990 \u0219i 2000 completeaz\u0103 tabloul cu profunzime contemporan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta \u00een tradi\u021bia Geser-Han<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O studiere aprofundat\u0103 merit\u0103 rolul lui Khormusta \u00een eposul Geser-Han, unul dintre cele mai monumentale epopei orale eroice ale Asiei Interioare. Eposul exist\u0103 \u00een versiune mongol\u0103, tibetan\u0103 \u0219i burjat\u0103; cuprinde de regul\u0103 c\u00e2teva mii de versuri \u0219i este c\u00e2ntat \u00een mai multe nop\u021bi de performan\u021b\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen toate versiunile, Khormusta este mandatarul ceresc care \u00eel trimite pe eroul Geser pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a restabili ordinea unei lumi dezechilibrate de fiin\u021be malefice. Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie narativ\u0103 corespunde tipologic rolului lui Indra \u00een nara\u021biunile Avat\u0101ra din eposurile indiene.<\/p><p>Walther Heissig a editat critic eposul Geser-Han \u00een mai multe volume; volumul s\u0103u Brill (1983) este edi\u021bia de referin\u021b\u0103. \u00cen secolul al XXI-lea, eposul cunoa\u0219te o rena\u0219tere \u00een Mongolia Interioar\u0103, unde este cultivat ca element central al identit\u0103\u021bii culturale mongole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reflec\u021bie metodologic\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cercetarea lui Khormusta ridic\u0103 mai multe probleme metodologice. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd: stratificarea religioas\u0103 multipl\u0103 (iranian\u0103, indian\u0103, mongol\u0103, chinez\u0103) face dificil\u0103 stabilirea unei genealogii clare. Lingvistica istoric\u0103 ofer\u0103 c\u00e2teva repere, dar multe tranzi\u021bii r\u0103m\u00e2n speculative.<\/p><p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd: stratul budist este bine documentat (texte m\u0103n\u0103stire\u0219ti, iconografie), pe c\u00e2nd stratul prebudist poate fi reconstituit doar indirect. Modelul stratific\u0103rii propus de Walther Heissig este ast\u0103zi par\u021bial revizuit.<\/p><p>\u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd: practica contemporan\u0103 Khormusta din Mongolia \u0219i Mongolia Interioar\u0103 se \u00eenscrie \u00een contexte politice \u0219i religioase diferite; o descriere unitar\u0103 este problematic\u0103 din punct de vedere metodologic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta \u00een politica identitar\u0103 mongol\u0103 contemporan\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Politica identitar\u0103 mongol\u0103 contemporan\u0103 utilizeaz\u0103 deliberat figura lui Khormusta ca \u201ezeu suprem cosmopolit&#8221;, care simbolizeaz\u0103 func\u021bia de punte a mongolilor \u00eentre Iran, India \u0219i Asia de Est. Aceast\u0103 lectur\u0103 este propagat\u0103, printre altele, \u00een publica\u021bii oficiale ale Ministerului Culturii al Mongoliei \u00eencep\u00e2nd din anii 2010.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere \u0219tiin\u021bific, aceast\u0103 politic\u0103 identitar\u0103 este revelatoare: face din Khormusta \u00eentruparea unei \u201ecosmopolis mongole&#8221;, \u00een care pluralitatea religioas\u0103 este v\u0103zut\u0103 nu ca problem\u0103, ci ca for\u021b\u0103. Aceast\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 contrasteaz\u0103 cu modelele identitare monoteiste.<\/p><p>Caroline Humphrey a ar\u0103tat \u00een mai multe studii c\u0103 aceast\u0103 aproprierea politic\u0103 a lui Khormusta este ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i o practic\u0103 religioas\u0103, o form\u0103 de venerare laic\u0103 ce coexist\u0103 cu tradi\u021bia m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta ca exemplu metodologic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s14t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s14t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Khormusta reprezint\u0103 pentru <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba care cerceteaz\u0103 religiile \u00een mod comparativ \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 adeziune confesional\u0103.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0219tiin\u021ba religiilor<\/span> un exemplu metodologic excep\u021bional. El arat\u0103 cum un concept religios poate traversa de-a lungul a dou\u0103 milenii trei contexte lingvistice \u0219i trei contexte religioase f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i piard\u0103 accentele func\u021bionale: zeu suprem, creator, garant al ordinii lumii. O asemenea stabilitate este rar\u0103 din perspectiv\u0103 fenomenologic\u0103.<\/p><p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, substan\u021ba sa se transform\u0103: din iranianul-zoroastrian Hormizd devine Khormusta echivalentul budist-indian al lui Indra, care este \u00een final contopit cu complexul tengrist-mongol Tengri. Aceast\u0103 dinamic\u0103 simultan\u0103 de stabilitate \u0219i schimbare este un caz de studiu de prim rang \u00een antropologia religiei.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster a analizat aceast\u0103 dinamic\u0103 \u00een <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971) ca model de \u201etransfer religios&#8221;. Christopher Atwood a aprofundat concluziile \u00een Encyclopedia sa (2004). Pentru tinerii cercet\u0103tori, Khormusta este un obiect de studiu deosebit de rodnic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khormusta \u00een literatura m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103 mongol\u0103<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-s15t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-s15t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O studiere aprofundat\u0103 merit\u0103 literatura m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103 mongol\u0103 din secolele XVII-XIX, \u00een care Khormusta apare \u00eentr-o multitudine de texte liturgice. Tip\u0103riturile din Beijing, Urga \u0219i Lhasa con\u021bin texte Khormusta-Sang, descrieri de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kreisf\u00f6rmiges Diagramm, das in Hinduismus und Buddhismus den Kosmos abbildet.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> Khormusta \u0219i traduceri de tantra Khormusta din tibetan\u0103.<\/p><p>Klaus Sagaster a realizat \u00een teza sa de abilitare (1976) o edi\u021bie critic\u0103 a celor mai importante texte mongole Khormusta. Aceast\u0103 edi\u021bie este ast\u0103zi unul dintre cele mai valoroase instrumente ale cercet\u0103rii religioase mongolistice \u0219i ar trebui consultat\u0103 \u00een orice studiu serios dedicat lui Khormusta.<\/p><p>Textele arat\u0103 cum Khormusta, ini\u021bial irano-budist, a devenit \u00een tradi\u021bia m\u0103n\u0103stireasc\u0103 mongol\u0103 o figur\u0103 autonom\u0103, cu liturghii, practici \u0219i conven\u021bii iconografice proprii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2047651f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2047651f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2230923b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2230923b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transformarea budist\u0103 a unei vechi divinit\u0103\u021bi cere\u0219ti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp266018fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp266018fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cafb229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cafb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Numele <em>Khormusta<\/em> (mongol\u0103 \u0219i <em>Qormusta<\/em>, <em>Khurmasta<\/em>) se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai clare dovezi c\u0103 istoria religioas\u0103 mongol\u0103 nu formeaz\u0103 o unitate \u00eenchis\u0103, ci suprapune straturi de origini diferite.<\/p><p>Din punct de vedere lingvistic, numele trimite la iranianul <em>Ahura Mazda<\/em>, transmis prin sogdian\u0103 \u0219i uigur\u0103. Prin textele manihee \u0219i budiste ale Asiei Centrale, denumirea a p\u0103truns \u00een lumea turco-mongol\u0103, unde s-a al\u0103turat unei reprezent\u0103ri deja existente despre st\u0103p\u00e2nul suprem al cerului.<\/p><p>\u00cen literatura budist\u0103 a Mongoliei, Khormusta se contope\u0219te cu Indra, regele zeilor din panteonul indian, care apare acolo ca st\u0103p\u00e2n al cerului <em>Trayastrimsha<\/em> \u0219i protector al \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turii.<\/p><p>Astfel, dintr-o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O fiin\u021b\u0103 venerat\u0103 ca divin\u0103 \u00een cadrul unei religii.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitate<\/span> autonom\u0103 a devenit un prin\u021b al zeilor integrat \u00een modelul cosmologic budist, care ocup\u0103 o pozi\u021bie \u00eenalt\u0103, dar r\u0103m\u00e2ne subordonat lui Buddha \u0219i bodhisattva. Aceast\u0103 \u00eencadrare nu este un efect secundar, ci a fost deliberat urm\u0103rit\u0103 din punct de vedere religios-politic: r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea budismului tibetan \u00eencep\u00e2nd din secolul al XVI-lea cerea nu eliminarea divinit\u0103\u021bilor cere\u0219ti mai vechi, ci subordonarea lor ierarhic\u0103.<\/p><p>Din perspectiv\u0103 critic\u0103 a surselor, trebuie subliniat c\u0103 aproape toate m\u0103rturiile scrise despre Khormusta provin din contexte de factur\u0103 budist\u0103, precum invoca\u021biile din eposul Geser sau manuscrisele rituale. O form\u0103 prebudist\u0103 a figurii nu poate fi dedus\u0103 dec\u00e2t indirect din acestea.<\/p><p>Cercet\u0103tori precum Walther Heissig au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 cei patruzeci \u0219i nou\u0103 sau treizeci \u0219i trei de Tengri \u00een fruntea c\u0103rora se afl\u0103 Khormusta, men\u021biona\u021bi \u00een epos, reprezint\u0103 o sistematizare secundar\u0103, ap\u0103rut\u0103 probabil abia prin contactul cu schema numeric\u0103 a zeilor din budismul indic.<\/p><p>Pentru \u00een\u021belegerea <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor \u0219i a nara\u021biunilor de-a lungul genera\u021biilor.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradi\u021biei<\/span> siberian-tengriiste aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103: Khormusta arat\u0103 exemplar c\u0103 <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">tengrismul<\/a> nu a fost un sistem static, ci un c\u00e2mp permeabil care a preluat nume \u0219i concepte str\u0103ine, \u00eembin\u00e2ndu-le cu propriile reprezent\u0103ri. Cine interpreteaz\u0103 figura \u00een mod izolat ca pur mongol\u0103 trece cu vederea istoria transmiterii central-asiatice, vizibil\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi \u00een \u00eensu\u0219i numele s\u0103u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatur\u0103 (selec\u021bie)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Klaus Sagaster: <em>Die mongolische Religion<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Christopher Atwood: <em>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire<\/em> (2004)<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Igor de Rachewiltz: <em>The Secret History of the Mongols<\/em> (Brill, 2004)<\/span><\/li><li>N. L. \u017dukovskaja: <em>Kategorii i simvolika tradicionnoj kul&#8217;tury mongolov<\/em> (1988)<\/li><li>Caroline Humphrey: <em>Shamans and Elders<\/em> (1996)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-khormusta-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"O nara\u021biune transmis\u0103 prin tradi\u021bie despre zei, origini \u0219i ordinea lumii.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mitul<\/span><\/strong> lui Khormusta \u00eembin\u0103 reprezent\u0103rile cere\u0219ti tengriiste cu straturi budiste; cele mai importante <strong>surse<\/strong> sunt cronicile mongole, eposurile Geser \u0219i textele rituale de influen\u021b\u0103 tibetan\u0103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Termeni-cheie \u00eenrudi\u021bi: Khormusta Qormusta Tngri Geser-Han Ahura Mazda Indra zeul suprem mongol.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-khormusta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0219i tradi\u021biile de protec\u021bie<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard se \u00eenscrie \u00een tradi\u021bia cultural-istoric\u0103 a obiectelor de protec\u021bie purtabile, \u00een tradi\u021bia <a href=\"\/ro\/sibirisch-tengrismus\/\">Siberiei \/ Tengrismului<\/a> \u0219i a multor alte culturi din \u00eentreaga lume. 41 de straturi, aur veritabil, platin\u0103, argint, fabricat \u00een Germania. Drept de returnare \u00een termen de 30 de zile.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mai multe despre iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Experien\u021bele personale pot varia. Nu este un dispozitiv medical. Nu constituie o promisiune terapeutic\u0103.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-khormusta-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-khormusta-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>nu este un dispozitiv medical<\/strong> \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te un tratament medical sau psihoterapeutic. Con\u021binuturile din domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei religiilor reprezint\u0103 o \u00eencadrare cultural-istoric\u0103, nu o recomandare de practic\u0103 spiritual\u0103.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Khormusta, zeul suprem budist-tengrist al mongolilor Khormusta (mongol\u0103 Qormusta Tngri, tibetan\u0103 brGya-byin) este, \u00een tengrismul mongol \u0219i \u00een suprastructura sa budist\u0103, cel mai \u00eenalt dintre cei 99 de Tengri cere\u0219ti \u0219i conduc\u0103torul celor 33 de Tengri occidentali \u201ealbi&#8221;. CreatorSiberia \/ TengrismDivinitate suprem\u0103 Cuprins Khormusta este considerat zeul suprem budist-tengrist \u00een sincretismele mongole \u0219i tibetane. \u00cencadrare [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2863,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Khormusta zeul suprem mongol","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Khormusta - Zeul suprem mongol, mit \u0219i surse","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Khormusta este zeul suprem al cerului la mongoli, o sintez\u0103 de straturi irano-budiste \u0219i tengriiste. Mit \u0219i surse.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"1","wesen_kultur":"sibirisch-tengrismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-104683","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Khormusta - Zeul suprem mongol, mit \u0219i surse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Khormusta este zeul suprem al cerului la mongoli, o sintez\u0103 de straturi irano-budiste \u0219i tengriiste. 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